Email:
[email protected]
Login
Register
English
Deutsch
Español
Français
Português
Home
Add new document
Sign In
Create An Account
Vertical deformation of the fault-crossing network around Baotou, observed by GPS
HOME
Vertical deformation of the fault-crossing network around Baotou, observed by GPS
Vertical deformation of the fault-crossing network around Baotou, observed by GPS
Geodesy and Geodynamics 2013ꎬ4(4) :57 - 61 http: / / www.jgg09.com Doi:10.3724 / SP.J.1246.2013.04057 Vertical deformation of the fault ̄crossing ne...
Download PDF
647KB Sizes
0 Downloads
39 Views
Report
Recommend Documents
Present-day 3D deformation field of Northeast China, observed by GPS and leveling
Sagaing Fault slip and deformation in Myanmar observed by continuous GPS measurements
Crustal deformation in eastern Betics from CuaTeNeo GPS network
Modeling medium-scale TEC structures, observed by Belgian GPS receivers network
Transient crustal deformation in the South Iceland Seismic Zone observed by GPS and InSAR during 2000–2008
Densification by plastic deformation around spherical inclusions
Present-day crustal deformation along the El Salvador Fault Zone from ZFESNet GPS network
Surface seasonal mass changes and vertical crustal deformation in North China from GPS and GRACE measurements
DRG System Observed by Computer Network
Fault network modeling of crustal deformation in California constrained using GPS and geologic observations
Seasonal crustal vertical deformation induced by environmental mass loading in mainland China derived from GPS, GRACE and surface loading models
Wave-turbulence interactions observed in the lower stratosphere by the PROUST UHF radar and GPS radiosoundings
PDF Reader
Full Text
Geodesy and Geodynamics 2013ꎬ4(4) :57 - 61 http: / / www.jgg09.com
Doi:10.3724 / SP.J.1246.2013.04057
Vertical deformation of the fault ̄crossing network around Baotouꎬ observed by GPS Qin Shanlan 1 ꎬ Du Weiji 2 and Ji Lingyun 1 1
2
Second Crust Monitoring and Application Centerꎬ China Earthquake Administrationꎬ Xian 710054ꎬChina
Nanjing Institute of Surveyingꎬ Mapping & Geotechnical Investigationꎬ Co.Ltdꎬ Nanjing 210019ꎬChina
Abstract:GPS data and precise leveling data of seismic network profiles across the fault in Baotou in 2006ꎬ
2009 and 2011 were processed and analyzed to test the feasibility of using GPS technology for fault ̄crossing vertical deformation monitoring. The results showed that high precision cross ̄fault vertical deformation meas ̄ urements can be obtained using appropriate GPS data processing strategies.
Key words: fault ̄crossing precise levelingꎻ vertical deformationꎻ GPSꎻ vertical deviationꎻ mapping function
1 Introduction
2 Data and methods
At presentꎬ vertical deformation of landslidesꎬ ground
2.1 GPS and leveling data
fissures and land subsidence detected by GPS technolo ̄ gy is possible [1-5] . In factꎬ people often care about ele ̄
vation changes in elevationꎬ rather than the elevation
The study area (Baotou fault ̄crossing observation field) is located southeast of Baotouꎬ between 109°56′E - 110°
itself. To validate the accuracy of GPS measurements of
06′E and 40°18′N - 40°36′N ( Fig. 1) . The elevation
changes in a topocentric terrestrial coordinate system
length of the measuring line is 65. 2 km. First ̄order
vertical componentsꎬ we compared the U ̄component
of this area is between 1084 m and 1100 m. The total
from GPS measurements with changes in elevation measured from leveling resultsꎬ that is: △U = △H ∗
2006ꎬ August 2009 and May 2011. The benchmark
tric terrestrial coordinate systemꎬ △H is the elevation
for each measured segment were obtained by roundtrip
cosa ( △U is the U component changes in a topocen ̄
leveling observations were performed in September station was Bao ̄xian_3 ( Fig.1) . Elevation differences
difference measured from levelingꎬ a is the vertical de ̄
measuring and added to the correction of the staves and
km ) ꎬ we assume that △U equals △H. In this paperꎬ
leveling also had been done with staves in which the
viation) . When the study area is small ( i. e. < 110 2
based on the GPS and precise leveling data of the fault ̄
correction of the unparallel level surface. The precise divisions are marked on a strip of invar. The mean
crossing network around Baotouꎬ we conclude that the
square error of height for the 1 km roundtrip measure ̄
measured with reasonably high ̄accuracy.
conducted was October 2006ꎬ September 2009ꎬ and
vertical deformation of a fault ̄crossing network can be Received:2013 ̄05 ̄01ꎻ Accepted:2013 ̄06 ̄01
Corresponding author:Qin ShanlanꎬE-mail:shanlan_qin@ 163.com
This work is supported by the Special Earthquake Research Project gran ̄
ted by the China Earthquake Administration (201208009) .
ment was ± 0 376 mm. The GPS observations were
August 2011. The GPS data were collected every 30 s
using a 15° elevation angle.
2.2 GPS data processing
The GPS data were processed with the GANIT / GLOBK
58
Geodesy and Geodynamics Vol.4
Baotou
Baotou fault e u -c h angg
40°36′N
an ngw
faul
t
Sh BT01 BT03 BT22
qia n
fau
lt
BT05
an
BT21
40°30′N
Da qin g
sh a
n-s h
Bao-xian_3 BT074
ul
t
BT09
qi an
fa
BT11
t en gs ha
nsh
an
40°24′N
Se er
The no rt
hern m argin fa
BT15
The northe rn margin
fault of E
rdos
ult of E rdos
Legend GPS-point
40°18′N
Bench-mark fault
BT19 109°48′E
109°04′E
110°00′E
110°06′E
110°12′E
Figure 1 Shaded relief map of the study area
softwareꎬ using precise orbits. During the GPS data
processingꎬ IGS stations and several continuous stations
were also included. Some parameters used for GPS data processing are given in table 1
[5-7]
. With the LC_AU ̄
GLOBK software [9ꎬ 10] . The mean square error of height
for each GPS station was less than 4 mmꎬ except the
BT03 station ( 5. 1 mm) . Finallyꎬ we calculated the vertical variation of each GPS point 2006 - 2009ꎬ 2009
( WL) entries are ignored. For a regional networkꎬ an
- 2011 and 2006 - 2011ꎬ which were compared with the results of precise leveling ( Tabs.2 - 4) . Figure 2 shows
important. Highest accuracy for vertical studies is ob ̄
measurements.
TCLN optionꎬ the ambiguity resolution Wide Lane
elevation ̄dependent model for the ground antenna is tained by using the Vienna Mapping Functions
the comparison results from GPS and precise - leveling
( VMF1) [8] ꎬ derived at 6 ̄hour intervals from numeri ̄
3 Analysis
option is IGRF11ꎬ which is the latest release of the In ̄
Figure 2 shows that although the GPS measurements of
IGRF consists of spherical harmonic coefficientsꎬ re ̄
the precise levelingꎬ the overall trend is consistent.
cal weather models. The recommended magnetic field
ternational Geomagnetic Reference Field ( IGRF) . The
presenting the Earths main field and its secular varia ̄
tion. To apply the effects in processingꎬ set ′Ion model = GMAP′ and ′Mag field = ITRF11.
vertical deformation were slightly larger than those of The results indicate that GPS measurements can moni ̄ tor regional vertical deformation with high ̄accuracy. From tables 2 - 4ꎬ the △h ( △H - △U) of each sta ̄
each of the regional stationsꎬ and thenꎬ we added
tion is less than 10 mmꎬ except BT11 ( 2006 - 2009ꎬ 2006 - 2011 ) and BT21 ( 2006 - 2011 ) . The high
ondꎬ we collected the coordinates of all the stationsꎬ
have been caused by poor data observations [ 11] . Three
Firstꎬ we collected 1 ̄day relaxation solutions for 1 ̄day relaxation solutions of global IGS stations. Sec ̄
relative to the frame of ITRF2008ꎬ based on the
mean △h value ( 5.1 mm) of these two stations may
factors may account for these differences [ 12] : 1 ) The
59
No.4 Qin Shanlanꎬet al.Vertical deformation of the fault ̄crossing network around Baotouꎬ observed by GPS Table 1 Parameters used for GPS data processing Parameters
Epoch interval
30 s
Inertial frame
J2000
Elevation cutoff angle
Value
15°
Ionospheric delay
LC observable
Baseline processing mode
RELAX
Earth gravity model
EGM08 model
Etide model
IERS2010
IGS station constraint
( XYZ)0.05 m 0.05 m 0.05 m
Station constraint
( XYZ) 1.0 m 1.0 m 1.0 m
Tide model
IERS2010
Number zenith ̄delay
25
Troposphere model
SAAS ( Saastarnoinen [1972] )
Mapping function
VMF1
Radiation model for ARC
BERNE
Antenna model
elevation ̄dependent model
Table 2 Results of vertical deformation measurements from GPS and precise leveling (2006-2009ꎻ unit:mm)
Stations
△U
△H
BT22
-12.21
-12.60
BT05
-39.49
-36.00
BT21
BT03
-53.40 4.73
-43.70 9.40
△h( △H-△U) -0.39
m △U
±4.0
2006-2009
±3.1
2006-2009
9.70
±3.8
4.67
±4.8
3.49
BT07
-10.95
-6.20
4.75
±4.3
BT11
-19.89
-7.10
12.79
±3.6
BT19
2.24
2.70
0.46
±3.1
BT09 BT15
-8.25
-13.64
-4.80
-3.90
3.45
9.74
Year
±4.2
±3.5
2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009 2006-2009
Table 3 Results of vertical deformation measurements from GPS and precise leveling (2009-2011ꎻ unit:mm)
Stations BT22
△U
-9.00
△H
△h( △H-△U) 2.80
-3.80
±4.6
2009-2011
4.30
-0.30
±4.0
2009-2011
-2.70
2.50
-19.30
-16.50
BT03
5.00
6.50
BT07
4.60
-5.20
BT09
-16.30
-12.00
BT15
-23.70
24.30
BT11 BT19
-17.10 -9.30
Year
5.20
BT21
BT05
m △U
1.50 4.30
-17.30
-0.20
-4.30
5.00
-0.60
±4.0
±5.8 ±4.7 ±4.2 ±5.3
±4.6
±4.0
2009-2011
2009-2011 2009-2011 2009-2011 2009-2011
2009-2011 2009-2011
60
Geodesy and Geodynamics Vol.4 Table 4 Results of vertical deformation measurements from GPS and precise leveling (2006-2011ꎻ unit:mm)
Stations
△U
△H
△h( △H-△U)
-60.20
12.50
-15.90
6.20
BT22
-21.23
-16.40
BT05
-34.85
-31.70
-72.70
BT21
BT03
9.70
BT07
-16.19
BT11
-37.03
BT09 BT15
Vertical deltas(mm)
±4.5
2006-2011
3.15
±3.9
2006-2011
±4.1 ±5.8
7.29
±5.0
-24.40
12.63
±5.3
-1.60
5.48
-16.80
-37.37
-28.20
Year
4.83
-8.90
-24.51
-7.08
BT19
m △U
7.71
±4.5
9.17
±4.5
±3.9
2006-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011 2006-2011
20 0 -20 2006-2009-GPS 2006-2009-Leveling
-40 -60
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Vertical deltas(mm)
(a) Measurements comparison from 2006 to 2009 10 2009-2011-GPS 2009-2011-Leveling
0 -10 -20 -30 -5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Vertical deltas(mm)
(b) Measurements comparison from 2009 to 2011 50 0 2006-2011-GPS 2006-2011-Leveling
-50 -100 -5
0
5
10 15 Distance(km) (c) Measurements comparison from 2006 to 2011
20
25
Figure 2 Comparison of vertical deformation measurements using GPS and precise leveling
reference station is Bao ̄xian _3. If this station experi ̄
can monitor vertical deformation with high ̄accuracy.
precision of leveling results will be affected. In factꎬ
lowers costs and improves monitoring efficiency.
enced small deformations due to crustal movementꎬ the
the monitoring results show that this station was sinking
Monitoring fault ̄crossing vertical deformation by GPS
in recent years. 2) The errors may be the result of in ̄
4 Conclusions
surrounding environmental conditions. 3) Some global
In this studyꎬ we concluded that the mean difference
reflect the true situation. The mean values of △h in 2006 - 2009ꎬ 2009 - 2011 and 2006 - 2011 were 5. 4
and by precise leveling is approximately 5 mm. In other
in mean △h values can be attributed to atmospheric
monitoring of fault ̄crossing network by GPS technology
strumental errorsꎬ adjustment errors or variation in the
models are not suitable for the study area and do not
mmꎬ 2.2 mm and 7.6 mmꎬ respectively. The variation
load modelꎬ earth tide model and seasonal changes.
Above allꎬ by comparing the results from the GPS
and precise levelingꎬ we conclude that GPS systems
between measurements of vertical deformation by GPS wordsꎬ the vertical deformations from GPS and precise
leveling are consistent. Thereforeꎬ vertical displacement is reasonable and can reduce the cost of measurements
and improve operating efficiency.
No.4 Qin Shanlanꎬet al.Vertical deformation of the fault ̄crossing network around Baotouꎬ observed by GPS
References [ 1 ] Yang Jiantuꎬ Jiang Yanxiangꎬ Zhou Jun and Lu Xu. Analysis on reliability and accuracy of subsidence measurement with GPS
technique. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamicsꎬ 2006ꎬ (1) : 70 -75. ( in Chinese) .
[ 2 ] Qin Hongkui and Wang Deping. Monitoring land subsidence in Tianjin with GPS. Journal of Geomaticsꎬ 2012ꎬ ( 2 ) : 20 - 22.
( in Chinese) .
[ 3 ] Gao Weiꎬ Xu Shaoquan and Li Yingbing. Feasibility study on ur ̄
ban land subsidence monitoring by GPS surveying. Journal of Ge ̄ odesy and Geodynamicsꎬ 2004ꎬ (24) : 105-110. ( in Chinese) .
[ 4 ] Huang Liren and Zhou Jun. GPS successive station applied for
monitoring land subsidence. Journal of Engineering Geologyꎬ
2005ꎬ (13) : 94-97.( in Chinese) .
[ 5 ] Pan Baoyu. Precise GPS height measurement. Geology and Min ̄ eral Surveying.1995(23) : 1-5. ( in Chinese) .
[ 6 ] Wang Shunxiꎬ Ren Yongchao and Wu Geli. Influence of tropo ̄
spheric delay mapping function to GPS BA.Journal of Geomatics.
61
2010ꎬ (1) : 10-12.( in Chinese) .
[ 7 ] Luo Shaocong. Study of the loading effects of the atmosphere.
China Research Institute of Geodesy and Geophysicsꎬ 2003. ( in Chinese) .
[ 8 ] Boehm Jꎬ AE Niellꎬ P Tregoning and H Schuh. The Global Map ̄
ping Function ( GMF) : A new empirical mapping function based on data from numerical weather model data. Geophysical Research Lettersꎬ 2006bꎬ 33ꎬ L07304ꎬ doi: 10.129 / 2005GL025546.
[ 9 ] Li Zhenghang and Huang Jinsong. GPS measurement and data process. Wuhan University Pressꎬ 2005. ( in Chinese) .
[10] Chen Yanwu. Influence of ocean tide and atmospheri loading on
CORS stability monitoring.Beijing Surveying and Mappingꎬ 2012ꎬ (2) : 13-15. ( in Chinese) .
[11] Qin Shanlanꎬ Wang qingliangꎬ Ji Lingyun and Li Yuhang. The a ̄
nalysis on the vertical movement in the west Qinling zone based
on the leveling data. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamicsꎬ 2012ꎬ (2) : 16-19. ( in Chinese) .
[12] Xu Shaoquan and Li Yingbing. Research of the atmospheric load the continental water load effect for GPS height measurement. GNSS World of Chinaꎬ 2006ꎬ (5) : 1-3. ( in Chinese) .
×
Report "Vertical deformation of the fault-crossing network around Baotou, observed by GPS"
Your name
Email
Reason
-Select Reason-
Pornographic
Defamatory
Illegal/Unlawful
Spam
Other Terms Of Service Violation
File a copyright complaint
Description
Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement.
Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data
.
Agree & close