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Vinca phyllody — A mycoplasmal disease in India
Zentralbl. Mikrobiol, 141 (1986), 39-47 VEE Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena [Mycology and Plant Pathology Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India]
Vinca Phyllody - A Mycoplasmal Disease in India V. S.
VERMA,
and M.
DATTAGUPTA
With 6 Figures
Summary Mycoplasma-like bodies have been found in the phloem elements of Vinca plants infected with phyllody disease, transmissible by grafting. Such structures are lacking in phloem elements of normal plants. No virus particles, fungi, or bacteria were associated with this disease. This report constitutes the first record of a phyllody disease on Vinca rosea in India and is different in size from those reported from other countries.
Zusammenfassung Mycoplasmaahnliehe Karpel' wurden im Phloem von Phyllody-infizierten Immergrun-Pf'lanzen gefunden. Solche Strukturen fehlen im Phloem normaler Pflanzen. Wedel' Viruspartikel noch Pilze oder Bakterien sind mit diesel' Erkrankung in Verbindung zu bringen. Diese Arbeit ist del' erste Berieht tiber cine Phyllody-Erkrankung bei Immergriin (Vinca rosea} in Indien; sie unterscheidet sich in del' Grii13e von den in anderen Landern aufgetretenen Erkrankungen.
Vinca rosea L. (= Lochmere rosea (LINN.) Reichb., commonly known as periwinkle), a beautiful herbaceous plant, frequently grown as an ornamental plant in Indian gardens, has a very old tradition in the folk medicine of Europe and the middle east countries. The plant was used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Natal and various other parts of South Africa and also in India and Ceylon. The juice of the leaves is used as an application to wasp stings. An infusion of the leaves is given in the treatment of menorrhagia. Its root is considered toxic and stomachic. All parts of the plant, particularly the root bark, contain alkaloids which possess hypotensive, sedative, and transquillizing properties. During October, 1981 some plants were observed to show symptoms typical of phyllody in the Institute campus and other places of the country. Affected plants had diminution of leaf size, shortened internodes, profuse axillary branching, bushy in appearance. In diseased heads individual florets had proliferated as tiny leafy structures (Fig. 1). The disease was not transmitted by sap inoculation, but easily so by grafting. The symptoms, similar to those on the original host, were reproduced on grafted stocks within thirty-five days. Since DOl et a1. (1967) were the first to suggest that such diseases may be caused by mycoplasma-like organisms and not by viruses, we attempted ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy for a better understanding of the cause of phyllody in V. rosea, Midribs of the leaves from diseased plants and corresponding healthy plants were cut into small pieces, fixed in 6 % glut
40
V. S. VERMA and M. DATTAGUPTA
Fig. 1. Diseased (left) and healthy (right) plant of V. rosea,
and processed further followed by the method of DOl et al. (1967). The ultrathin sections were cut with a KLB-ultramicrotome, using glass knives. They were stained in lead acetate (REYNOLDS 1963) and screened in a Philips EM 100 electron microscope. Pleomorphic (spherical, oval, and elongated) membrane bounded bodies were observed in sieve elements of infected plants (Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The spherical bodies were between 60 nm and 525 nm in diameter, while very few elongated ones without a cell wall, but with trilaminar unit membrane, were about 10 nm thick. Within these bodies peripheral ribosome-like, darkly stained granules were also observed. Fine thread-like nuclear material sometimes was observed in the region free of ribosomes. Mostly the nuclear region appeared vacuolated and electron transparent, probably because of poor fixation (MA,RA,MOROSCH, GRANADOS and HIRUMI 1970). Some of the bodies were seen to be dividing by binary fission. The distribution of these bodies was not uniform. Cell adjacent to the one packed with MLO was often free. There was a great variation in the number of MLOs within each cell. However, MLOs were mostly seen in mature sieve tubes in which normal organelles were not present. No virus particle, nor any fungus or bacteria were found in the leaves of V. rosea plants. The bodies in infected leaves have a close resemblance to various mycoplasma-like organisms, reported earlier from Japan and USA (DOl et al. 1967; MARA,MOROSCH, SHIKATA, and GRA,NADOS 1968; MARA,MOROSCH, GRA,NADOS and HIRUMI 1970) and from India (PHATAK et al. 1979, 1975a, b, 1976a, b; ALBRECHTSEN et al. 1978). With thinsection study of MLO in V. rosea, BRA,UN (1977) observed evenly distributed particles, 8.7 to 13.2 nm in diameter, on fracture faces in phloem preparations. ZELCER et al. (1972) reported pleomorphic MLO in infected periwinkle with a diameter of 300 to 600 nm. The MLO in Vinca phyllody occurring in India were different in size and found to be between 60 to 525 nm in diameter. The present evidence, based on transmission, concludes that most likely Vinca phyllody is induced by mycoplasma-like organisms
Fig. 2 b. MLO in the phloem elements. Scale bar
= I pm.
Fig. Z a. MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) in phloem elements (note also the phloem necrosis). Scale bar
=
1 uvn, ~
....
~.
::l
H
.,.
;oj
~ 0q
Mj
'"
(">
s
~
Fig. 3 b. MLO in necrotic sieve tube. Scale bar =
I ftm.
Fig.3a. Phloem elements that became necrotic. Scale bar
Iftm.
:.-
>-3
"':J
~
<::>
:;-
>-3 >-3
;..
o
~
~
Po.
;::l
..,
:::: ;..
i:d
t'l
~
~ YJ
t-:l
~
Fig. 4 b. MLO in the sieve tube. Scale bar = I
[lm.
Fig. 4a. Starch accumulation in mesophyll. Scale bar
l/tm. H'-~
to·
;::L
::0
H
S·
'<
~$: 0c,
I-d
'"
C>
"1 .,.. ;0
44
V.
S.
VERMA
and M.
DATTAGUPTA
5 Fig. 5. J\ILO in the sieve tube near the sieve pore. Scale bar
=
1 pm.
with a difference in size than reported from other countries. A perusal of literature suggested that natural occurrence of phyllody disease in V. rosea was reported from Egypt (VALENTA, and NOUR-ELDIN 1967), Sudan (Norm 1962), USA (BRAUN 1977), Belgium (RA,SSEL and DESMIDTS 1976), Netherlands (RIRUKI et al. 1977), France (KARTHA et al. 1976), Campania (RA,GOZZINO et al. 1977), South Africa (MOLL et al. 1977), Israel (KLEIN 1970; ZELCER et aI. 1972), USSR (BOGATYRENKO and VLASOV 1979), Spain (MORENO et al. 1980), Cuba (TSYPLENKOV et al. 1980). It is proposed to consider this as a new record of a phyllody disease on V. rosea from India. Studies are in progress to find the link between V inca phyllody and similar diseases in other plant genera within and outside of the family of Apocynaceae.
46
V. S. VERMA and :VI. DATTAGUP·.rA
Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Prof. Y. DOl, Lab. of Plant Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, for ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy. The encouragement by Dr. L. M. JOSHI, Head, Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, I.A.R.I., New Delhi, is gratefully acknowledged.
References ALBRECHTSEN, S. E., PHATAK, H. C., SHAMSHEIt SINGH, and VERMA, V. S.: Vernonia phyllodyA mycoplasmal malady. Phytopath. Z. 93 (1978), 90-95. BRAUN, E. J.: A freeze-etch and thin-section study of mycoplasmas in Vinca rosea phloem. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 60 (1977), 44-51. BOGATYRENKO, T. N., and VLASOV, Y.: 1f;ycoplasma diseases on the medicinal plant Catharanthus rosea (I..) G. Don. In: Trudy vses, nauchno-Issled, Irist. Zashch. Rast. Leningrad, USSR, 1979, 57-ri9. DOl, Y., TI<'I\ANAKA, M., YORA, K., and ASUYAMA, H.: Mycoplasma or PLT group-like microorganisms, found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches' broom, aster yellows or paulownia witches' broom. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 33 (1967), 259-266. HIRUKI, C., GIANNOTTI, J., and DIJKSTRA, J.: A comparative study of fluorescence in stems of Vinca rosea, infected with mycoplasmas of different plant origins. Neth. J. PI. Path. 80 (1974), 145-153. KARTHA, K. K., COUSIN, M. T., and RUEGG, E. J.: A light-microscopic detection of plant mycoplasma infection by Feulgen staining procedure. Indian Phytopath. 28 (1976), 51-56. KLEIN, AI.: Safflower Phyllody - a mycoplasma disease of Carthamus t.inctorius in Israel. Pl. Dis. Repr. 54 (1970), 7:35-739. MARAMOROSCH, K., GRANADOS, R. R., and HIRUMI, H.: Mycoplasma diseases of plants and insects. Adv, Virus Res. 16 (1970), 135-19:l. - SHIKATA, E., and GHANADOS, R. R.: Structures resembling mycoplasma in diseased plants ancI in insect vectors. Trans. N.Y. Acad, Sci. 30 (1968), 841-855. MOLL, J. N., VAN, S. P., DA GRACA, J. V., and MARTIN, M. M.: Mycoplasma-like organisms, associated with field symptoms of phyllody in periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.) in South Africa. Citrus Subtropical Fruit Journal No. 528 (1977), 17. :MORENO, P., CASTRO, S., AFENA-IGLESIAS, HERNANDEZ-YAGO, J., and APARICIO, M.: Studies on a mycoplasma disease detected on Vincea rosea L. in the citrus-growing area in North of Valencia. Annales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Protect.ion Vegetal No. II (1979), 11-21. NOUR. M. A.: Witches' broom and phyllody of some plants in Khartoum Province, Sudan. F.A.O. Plant Protection Bull. 10 (1962),49-56. PHATAK, H. C.• LUNDSGAARD, T., PADMA, R., SHAMSliER SINGH and VERMA, V. S.: Mycoplasmalike bodies associated with phyllody of Parthenium hysterophorus L. Phytopath. Z. 83 (1975a), 10-13. - VERMA, V. S., and SHAMSHER SINGH: Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with Cannabis phyllody. Phytopath. Z. 83 (1975b). 281-284. - - - Justicia phyllody connected with mycoplasma-like agent. Phytopath. Z. 85 (1976a), 179-182. - SHAlItSHER SINGH, VER~'!A, V. S., and PADMA, R.: Association of mycoplasma-like bodies with Launea nudicaulis phyllody. Zbl. Bakt. II 131 (1976b), 205-207. RAGOZZINO, A., ANGELACCIO, C., and STEFANIS, D.: Some mycoplasma diseases found in Campania. Annuli della Fucolta di Scienze Agrarie delUniveraita di Napoli Portiei IV, 11 (IU77), 1-10. RASSEL. A., and DESMIDTS, 1\;[,: Graft transmission of a naturally occurring "virescenco" of Vinca rosea in upper Volta and its relationship to cotton phyllody. F.A.O. Plant Protection Bulletin 24 (1976), 90-93. .REYNOLDS, E. S.: The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell-BioI. 17 (1963), 208-212.
Vinca Phyllody in India
47
TSYPLENKOV, A. E., FEDOTINA, V. L., GONZALES, G., and GARCIA, E.: Yellows type of disease of plants in Cuba. Sel'v-khoz. Biol., Moskva 16 (1981), 92-94. VALENTA, V., and N oUR-ELDIN, F.: Occurrence of a yellow type disease in periwinkles in North Africa. PI. Dis. Repr. 51 (1967), 416-417. ZELCER, A., LOEBENSTEIN, G., and BAR-JOSEPH, :\1.: Effects of elevated temperature on the ultrastructure of mycoplasma-like organisms in periwinkle. Phytopathology 62 (1972), 14531457. Authors' address: Dr. V. S. VERMA and Dr. (.i[iss) J\IAHUA DATTA GUPTA, Division of .Mycology and Plant Pathology. IARI, New Delhi. 110012, India.
Buchbesprechung FIEDLER, KURT, und J"OHANNES LIEDER: Taschenatlas del' Histologie fur .iledizineI'" und Bf o l o g e n. 7. Aut'lage. 70 Seiten, 120 Farbfotos, 120 Zeichnungen, Kosmos-Verlag, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1984. Preis: Kartoniert ca. 17,- DM. Nach einer kurzen EinfUhrung in die Gewebelehre und einige Standardfarbemethoden auf insgesamt 3 Seiten stellen die Verfasser histologische Praparate in 120 Farbfotos, Bildschemata und begleitendem Text VOl', der in gedrangter und pragnanter Form Auskunft tiber Histologie und Funktion del' dargestellten Strukturen gibt. Bis auf 2 Abbildungen (Salamanderhaut und Wachshaut des Entenschnabels) handelt es sich uusschlieulieh um Zellen, Gewebe und Organe von Saugetieren. Die starken Farbkontrastc, die fotografisch so brill ant wirken, sind nicht nur fur den Anflinger faszinierend. Leider kommt es dabei durch Tlberfarbungen zu Maskierungen bestimmterhistologischer Details. Trotzdem durf'te del' 'l'aschenatlas fur den Lernenden eine wertvolle Hilfe sein, die obendrein reeht preiswert ist, Fur eine Neuauflage ware die Eliminierung einiger Unebenheiten wunschenswert. So sollte im Begleittext grundsatzlich die Species angegeben werden, auf die das Pruparat zuriickgeht. Die gutgemeinten Zeichenhilfen waren zu uberprufen und zu erganzen. Einige Praparate sind zu stark mit Azocarmin gefiirbt. Rei del' Sublingualis erscheint deshalb del' mukiise Anted, del' ja uberwiegt , rotlich statt blau. Auf diesern Prapar-at. ist au13erdem oben links und rechts die Submandibularis angeschnitten, ein diesbeziiglicher Hirrwois ware angebracht. Die Wangenschleimhaut. des Menschen ist unverhornt, im Prupara.t liegt jedoch uber dem Epithel eine tiefrot gefarbte Schicht. Auf S. 33 gehoren die Zotten (F'ot.o oben rechts) zweifellos nicht zum Duodenum. Beim Magendrusenpre.parat auf S. 31 sind neben Belegzellen nat.irrlich viele Hauptzellen zu erkennen, im Zeiohenschema fehlt ein Hinweis. Warum ist die ausgezeichnete Aufnahrne del' Papillae foliatae del' Kaninchenzunge einmal seitenverkehrt clargestellt (vergleiche Foto auf Umschlag und S. 67)? Auf S. 15 soli das Ubergangsepithel vom Nierenkelch eines Meerechweinchens wiedergegeben sein, auf S. 51 entpuppt es sich richtig als das des Ureters (vom Kaninchen oder Meerschweiuehen 1). KI,APPERSTUCK (Halle/Saalej
Vinca Phyllody - A Mycoplasmal Disease in India V. S.
VERMA,
and M.
DATTAGUPTA
With 6 Figures
Summary Mycoplasma-like bodies have been found in the phloem elements of Vinca plants infected with phyllody disease, transmissible by grafting. Such structures are lacking in phloem elements of normal plants. No virus particles, fungi, or bacteria were associated with this disease. This report constitutes the first record of a phyllody disease on Vinca rosea in India and is different in size from those reported from other countries.
Zusammenfassung Mycoplasmaahnliehe Karpel' wurden im Phloem von Phyllody-infizierten Immergrun-Pf'lanzen gefunden. Solche Strukturen fehlen im Phloem normaler Pflanzen. Wedel' Viruspartikel noch Pilze oder Bakterien sind mit diesel' Erkrankung in Verbindung zu bringen. Diese Arbeit ist del' erste Berieht tiber cine Phyllody-Erkrankung bei Immergriin (Vinca rosea} in Indien; sie unterscheidet sich in del' Grii13e von den in anderen Landern aufgetretenen Erkrankungen.
Vinca rosea L. (= Lochmere rosea (LINN.) Reichb., commonly known as periwinkle), a beautiful herbaceous plant, frequently grown as an ornamental plant in Indian gardens, has a very old tradition in the folk medicine of Europe and the middle east countries. The plant was used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Natal and various other parts of South Africa and also in India and Ceylon. The juice of the leaves is used as an application to wasp stings. An infusion of the leaves is given in the treatment of menorrhagia. Its root is considered toxic and stomachic. All parts of the plant, particularly the root bark, contain alkaloids which possess hypotensive, sedative, and transquillizing properties. During October, 1981 some plants were observed to show symptoms typical of phyllody in the Institute campus and other places of the country. Affected plants had diminution of leaf size, shortened internodes, profuse axillary branching, bushy in appearance. In diseased heads individual florets had proliferated as tiny leafy structures (Fig. 1). The disease was not transmitted by sap inoculation, but easily so by grafting. The symptoms, similar to those on the original host, were reproduced on grafted stocks within thirty-five days. Since DOl et a1. (1967) were the first to suggest that such diseases may be caused by mycoplasma-like organisms and not by viruses, we attempted ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy for a better understanding of the cause of phyllody in V. rosea, Midribs of the leaves from diseased plants and corresponding healthy plants were cut into small pieces, fixed in 6 % glut
40
V. S. VERMA and M. DATTAGUPTA
Fig. 1. Diseased (left) and healthy (right) plant of V. rosea,
and processed further followed by the method of DOl et al. (1967). The ultrathin sections were cut with a KLB-ultramicrotome, using glass knives. They were stained in lead acetate (REYNOLDS 1963) and screened in a Philips EM 100 electron microscope. Pleomorphic (spherical, oval, and elongated) membrane bounded bodies were observed in sieve elements of infected plants (Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). The spherical bodies were between 60 nm and 525 nm in diameter, while very few elongated ones without a cell wall, but with trilaminar unit membrane, were about 10 nm thick. Within these bodies peripheral ribosome-like, darkly stained granules were also observed. Fine thread-like nuclear material sometimes was observed in the region free of ribosomes. Mostly the nuclear region appeared vacuolated and electron transparent, probably because of poor fixation (MA,RA,MOROSCH, GRANADOS and HIRUMI 1970). Some of the bodies were seen to be dividing by binary fission. The distribution of these bodies was not uniform. Cell adjacent to the one packed with MLO was often free. There was a great variation in the number of MLOs within each cell. However, MLOs were mostly seen in mature sieve tubes in which normal organelles were not present. No virus particle, nor any fungus or bacteria were found in the leaves of V. rosea plants. The bodies in infected leaves have a close resemblance to various mycoplasma-like organisms, reported earlier from Japan and USA (DOl et al. 1967; MARA,MOROSCH, SHIKATA, and GRA,NADOS 1968; MARA,MOROSCH, GRA,NADOS and HIRUMI 1970) and from India (PHATAK et al. 1979, 1975a, b, 1976a, b; ALBRECHTSEN et al. 1978). With thinsection study of MLO in V. rosea, BRA,UN (1977) observed evenly distributed particles, 8.7 to 13.2 nm in diameter, on fracture faces in phloem preparations. ZELCER et al. (1972) reported pleomorphic MLO in infected periwinkle with a diameter of 300 to 600 nm. The MLO in Vinca phyllody occurring in India were different in size and found to be between 60 to 525 nm in diameter. The present evidence, based on transmission, concludes that most likely Vinca phyllody is induced by mycoplasma-like organisms
Fig. 2 b. MLO in the phloem elements. Scale bar
= I pm.
Fig. Z a. MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) in phloem elements (note also the phloem necrosis). Scale bar
=
1 uvn, ~
....
~.
::l
H
.,.
;oj
~ 0q
Mj
'"
(">
s
~
Fig. 3 b. MLO in necrotic sieve tube. Scale bar =
I ftm.
Fig.3a. Phloem elements that became necrotic. Scale bar
Iftm.
:.-
>-3
"':J
~
<::>
:;-
>-3 >-3
;..
o
~
~
Po.
;::l
..,
:::: ;..
i:d
t'l
~
~ YJ
t-:l
~
Fig. 4 b. MLO in the sieve tube. Scale bar = I
[lm.
Fig. 4a. Starch accumulation in mesophyll. Scale bar
l/tm. H'-~
to·
;::L
::0
H
S·
'<
~$: 0c,
I-d
'"
C>
"1 .,.. ;0
44
V.
S.
VERMA
and M.
DATTAGUPTA
5 Fig. 5. J\ILO in the sieve tube near the sieve pore. Scale bar
=
1 pm.
with a difference in size than reported from other countries. A perusal of literature suggested that natural occurrence of phyllody disease in V. rosea was reported from Egypt (VALENTA, and NOUR-ELDIN 1967), Sudan (Norm 1962), USA (BRAUN 1977), Belgium (RA,SSEL and DESMIDTS 1976), Netherlands (RIRUKI et al. 1977), France (KARTHA et al. 1976), Campania (RA,GOZZINO et al. 1977), South Africa (MOLL et al. 1977), Israel (KLEIN 1970; ZELCER et aI. 1972), USSR (BOGATYRENKO and VLASOV 1979), Spain (MORENO et al. 1980), Cuba (TSYPLENKOV et al. 1980). It is proposed to consider this as a new record of a phyllody disease on V. rosea from India. Studies are in progress to find the link between V inca phyllody and similar diseases in other plant genera within and outside of the family of Apocynaceae.
46
V. S. VERMA and :VI. DATTAGUP·.rA
Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to Prof. Y. DOl, Lab. of Plant Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, for ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy. The encouragement by Dr. L. M. JOSHI, Head, Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology, I.A.R.I., New Delhi, is gratefully acknowledged.
References ALBRECHTSEN, S. E., PHATAK, H. C., SHAMSHEIt SINGH, and VERMA, V. S.: Vernonia phyllodyA mycoplasmal malady. Phytopath. Z. 93 (1978), 90-95. BRAUN, E. J.: A freeze-etch and thin-section study of mycoplasmas in Vinca rosea phloem. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 60 (1977), 44-51. BOGATYRENKO, T. N., and VLASOV, Y.: 1f;ycoplasma diseases on the medicinal plant Catharanthus rosea (I..) G. Don. In: Trudy vses, nauchno-Issled, Irist. Zashch. Rast. Leningrad, USSR, 1979, 57-ri9. DOl, Y., TI<'I\ANAKA, M., YORA, K., and ASUYAMA, H.: Mycoplasma or PLT group-like microorganisms, found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches' broom, aster yellows or paulownia witches' broom. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 33 (1967), 259-266. HIRUKI, C., GIANNOTTI, J., and DIJKSTRA, J.: A comparative study of fluorescence in stems of Vinca rosea, infected with mycoplasmas of different plant origins. Neth. J. PI. Path. 80 (1974), 145-153. KARTHA, K. K., COUSIN, M. T., and RUEGG, E. J.: A light-microscopic detection of plant mycoplasma infection by Feulgen staining procedure. Indian Phytopath. 28 (1976), 51-56. KLEIN, AI.: Safflower Phyllody - a mycoplasma disease of Carthamus t.inctorius in Israel. Pl. Dis. Repr. 54 (1970), 7:35-739. MARAMOROSCH, K., GRANADOS, R. R., and HIRUMI, H.: Mycoplasma diseases of plants and insects. Adv, Virus Res. 16 (1970), 135-19:l. - SHIKATA, E., and GHANADOS, R. R.: Structures resembling mycoplasma in diseased plants ancI in insect vectors. Trans. N.Y. Acad, Sci. 30 (1968), 841-855. MOLL, J. N., VAN, S. P., DA GRACA, J. V., and MARTIN, M. M.: Mycoplasma-like organisms, associated with field symptoms of phyllody in periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.) in South Africa. Citrus Subtropical Fruit Journal No. 528 (1977), 17. :MORENO, P., CASTRO, S., AFENA-IGLESIAS, HERNANDEZ-YAGO, J., and APARICIO, M.: Studies on a mycoplasma disease detected on Vincea rosea L. in the citrus-growing area in North of Valencia. Annales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Protect.ion Vegetal No. II (1979), 11-21. NOUR. M. A.: Witches' broom and phyllody of some plants in Khartoum Province, Sudan. F.A.O. Plant Protection Bull. 10 (1962),49-56. PHATAK, H. C.• LUNDSGAARD, T., PADMA, R., SHAMSliER SINGH and VERMA, V. S.: Mycoplasmalike bodies associated with phyllody of Parthenium hysterophorus L. Phytopath. Z. 83 (1975a), 10-13. - VERMA, V. S., and SHAMSHER SINGH: Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with Cannabis phyllody. Phytopath. Z. 83 (1975b). 281-284. - - - Justicia phyllody connected with mycoplasma-like agent. Phytopath. Z. 85 (1976a), 179-182. - SHAlItSHER SINGH, VER~'!A, V. S., and PADMA, R.: Association of mycoplasma-like bodies with Launea nudicaulis phyllody. Zbl. Bakt. II 131 (1976b), 205-207. RAGOZZINO, A., ANGELACCIO, C., and STEFANIS, D.: Some mycoplasma diseases found in Campania. Annuli della Fucolta di Scienze Agrarie delUniveraita di Napoli Portiei IV, 11 (IU77), 1-10. RASSEL. A., and DESMIDTS, 1\;[,: Graft transmission of a naturally occurring "virescenco" of Vinca rosea in upper Volta and its relationship to cotton phyllody. F.A.O. Plant Protection Bulletin 24 (1976), 90-93. .REYNOLDS, E. S.: The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell-BioI. 17 (1963), 208-212.
Vinca Phyllody in India
47
TSYPLENKOV, A. E., FEDOTINA, V. L., GONZALES, G., and GARCIA, E.: Yellows type of disease of plants in Cuba. Sel'v-khoz. Biol., Moskva 16 (1981), 92-94. VALENTA, V., and N oUR-ELDIN, F.: Occurrence of a yellow type disease in periwinkles in North Africa. PI. Dis. Repr. 51 (1967), 416-417. ZELCER, A., LOEBENSTEIN, G., and BAR-JOSEPH, :\1.: Effects of elevated temperature on the ultrastructure of mycoplasma-like organisms in periwinkle. Phytopathology 62 (1972), 14531457. Authors' address: Dr. V. S. VERMA and Dr. (.i[iss) J\IAHUA DATTA GUPTA, Division of .Mycology and Plant Pathology. IARI, New Delhi. 110012, India.
Buchbesprechung FIEDLER, KURT, und J"OHANNES LIEDER: Taschenatlas del' Histologie fur .iledizineI'" und Bf o l o g e n. 7. Aut'lage. 70 Seiten, 120 Farbfotos, 120 Zeichnungen, Kosmos-Verlag, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1984. Preis: Kartoniert ca. 17,- DM. Nach einer kurzen EinfUhrung in die Gewebelehre und einige Standardfarbemethoden auf insgesamt 3 Seiten stellen die Verfasser histologische Praparate in 120 Farbfotos, Bildschemata und begleitendem Text VOl', der in gedrangter und pragnanter Form Auskunft tiber Histologie und Funktion del' dargestellten Strukturen gibt. Bis auf 2 Abbildungen (Salamanderhaut und Wachshaut des Entenschnabels) handelt es sich uusschlieulieh um Zellen, Gewebe und Organe von Saugetieren. Die starken Farbkontrastc, die fotografisch so brill ant wirken, sind nicht nur fur den Anflinger faszinierend. Leider kommt es dabei durch Tlberfarbungen zu Maskierungen bestimmterhistologischer Details. Trotzdem durf'te del' 'l'aschenatlas fur den Lernenden eine wertvolle Hilfe sein, die obendrein reeht preiswert ist, Fur eine Neuauflage ware die Eliminierung einiger Unebenheiten wunschenswert. So sollte im Begleittext grundsatzlich die Species angegeben werden, auf die das Pruparat zuriickgeht. Die gutgemeinten Zeichenhilfen waren zu uberprufen und zu erganzen. Einige Praparate sind zu stark mit Azocarmin gefiirbt. Rei del' Sublingualis erscheint deshalb del' mukiise Anted, del' ja uberwiegt , rotlich statt blau. Auf diesern Prapar-at. ist au13erdem oben links und rechts die Submandibularis angeschnitten, ein diesbeziiglicher Hirrwois ware angebracht. Die Wangenschleimhaut. des Menschen ist unverhornt, im Prupara.t liegt jedoch uber dem Epithel eine tiefrot gefarbte Schicht. Auf S. 33 gehoren die Zotten (F'ot.o oben rechts) zweifellos nicht zum Duodenum. Beim Magendrusenpre.parat auf S. 31 sind neben Belegzellen nat.irrlich viele Hauptzellen zu erkennen, im Zeiohenschema fehlt ein Hinweis. Warum ist die ausgezeichnete Aufnahrne del' Papillae foliatae del' Kaninchenzunge einmal seitenverkehrt clargestellt (vergleiche Foto auf Umschlag und S. 67)? Auf S. 15 soli das Ubergangsepithel vom Nierenkelch eines Meerechweinchens wiedergegeben sein, auf S. 51 entpuppt es sich richtig als das des Ureters (vom Kaninchen oder Meerschweiuehen 1). KI,APPERSTUCK (Halle/Saalej