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Variable availability as a determinant of cocaine choice in rhesus monkeys
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Financial support: 2015 Community Services and Education Grant, Christiana Care Health System. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.257 Associations between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico Danielle Horyniak 1,2,∗ , Miguel Pinedo 3 , Jose Luis Burgos 1 , Victoria Ojeda 1 1 Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States 2 Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3 Alcohol Research Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Aims: Deported migrants face numerous challenges which may elevate their risk for drug use. We examined the relationship between post-migration integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 605 patients attending a free health clinic in January–June, 2013. This study draws on data from 255 Mexican-born migrants deported from the US who had resided in Tijuana for ≥6 months. Integration variables relating to public participation, social connections, macro-level facilitators and citizenship were mapped to Ager and Strang’s integration framework. Two stigma variables (having a visible tattoo, incarceration history) were added to the facilitators domain as stigma is frequently faced by deportees. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify facets of integration significantly associated with recent (past six-month) drug use. Results: The prevalence of recent drug use among deported migrants was 46%, with heroin the most commonly used drug. After adjusting for socio-demographic and migration variables, lifetime incarceration was the only integration variable positively associated with recent drug use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.00, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.21–7.45). Having sought work in Tijuana in the past six months (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82), greater household affluence (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99) and having health insurance (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17–0.84) were all negatively associated with recent drug use. Conclusions: Illicit drug use is pervasive among deported migrants in Tijuana. Policies that support deportees’ access to employment and housing in Mexico may facilitate successful integration and reduce drug use and resultant harms. Additional health and social support for justice-involved deportees may be needed to aid their resettlement. Financial support: NIDA K01DA025504, NHMRC 1092077, NIMH K01MH095680, University of California GloCal Health Fellowship.
ical dependence, in separate d-amphetamine and nicotine drug discriminations, as well as intravenous self-administration. Results: ABT-126 produced a modest trend toward increasing rearing activity in the open field, without altering distance travelled. Its discriminative stimulus effects were distinct from both d-amphetamine and from nicotine. No dose of ABT-126 was selfadministered at a level greater than vehicle. Conclusions: ABT-126 does not appear to carry a high potential for abuse. Financial support: All studies were funded by AbbVie as part of the development of ABT-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.259 Variable availability as a determinant of cocaine choice in rhesus monkeys Sally L. Huskinson 1,∗ , Kevin Freeman 1 , Nancy Petry 2 , James K. Rowlett 1,3 1
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States 2 University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States 3 Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
Thomas J. Hudzik
Aims: Relative to non-drug reinforcers, illicit drugs may be more inconsistent in terms of their availability, quality, location, and price. Thus, variability may be an important aspect of reinforcement that differs for illicit drugs relative to alternatives. We hypothesized that variable schedules and magnitudes of cocaine would be chosen over fixed ones. Specifically, we predicted that variability would enhance the potency of cocaine as a reinforcer, i.e., the dose–effect curve for cocaine would be shifted leftward when the responses required and magnitude of different doses of cocaine were made variable in cocaine vs. cocaine and cocaine vs. food choice situations. Methods: Four male rhesus monkeys chose between doses of cocaine or cocaine vs. food pellets. In control conditions, schedule and magnitude (i.e., cocaine dose) were fixed. In test conditions, schedule, magnitude, or both were made variable on one lever while all aspects on the other lever remained fixed. Results: Subjects generally chose the variable option over the fixed one. However, parallel and leftward shifts in the dose–effect curve typically were not observed. There were individual differences in the degree to which variability in schedule, magnitude, or the combination shifted choice away from the fixed alternative. Conclusions: These findings suggest that variable cocaine availability can be an important determinant of choice that can be overcome by increasing the dose available on the fixed alternative. In addition, initial results with food suggest that a non-drug reinforcer may more effectively compete with a drug reinforcer when its delivery is made variable. Evaluation of variability as a factor in the choice to self-administer cocaine provides a novel animal model for preclinical evaluation of behavioral (e.g., contingency management) and pharmacological interventions. Financial support: NIH grants DA037619 to SLH, DA027666 to KBF, DA033795 and DA011792 to JKR.
Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.260
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.258 Assessment of the abuse potential of ABT-126, an ␣7-selective nicotinic agonist
Aims: The purpose of the present collection of studies was to determine if ABT-126 possesses any potential for abuse. Methods: The effects of ABT-126 (0.1–30 mg/kg) was studied in rats in automated locomotor activity tests, an assessment forphys-
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
Financial support: 2015 Community Services and Education Grant, Christiana Care Health System. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.257 Associations between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico Danielle Horyniak 1,2,∗ , Miguel Pinedo 3 , Jose Luis Burgos 1 , Victoria Ojeda 1 1 Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States 2 Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3 Alcohol Research Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Aims: Deported migrants face numerous challenges which may elevate their risk for drug use. We examined the relationship between post-migration integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 605 patients attending a free health clinic in January–June, 2013. This study draws on data from 255 Mexican-born migrants deported from the US who had resided in Tijuana for ≥6 months. Integration variables relating to public participation, social connections, macro-level facilitators and citizenship were mapped to Ager and Strang’s integration framework. Two stigma variables (having a visible tattoo, incarceration history) were added to the facilitators domain as stigma is frequently faced by deportees. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify facets of integration significantly associated with recent (past six-month) drug use. Results: The prevalence of recent drug use among deported migrants was 46%, with heroin the most commonly used drug. After adjusting for socio-demographic and migration variables, lifetime incarceration was the only integration variable positively associated with recent drug use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.00, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.21–7.45). Having sought work in Tijuana in the past six months (AOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82), greater household affluence (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99) and having health insurance (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17–0.84) were all negatively associated with recent drug use. Conclusions: Illicit drug use is pervasive among deported migrants in Tijuana. Policies that support deportees’ access to employment and housing in Mexico may facilitate successful integration and reduce drug use and resultant harms. Additional health and social support for justice-involved deportees may be needed to aid their resettlement. Financial support: NIDA K01DA025504, NHMRC 1092077, NIMH K01MH095680, University of California GloCal Health Fellowship.
ical dependence, in separate d-amphetamine and nicotine drug discriminations, as well as intravenous self-administration. Results: ABT-126 produced a modest trend toward increasing rearing activity in the open field, without altering distance travelled. Its discriminative stimulus effects were distinct from both d-amphetamine and from nicotine. No dose of ABT-126 was selfadministered at a level greater than vehicle. Conclusions: ABT-126 does not appear to carry a high potential for abuse. Financial support: All studies were funded by AbbVie as part of the development of ABT-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.259 Variable availability as a determinant of cocaine choice in rhesus monkeys Sally L. Huskinson 1,∗ , Kevin Freeman 1 , Nancy Petry 2 , James K. Rowlett 1,3 1
University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States 2 University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States 3 Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
Thomas J. Hudzik
Aims: Relative to non-drug reinforcers, illicit drugs may be more inconsistent in terms of their availability, quality, location, and price. Thus, variability may be an important aspect of reinforcement that differs for illicit drugs relative to alternatives. We hypothesized that variable schedules and magnitudes of cocaine would be chosen over fixed ones. Specifically, we predicted that variability would enhance the potency of cocaine as a reinforcer, i.e., the dose–effect curve for cocaine would be shifted leftward when the responses required and magnitude of different doses of cocaine were made variable in cocaine vs. cocaine and cocaine vs. food choice situations. Methods: Four male rhesus monkeys chose between doses of cocaine or cocaine vs. food pellets. In control conditions, schedule and magnitude (i.e., cocaine dose) were fixed. In test conditions, schedule, magnitude, or both were made variable on one lever while all aspects on the other lever remained fixed. Results: Subjects generally chose the variable option over the fixed one. However, parallel and leftward shifts in the dose–effect curve typically were not observed. There were individual differences in the degree to which variability in schedule, magnitude, or the combination shifted choice away from the fixed alternative. Conclusions: These findings suggest that variable cocaine availability can be an important determinant of choice that can be overcome by increasing the dose available on the fixed alternative. In addition, initial results with food suggest that a non-drug reinforcer may more effectively compete with a drug reinforcer when its delivery is made variable. Evaluation of variability as a factor in the choice to self-administer cocaine provides a novel animal model for preclinical evaluation of behavioral (e.g., contingency management) and pharmacological interventions. Financial support: NIH grants DA037619 to SLH, DA027666 to KBF, DA033795 and DA011792 to JKR.
Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.260
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.258 Assessment of the abuse potential of ABT-126, an ␣7-selective nicotinic agonist
Aims: The purpose of the present collection of studies was to determine if ABT-126 possesses any potential for abuse. Methods: The effects of ABT-126 (0.1–30 mg/kg) was studied in rats in automated locomotor activity tests, an assessment forphys-