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Visual relationships in office tasks
fatal accidents fell between 1970 and 1971 (115 as against 130), but the frequency rate increased from 92 to 94. However, the report shows the existence of differences from one country to another and stresses above all the variations between plants and the necessity of taking them into account in safety policy. The inadequacies of the frequency rate, severity rate and incidence rate as indicators of the accident phenomenon are stressed; hence the interest in resorting to other indicators such as the accident/production ratio, the drawbacks of which, however, should not be disregarded. The breakdown of accidents by sector might help to judge the overall situation better. Statistical tables are appended.
6.2.9(65801)
Hamilton, J.E. The flashblindness problem in the aircraft cockpit American Journal of Optometry, and Archives of American Academy of Optometry Feb 1968, 45.2, 8 6 - 9 5 . Research control studies were conducted in various aircraft simulators and one jet fighter to obtain quantitative performance data from flashblindness and to measure the visual recovery time during several series of test flights. Recovery time and the effect of flashblindness on aircraft control were measured. A summary of the flashblindness problem in the cockpit is presented.
6.2.10(66415)
Grether, W.F. 6.2.7 (66357) Gray, W.E. A role of mechanization in improving industrial working conditions. In: Symposium on Working Place Safety Proceedings, 22 - 26 Jul. 1974, Bad Grund, Germany. Potential industrial safety hazards are reviewed brief/y, particularly as they relate to selected portions of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Particular emphasis is placed on provisions that relate to working place noise, dirt and heat. Examples of industrial experience with the provisions of the above act are cited. Typical control methods that are being accomplished through the role of mechanisation in the factory are described. These include the elimination of the hazard, the removal of the man from the hazardous area, and the methods for the control of exposure of the man to such hazards through the application of industrial manipulators.
Visual processes in man 6.2.8(65796)
Crouch, C.L. and Buttolph, L.J. Visual relationships in office tasks
Optical factors in aircraft windshield design as related to pilot visual performance. USAF AMRL Technical Report No 73/57, Jul 1973, pp 35. Abstr in Psychological Abstracts. Presents a survey of the literature bearing on the conflict between aerodynamic and visual requirements of aircraft windshields used in high speed flights. The optical effects of windshield slope (or angle of incidence) and curvature are reviewed in terms of displacement, deviation, distortion, binocular deviation, reflections, multiple images, haze, transmission loss, and reduced resolution. Discussions of windshield design practices in recent military aircraft, as well as optical standards and tolerance contained in current military specifications, are included. A discussion and research data on pilot visual performance as affected by windshield design factors, and a small sample of pilot opinions concerning the visual problems caused by the windshield of the F-111 aircraft, are presented. Suggestions for further studies are made.
Central processes in man 6.2.11 (66427)
terms of two mechanisms, the first utilizing information to alter and maintain the work place and the second utilizing the feedback to motivate the subjects to alter their paces.
6.2.12 (66433)
Buck, J.R., and Rizzi, A.M. Viewing strategy and window effects on dynamic visual-inspection accuracy. AIIE Transactions Sep, 1974 6.3, 196-205. Equally-spaced product units, moving on a belt at a uniform velocity, were exposed for visual inspection over a fixed viewing window. Viewing windows were equal to the product unit inter-spacing and twice this distance to give respectively one and two product units within the window. Three different belt speeds were used. Subjects performed short runs of visual inspection using their selfdirected strategies of viewing the sequence of product units and then these subjects repeated all conditions of this task using a "directed viewing strategy'~ Improved viewing discipline was expected from this "directed" strategy and eye motion monitoring was employed to verify that the subjects used the "directed" strategy. Inspection errors of each type were observed under 12 experimental conditions. Both types of errors were found to be greater with: 1) the smaller viewing window, 2) self-directed viewing strategies in contrast to the "directed" strategy, and 3) ~gher belt velocities. Contrasts were also made between error types and between high and low-performing subject groups. Inferences on the apparent cost of each error type were made from these data and compared with rational objectives. Economic implications are shown for these viewing-strategy and viewing window effects.
Information processing and transmission by man 6.2.13(65849)
Lighting and Design Application
Leamon, T.B.
May 1973, 3, 2 3 - 2 5 Abstr in
Drury, C.G. and Dawson, P.
An investigation into the effects of Knowledge of Results on operator performance. Ergonomics, Sep, 1974, 17.5,639-650.
Human Factors limitations in fork-lift truck performance. Ergonomics Jul 1974, 17.4, 4 4 7 - 4 5 6
Lighting Research and Technology Observations of the frequency with which tasks are viewed at various angles have now been supplemented with an analysis of camera records of five shorthand typists. An optimum viewing angle of 25 ° with the downward vertical confirms previous studies. The differences of viewing angle and viewing distance of two typists are compared.
The effect of Knowledge of Results on the performance of female operators engaged on repetitive hand work in industry was investigated over a 40 day period. Significant changes in performance were observed. The relationship of these findings to earlier conflicting studies is discussed in
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of spatial restrictions on speed and errors in fork-lift truck driving. The first required accurate longitudinal setting of the vehicle and the second required accurate lateral control of the vehicle. In both experiments, performance in terms of speed and
Applied Ergonomics June 1975
115
6.2.9(65801)
Hamilton, J.E. The flashblindness problem in the aircraft cockpit American Journal of Optometry, and Archives of American Academy of Optometry Feb 1968, 45.2, 8 6 - 9 5 . Research control studies were conducted in various aircraft simulators and one jet fighter to obtain quantitative performance data from flashblindness and to measure the visual recovery time during several series of test flights. Recovery time and the effect of flashblindness on aircraft control were measured. A summary of the flashblindness problem in the cockpit is presented.
6.2.10(66415)
Grether, W.F. 6.2.7 (66357) Gray, W.E. A role of mechanization in improving industrial working conditions. In: Symposium on Working Place Safety Proceedings, 22 - 26 Jul. 1974, Bad Grund, Germany. Potential industrial safety hazards are reviewed brief/y, particularly as they relate to selected portions of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Particular emphasis is placed on provisions that relate to working place noise, dirt and heat. Examples of industrial experience with the provisions of the above act are cited. Typical control methods that are being accomplished through the role of mechanisation in the factory are described. These include the elimination of the hazard, the removal of the man from the hazardous area, and the methods for the control of exposure of the man to such hazards through the application of industrial manipulators.
Visual processes in man 6.2.8(65796)
Crouch, C.L. and Buttolph, L.J. Visual relationships in office tasks
Optical factors in aircraft windshield design as related to pilot visual performance. USAF AMRL Technical Report No 73/57, Jul 1973, pp 35. Abstr in Psychological Abstracts. Presents a survey of the literature bearing on the conflict between aerodynamic and visual requirements of aircraft windshields used in high speed flights. The optical effects of windshield slope (or angle of incidence) and curvature are reviewed in terms of displacement, deviation, distortion, binocular deviation, reflections, multiple images, haze, transmission loss, and reduced resolution. Discussions of windshield design practices in recent military aircraft, as well as optical standards and tolerance contained in current military specifications, are included. A discussion and research data on pilot visual performance as affected by windshield design factors, and a small sample of pilot opinions concerning the visual problems caused by the windshield of the F-111 aircraft, are presented. Suggestions for further studies are made.
Central processes in man 6.2.11 (66427)
terms of two mechanisms, the first utilizing information to alter and maintain the work place and the second utilizing the feedback to motivate the subjects to alter their paces.
6.2.12 (66433)
Buck, J.R., and Rizzi, A.M. Viewing strategy and window effects on dynamic visual-inspection accuracy. AIIE Transactions Sep, 1974 6.3, 196-205. Equally-spaced product units, moving on a belt at a uniform velocity, were exposed for visual inspection over a fixed viewing window. Viewing windows were equal to the product unit inter-spacing and twice this distance to give respectively one and two product units within the window. Three different belt speeds were used. Subjects performed short runs of visual inspection using their selfdirected strategies of viewing the sequence of product units and then these subjects repeated all conditions of this task using a "directed viewing strategy'~ Improved viewing discipline was expected from this "directed" strategy and eye motion monitoring was employed to verify that the subjects used the "directed" strategy. Inspection errors of each type were observed under 12 experimental conditions. Both types of errors were found to be greater with: 1) the smaller viewing window, 2) self-directed viewing strategies in contrast to the "directed" strategy, and 3) ~gher belt velocities. Contrasts were also made between error types and between high and low-performing subject groups. Inferences on the apparent cost of each error type were made from these data and compared with rational objectives. Economic implications are shown for these viewing-strategy and viewing window effects.
Information processing and transmission by man 6.2.13(65849)
Lighting and Design Application
Leamon, T.B.
May 1973, 3, 2 3 - 2 5 Abstr in
Drury, C.G. and Dawson, P.
An investigation into the effects of Knowledge of Results on operator performance. Ergonomics, Sep, 1974, 17.5,639-650.
Human Factors limitations in fork-lift truck performance. Ergonomics Jul 1974, 17.4, 4 4 7 - 4 5 6
Lighting Research and Technology Observations of the frequency with which tasks are viewed at various angles have now been supplemented with an analysis of camera records of five shorthand typists. An optimum viewing angle of 25 ° with the downward vertical confirms previous studies. The differences of viewing angle and viewing distance of two typists are compared.
The effect of Knowledge of Results on the performance of female operators engaged on repetitive hand work in industry was investigated over a 40 day period. Significant changes in performance were observed. The relationship of these findings to earlier conflicting studies is discussed in
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of spatial restrictions on speed and errors in fork-lift truck driving. The first required accurate longitudinal setting of the vehicle and the second required accurate lateral control of the vehicle. In both experiments, performance in terms of speed and
Applied Ergonomics June 1975
115