- Email: [email protected]
Vitamin composition of new-generation corn distillers dried grains with solubles
©2013 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
Vitamin composition of new-generation corn distillers dried grains with solubles B. Jung,*1 A. B. Batal,† N. E. Ward,‡ and N. Dale* *Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2772; †Huvepharma Inc., Peachtree City, GA 30215; and ‡DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Ringoes, NJ 07054
SUMMARY Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) is a coproduct of the production of cornbased ethanol. Researchers have extensively studied the energy, protein, amino acid, and mineral composition of cDDGS; however, an evaluation of the vitamin content of the cDDGS has yet to be undertaken. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the vitamin composition of cDDGS. In addition, correlations between crude fat and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) of the 6 samples of cDDGS were determined. Crude fat and 8 representative vitamins [vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine] of cDDGS samples were analyzed and the determined vitamin content was compared with the standard values of the NRC. The mean value of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in the 6 cDDGS samples was 6.8 mg/kg. In addition, the mean values of thiamine and riboflavin in the 6 cDDGS samples were 7.7 and 2.3 mg/kg, respectively. The mean values of pyridoxine and pantothenic acid in the cDDGS samples were 3.5 and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of regression analysis, a positive relationship existed between crude fat and vitamin E (R = 0.6677, P = 0.1473) in the 6 samples. These findings add to the information available regarding the vitamin profile of cDDGS and will assist in decisions made on the use of cDDGS in poultry diets. Key words: corn distillers dried grains with solubles, crude fat, vitamin 2013 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 22:71–74 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00595
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Mandates by the US government to include ethanol in motor fuels has led to the availability of a tremendous tonnage of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for poultry feeds. Although DDGS is not a new ingredient per se, this material was previously obtained in modest amounts as a by-product of the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. The original substrate for alcohol fermentation was a variety of grains. By 1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
contrast, most DDGS produced today is derived from the fermentation of yellow corn. Thus, the nutritional composition of DDGS derived from yellow corn resulting from newer processes might well be expected to vary from that determined many decades ago on beverage-grade DDGS. In fact, during the last decade, researchers at this laboratory and elsewhere have extensively studied the energy, protein, amino acid, and mineral composition of what has come to be called “new-generation” DDGS. However, an
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Quality Control Personnel
72
a relatively new ingredient and has not been completely studied for poultry feeds, it could be questioned whether the vitamins present in DDGS may be adequate to alter the composition of the currently used vitamin premixes. If so, this could affect the economic value of DDGS as a feed component for poultry and other animal species. Thus, the objective of this research was 1) to report some vitamin contents of cDDGS, and 2) to evaluate the correlation between crude fat and vitamin E of the cDDGS samples. If a determined new level of one or more vitamins far exceeds (or is less than) that assumed to be present in cDDGS, this would need to be considered in determining the vitamin supplementation of diets that include moderate to high levels of cDDGS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Six cDDGS samples were obtained from ethanol plants in 4 different states (Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska). Crude fat and 8 representative vitamins [vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine] in the DDGS samples were analyzed and the determined vitamin content was compared with the standard values of the NRC [3]. Crude fat of cDDGS samples was analyzed using the ether extraction method (AOAC International method 920.39) [7], whereas vitamins A, D, and E (α-tocopherol) were determined according to AOAC methods 974.29, 982.29, and 971.30, respectively [8]. Biotin and pantothenic acid were determined by surface plasmon resonance in fortified bovine milk-based infant formula, fortified soy-based infant formula, fortified baby food, fortified cereals, vitamin premix, and fortified dietary supplements [8]. Thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine were determined using a Waters Acquity UPLC H-class system [9] with an HSS T3 column [9] and a water-methanol (0.1% formic acid) gradient. All analyses were done in duplicate. All data were analyzed using the GLM procedure (PROC GLM) of SAS software [10] to determine the average of the crude fat and contents of 8 vitamins in the 6 cDDGS samples. The linear regression graph, equations, and correlation coefficients between the crude fat and vi-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
evaluation of the vitamin profile of this ingredient has yet to be undertaken. Several authors of popular articles on DDGS speculate that this ingredient is a good source of a broad range of nutrients, including vitamins, but documentation is not provided for vitamins. There are 2 reasons to suspect that modern corn DDGS (cDDGS) may contain significant amounts of several vitamins. First, as happens with protein and minerals, the fermentation of the starch component of corn increases the relative concentrations of nonfermentable nutrients by a factor of approximately 3. Thus, the protein content of cDDGS is slightly higher than 3 times the amount of protein in corn, with some extra protein being derived from residual yeast. Vitamins present in the original corn may also have their concentrations tripled in cDDGS. Second, the fermentation process by which yeast converts starch to alcohol presumably leads to the synthesis of some vitamins [1]. To provide a complete nutritional profile of modern cDDGS, in addition to energy, protein, amino acids, and minerals, the vitamin composition needs to be documented. A publication providing a nutrient database for DDGS provides energy, amino acid, and mineral data but, again, does not list vitamins [2]. The NRC publications, including the Nutritional Requirements of Poultry [3], have the most complete listing of the vitamin content of DDGS. However, as usually happens in the preparation of such tables, no references are provided for the origin of the data. It is thus unclear what grain substrate was used in the manufacturing processes for DDGS, even when the AAFCO definition [4] of DDGS says that it can be labeled and sold as cDDGS. In addition, it is unknown where and when such assays were conducted and whether in vivo rat and chick assays or analytical chemical tests were used in the various determinations. Several publications from 70 yr ago [5, 6] include some assays for vitamins, particularly thiamine and riboflavin. In retrospect, these studies were useful primarily in confirming the presence of the vitamins. Modern poultry feeds include a vitamin premix in which all vitamins are provided at levels presumed to be adequate for optimal productivity. In general, the vitamin level in ingredients is ignored because the bioavailability and actual level can vary considerably. Because DDGS is
JAPR: Research Report
Jung et al.: VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF CORN DDGS
73
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The crude fat and vitamin composition of the 6 cDDGS samples are presented in Table 1. Comparison values from the NRC [3] are also listed. The mean value of crude fat in cDDGS was 8.9%, which was lower than the average of 10.1% crude fat in 16 traditional cDDGS samples reported by Knott and Shurson [12] and the 10.2% crude fat in 10 samples reported by Pedersen et al. [13]. The reason for the lower mean value for crude fat in cDDGS in the current study was that the 6 samples were composed of 3 traditional cDDGS and 3 low-oil cDDGS (traditional cDDGS with some of the corn oil removed). Nondetectable levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, and biotin were found in the 6 cDDGS samples. Consultation with the laboratory confirmed that this did not mean the samples were completely devoid of these vitamins, but rather that whatever amounts were present fell below the level of detection used by the laboratory. The mean value of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in the 6 cDDGS samples was 6.8 mg/kg. The mean contents of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid in the 6 cDDGS samples were 7.7, 2.3, 3.5, and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. These results in the current research do not indicate the bioavailability of the vitamins. The most striking difference between the values listed by the NRC [3] and those found in the current study
Table 1. Crude fat and vitamin composition of 6 cDDGS1 samples Item State2 Crude fat, % Vitamin A, IU/kg Vitamin D, IU/kg Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), mg/kg Biotin, μg/kg Thiamine, mg/kg Riboflavin, mg/kg Pyridoxine, mg/kg Pantothenic acid, mg/kg 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean
SD
NRC [3]
IL 10.6 ND3 ND 9.0 ND 8.6 1.9 2.4 6.5
WI 9.5 ND ND 8.5 ND 10.9 3.8 9.6 16.3
NE 10.2 ND ND 6.0 ND 7.6 2.1 1.5 8.4
WI 7.4 ND ND 4.5 ND 7.4 2.2 3.8 17.4
IA 7.9 ND ND 6.0 ND 6.9 2.7 2.3 13.4
NE 7.8 ND ND 7.0 ND 4.5 1.1 1.3 3.3
8.9 — — 6.8 — 7.7 2.3 3.5 10.9
1.37 — — 1.69 — 2.10 0.90 3.12 5.68
— Not listed Not listed 40 Not listed 2.9 8.6 2.2 11.0
cDDGS = corn distillers dried grains with solubles. State where samples were obtained: IL = Illinois; WI = Wisconsin; NE = Nebraska; IA = Iowa. 3 ND = not detectable; the minimum detection level was 1 mg/kg. 2
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
was for vitamin E. The NRC [3] listed 40 mg/kg for vitamin E, and in the current study, vitamin E ranged between 4.5 and 9.0 mg/kg and averaged 6.8 mg/kg. We concluded that it would be most unwise to reduce the amount of vitamin E currently used in vitamin premixes, especially if high levels of cDDGS are used in the ration formula. The reason for the lower values is unclear; however, the possibility certainly exists that vitamin E is oxidized by heating during the drying process of DDGS [14]. Levels of thiamine in the current samples ranged from 2 to 4 times greater than NRC values [3], whereas riboflavin was lower than NRC values [3] by approximately the same degree. Average values of pyridoxine and pantothenic acid in the current samples were similar to NRC values [3], but extreme variation between samples was noted for both of these water-soluble vitamins. The factor underlying the variation in vitamin quality of cDDGS among samples from different ethanol plants is the original material, which is corn. The original corn used in the different ethanol plants differed in chemical composition because of geographic location, fertilization, and growing conditions. Thus, complex interactions of some factors that existed during processing and harvesting of raw materials resulted in variations in vitamin quality of the cDDGS. On the basis of regression analysis, there was a positive correlation between crude fat and vitamin E (R = 0.6677, P = 0.1473). The linear regression equation (Figure 1) was as follows: y = 0.8245x − 0.5044, where y is vitamin E (mg/kg)
tamin E levels of the samples were determined using Graphpad Prism 4 software [11].
74
JAPR: Research Report 0.6677, P = 0.1473) in the 6 cDDGS samples.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
and x is crude fat (%), indicating that the level of vitamin E in the samples increased as the crude fat level in the samples increased. These findings add to the information available regarding the vitamin profile of the 6 cDDGS and will assist in decision making on the use of cDDGS in poultry diets. Although moderate or high levels of cDDGS are used in the feed, the vitamin content of cDDGS is not great enough to justify a change in the standard vitamin premix composition.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The mean values of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid in 6 cDDGS samples were 6.8, 7.7, 2.3, 3.5, and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. 2. A positive relationship was observed between crude fat and vitamin E (R =
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
Figure 1. Linear regression showing the relationship between vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and crude fat in 6 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Best-fit values; y = 0.8245x − 0.5044. Standard error for slope: ±0.4596; SE for the y-intercept when x = 0: ±4.131; R = 0.6677; P = 0.1473.
1. Ochanda, S. O., C. A. Onyango, A. M. Mwasaru, J. K. Ochieng, and F. M. Mathooko. 2010. Effects of malting and fermentation treatments on group B-vitamins of red sorghum, white sorghum and pearl millets in Kenya. J. Appl. Biosci. 34:2128–2134. 2. Spiehs, M. J., M. H. Whitney, and G. C. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distillers dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2639–2645. 3. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 4. AAFCO (American Association of Feed Control Officials). 1995. Official Publication. Am. Assoc. Feed Control Off., Atlanta, GA. 5. D’Ercole, A. D., W. B. Esselen Jr., and C. R. Fellers. 1939. The nutritive value of distillers’ by-products. Poult. Sci. 18:89–95. 6. Shea, K. G., C. R. Fellers, and R. T. Parkhurst. 1941. Corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles in poultry rations: I. Chick rations. Poult. Sci. 20:527–535. 7. AOAC International. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. 8. Thiex, N. J. 2009. Agricultural materials community priority studies and emerging feed issues. J. AOAC Int. 92:1. 9. Waters Corporation, Milford, MA. 10. SAS Institute. 2005. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1.3 ed., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 11. GraphPad Prism 4, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA. 12. Knott, J., and J. Shurson. 2006. Variation in particle size and bulk density of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) produced by “new generation” ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota, USA. Feed Technol. Update 1:6. 13. Pedersen, C., M. G. Boersma, and H. H. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with soluble fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1168–1176. 14. Morris, A., A. Barnett, and O. Burrows. 2004. Effect of processing on nutrient content of foods. Cajarticles 37:160–164.
Vitamin composition of new-generation corn distillers dried grains with solubles B. Jung,*1 A. B. Batal,† N. E. Ward,‡ and N. Dale* *Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2772; †Huvepharma Inc., Peachtree City, GA 30215; and ‡DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Ringoes, NJ 07054
SUMMARY Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) is a coproduct of the production of cornbased ethanol. Researchers have extensively studied the energy, protein, amino acid, and mineral composition of cDDGS; however, an evaluation of the vitamin content of the cDDGS has yet to be undertaken. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the vitamin composition of cDDGS. In addition, correlations between crude fat and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) of the 6 samples of cDDGS were determined. Crude fat and 8 representative vitamins [vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine] of cDDGS samples were analyzed and the determined vitamin content was compared with the standard values of the NRC. The mean value of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in the 6 cDDGS samples was 6.8 mg/kg. In addition, the mean values of thiamine and riboflavin in the 6 cDDGS samples were 7.7 and 2.3 mg/kg, respectively. The mean values of pyridoxine and pantothenic acid in the cDDGS samples were 3.5 and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. On the basis of regression analysis, a positive relationship existed between crude fat and vitamin E (R = 0.6677, P = 0.1473) in the 6 samples. These findings add to the information available regarding the vitamin profile of cDDGS and will assist in decisions made on the use of cDDGS in poultry diets. Key words: corn distillers dried grains with solubles, crude fat, vitamin 2013 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 22:71–74 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00595
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Mandates by the US government to include ethanol in motor fuels has led to the availability of a tremendous tonnage of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) for poultry feeds. Although DDGS is not a new ingredient per se, this material was previously obtained in modest amounts as a by-product of the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. The original substrate for alcohol fermentation was a variety of grains. By 1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
contrast, most DDGS produced today is derived from the fermentation of yellow corn. Thus, the nutritional composition of DDGS derived from yellow corn resulting from newer processes might well be expected to vary from that determined many decades ago on beverage-grade DDGS. In fact, during the last decade, researchers at this laboratory and elsewhere have extensively studied the energy, protein, amino acid, and mineral composition of what has come to be called “new-generation” DDGS. However, an
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Quality Control Personnel
72
a relatively new ingredient and has not been completely studied for poultry feeds, it could be questioned whether the vitamins present in DDGS may be adequate to alter the composition of the currently used vitamin premixes. If so, this could affect the economic value of DDGS as a feed component for poultry and other animal species. Thus, the objective of this research was 1) to report some vitamin contents of cDDGS, and 2) to evaluate the correlation between crude fat and vitamin E of the cDDGS samples. If a determined new level of one or more vitamins far exceeds (or is less than) that assumed to be present in cDDGS, this would need to be considered in determining the vitamin supplementation of diets that include moderate to high levels of cDDGS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Six cDDGS samples were obtained from ethanol plants in 4 different states (Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska). Crude fat and 8 representative vitamins [vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine] in the DDGS samples were analyzed and the determined vitamin content was compared with the standard values of the NRC [3]. Crude fat of cDDGS samples was analyzed using the ether extraction method (AOAC International method 920.39) [7], whereas vitamins A, D, and E (α-tocopherol) were determined according to AOAC methods 974.29, 982.29, and 971.30, respectively [8]. Biotin and pantothenic acid were determined by surface plasmon resonance in fortified bovine milk-based infant formula, fortified soy-based infant formula, fortified baby food, fortified cereals, vitamin premix, and fortified dietary supplements [8]. Thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine were determined using a Waters Acquity UPLC H-class system [9] with an HSS T3 column [9] and a water-methanol (0.1% formic acid) gradient. All analyses were done in duplicate. All data were analyzed using the GLM procedure (PROC GLM) of SAS software [10] to determine the average of the crude fat and contents of 8 vitamins in the 6 cDDGS samples. The linear regression graph, equations, and correlation coefficients between the crude fat and vi-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
evaluation of the vitamin profile of this ingredient has yet to be undertaken. Several authors of popular articles on DDGS speculate that this ingredient is a good source of a broad range of nutrients, including vitamins, but documentation is not provided for vitamins. There are 2 reasons to suspect that modern corn DDGS (cDDGS) may contain significant amounts of several vitamins. First, as happens with protein and minerals, the fermentation of the starch component of corn increases the relative concentrations of nonfermentable nutrients by a factor of approximately 3. Thus, the protein content of cDDGS is slightly higher than 3 times the amount of protein in corn, with some extra protein being derived from residual yeast. Vitamins present in the original corn may also have their concentrations tripled in cDDGS. Second, the fermentation process by which yeast converts starch to alcohol presumably leads to the synthesis of some vitamins [1]. To provide a complete nutritional profile of modern cDDGS, in addition to energy, protein, amino acids, and minerals, the vitamin composition needs to be documented. A publication providing a nutrient database for DDGS provides energy, amino acid, and mineral data but, again, does not list vitamins [2]. The NRC publications, including the Nutritional Requirements of Poultry [3], have the most complete listing of the vitamin content of DDGS. However, as usually happens in the preparation of such tables, no references are provided for the origin of the data. It is thus unclear what grain substrate was used in the manufacturing processes for DDGS, even when the AAFCO definition [4] of DDGS says that it can be labeled and sold as cDDGS. In addition, it is unknown where and when such assays were conducted and whether in vivo rat and chick assays or analytical chemical tests were used in the various determinations. Several publications from 70 yr ago [5, 6] include some assays for vitamins, particularly thiamine and riboflavin. In retrospect, these studies were useful primarily in confirming the presence of the vitamins. Modern poultry feeds include a vitamin premix in which all vitamins are provided at levels presumed to be adequate for optimal productivity. In general, the vitamin level in ingredients is ignored because the bioavailability and actual level can vary considerably. Because DDGS is
JAPR: Research Report
Jung et al.: VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF CORN DDGS
73
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The crude fat and vitamin composition of the 6 cDDGS samples are presented in Table 1. Comparison values from the NRC [3] are also listed. The mean value of crude fat in cDDGS was 8.9%, which was lower than the average of 10.1% crude fat in 16 traditional cDDGS samples reported by Knott and Shurson [12] and the 10.2% crude fat in 10 samples reported by Pedersen et al. [13]. The reason for the lower mean value for crude fat in cDDGS in the current study was that the 6 samples were composed of 3 traditional cDDGS and 3 low-oil cDDGS (traditional cDDGS with some of the corn oil removed). Nondetectable levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, and biotin were found in the 6 cDDGS samples. Consultation with the laboratory confirmed that this did not mean the samples were completely devoid of these vitamins, but rather that whatever amounts were present fell below the level of detection used by the laboratory. The mean value of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in the 6 cDDGS samples was 6.8 mg/kg. The mean contents of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid in the 6 cDDGS samples were 7.7, 2.3, 3.5, and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. These results in the current research do not indicate the bioavailability of the vitamins. The most striking difference between the values listed by the NRC [3] and those found in the current study
Table 1. Crude fat and vitamin composition of 6 cDDGS1 samples Item State2 Crude fat, % Vitamin A, IU/kg Vitamin D, IU/kg Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), mg/kg Biotin, μg/kg Thiamine, mg/kg Riboflavin, mg/kg Pyridoxine, mg/kg Pantothenic acid, mg/kg 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean
SD
NRC [3]
IL 10.6 ND3 ND 9.0 ND 8.6 1.9 2.4 6.5
WI 9.5 ND ND 8.5 ND 10.9 3.8 9.6 16.3
NE 10.2 ND ND 6.0 ND 7.6 2.1 1.5 8.4
WI 7.4 ND ND 4.5 ND 7.4 2.2 3.8 17.4
IA 7.9 ND ND 6.0 ND 6.9 2.7 2.3 13.4
NE 7.8 ND ND 7.0 ND 4.5 1.1 1.3 3.3
8.9 — — 6.8 — 7.7 2.3 3.5 10.9
1.37 — — 1.69 — 2.10 0.90 3.12 5.68
— Not listed Not listed 40 Not listed 2.9 8.6 2.2 11.0
cDDGS = corn distillers dried grains with solubles. State where samples were obtained: IL = Illinois; WI = Wisconsin; NE = Nebraska; IA = Iowa. 3 ND = not detectable; the minimum detection level was 1 mg/kg. 2
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
was for vitamin E. The NRC [3] listed 40 mg/kg for vitamin E, and in the current study, vitamin E ranged between 4.5 and 9.0 mg/kg and averaged 6.8 mg/kg. We concluded that it would be most unwise to reduce the amount of vitamin E currently used in vitamin premixes, especially if high levels of cDDGS are used in the ration formula. The reason for the lower values is unclear; however, the possibility certainly exists that vitamin E is oxidized by heating during the drying process of DDGS [14]. Levels of thiamine in the current samples ranged from 2 to 4 times greater than NRC values [3], whereas riboflavin was lower than NRC values [3] by approximately the same degree. Average values of pyridoxine and pantothenic acid in the current samples were similar to NRC values [3], but extreme variation between samples was noted for both of these water-soluble vitamins. The factor underlying the variation in vitamin quality of cDDGS among samples from different ethanol plants is the original material, which is corn. The original corn used in the different ethanol plants differed in chemical composition because of geographic location, fertilization, and growing conditions. Thus, complex interactions of some factors that existed during processing and harvesting of raw materials resulted in variations in vitamin quality of the cDDGS. On the basis of regression analysis, there was a positive correlation between crude fat and vitamin E (R = 0.6677, P = 0.1473). The linear regression equation (Figure 1) was as follows: y = 0.8245x − 0.5044, where y is vitamin E (mg/kg)
tamin E levels of the samples were determined using Graphpad Prism 4 software [11].
74
JAPR: Research Report 0.6677, P = 0.1473) in the 6 cDDGS samples.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
and x is crude fat (%), indicating that the level of vitamin E in the samples increased as the crude fat level in the samples increased. These findings add to the information available regarding the vitamin profile of the 6 cDDGS and will assist in decision making on the use of cDDGS in poultry diets. Although moderate or high levels of cDDGS are used in the feed, the vitamin content of cDDGS is not great enough to justify a change in the standard vitamin premix composition.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The mean values of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid in 6 cDDGS samples were 6.8, 7.7, 2.3, 3.5, and 10.9 mg/kg, respectively. 2. A positive relationship was observed between crude fat and vitamin E (R =
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Queensland on June 14, 2015
Figure 1. Linear regression showing the relationship between vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and crude fat in 6 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Best-fit values; y = 0.8245x − 0.5044. Standard error for slope: ±0.4596; SE for the y-intercept when x = 0: ±4.131; R = 0.6677; P = 0.1473.
1. Ochanda, S. O., C. A. Onyango, A. M. Mwasaru, J. K. Ochieng, and F. M. Mathooko. 2010. Effects of malting and fermentation treatments on group B-vitamins of red sorghum, white sorghum and pearl millets in Kenya. J. Appl. Biosci. 34:2128–2134. 2. Spiehs, M. J., M. H. Whitney, and G. C. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distillers dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2639–2645. 3. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 4. AAFCO (American Association of Feed Control Officials). 1995. Official Publication. Am. Assoc. Feed Control Off., Atlanta, GA. 5. D’Ercole, A. D., W. B. Esselen Jr., and C. R. Fellers. 1939. The nutritive value of distillers’ by-products. Poult. Sci. 18:89–95. 6. Shea, K. G., C. R. Fellers, and R. T. Parkhurst. 1941. Corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles in poultry rations: I. Chick rations. Poult. Sci. 20:527–535. 7. AOAC International. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. 8. Thiex, N. J. 2009. Agricultural materials community priority studies and emerging feed issues. J. AOAC Int. 92:1. 9. Waters Corporation, Milford, MA. 10. SAS Institute. 2005. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 9.1.3 ed., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC. 11. GraphPad Prism 4, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA. 12. Knott, J., and J. Shurson. 2006. Variation in particle size and bulk density of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) produced by “new generation” ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota, USA. Feed Technol. Update 1:6. 13. Pedersen, C., M. G. Boersma, and H. H. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with soluble fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1168–1176. 14. Morris, A., A. Barnett, and O. Burrows. 2004. Effect of processing on nutrient content of foods. Cajarticles 37:160–164.