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Vocal fold physiology: laryngeal function in phonation and respiration*
Vocal fold physiology: laryngeal function in phonation and respiration* Edited by Thomas Baer, Clarence Sasaki and Katherine Harris College Hill Press/ Little Brown and Company: San Diego, 1987, 598 pp. Bjorn Fritzen Karolinska lustitutet , Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Huddinge University Hospital, S 14186 Huddinge, Sweden
This book is based on presentations delivered at the Fourth International Conference on Vocal Fold Physiology held in New Haven, Connecticut, 3-6 June 1985. The previous conferences were held in Kurume, Japan 1980, in Madison , Wisconsin , U.S .A . 1981 , and in Iowa C ity, Iowa , U.S.A. , 1983. The reports from these internationa l conferences have increased in size continuously. The present one has 39 contributions, and 120 authorsresearchers have been involved. The vast majority are from USA (74) and Japan (37), only a few from Europe (7) and Australia (2). These figures reflect the fact that the conference was being held in the U.S.A. and that much of the research going on in vocal fold physiology today is being done in the U.S .A. and Japan. The 39 research reports are grouped in nine sections. In the first section, on funct ional anatomy, there are four reports. Hirano, Yoshida, Kurita , Kiyokawa , Sato & Tateishi present a study of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Kahne & Hammons report on developmental changes in the cartilage. Kahane & Hammons report on developmental changes in the cartilage of the cricoarytenoid joint. Hisa & Malmgren have studied the muscle fiber types in the sternohyoid muscle. Yoshida, Mitsumasu , Hirano, Morimoto & Kaneseki report on an investigation of afferent connections to the nucleus ambiguous in the cat by using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. In Section II , on reflex mechanisms , Kirchner presents a brief review of research on laryngeal reflex systems. Isogai , Susuki & Saito report on a study of the brainstem response to stimulation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves in the cat. Megirian & Sherrey, in a study on rats, have investigated the neuromuscular mechanisms of the vocal folds and upper airway in maintaining ventilation during sleep. Woodson , Sant' Ambrogio , Matthew & Sant'Ambrogio describe the cricothyroid muscle responses to varying respiratory stimuli in an experimental study on dogs. Section III deals with laryngeal pacing, i.e. the respiratory function of the vocal folds. Obert, Young & Tobey have implanted electrodes int he posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in dogs with bilateral recurrent nerve palsy, and by electrical stimulation managed to abduct the folds and open the glottis for respiration. Broniatowski, Kaneko, Jacobs, Nose & Tucker report on a system for automatic triggering of the above mentioned abduction from the inspiratory elongation of the trachea. *Price $49.50.
464
Reviews
Otto & Davis discuss the effects of short and long-term electrical stimulation of denervated muscles. Section IV is concerned with the neurophysiology of phonation. Garrett & Luschei have investigated the influence of subglottic pressure modulation during evoked phonation in the anesthetized cat. They could not record any reflex discharge from the laryngeal muscles correlated with subglottic pressure variations. Larson & Kistler report on recordings from the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain of phonating monkeys, on stimulation experiments of the same neurons and EMG recordings from laryngeal muscles, and on histological sections of the midbrain after the experiments. Zealear describes a study of the brainstem connections with the laryngeal region of the motor cortex in the monkey. In Section V, models of the voice source function are presented and discussed. Ch ild ers, Alsaka, Hicks & Moore report a model that calculates the electroglottographic wave form and show its possibilities. Cranen & Boves have written a contribution about the acoustic impedance of the glottis modeling and experiments. Cheng & Guerin are concerned with control parameters in male and female glottal sources. Bickley & Stevens have studied the effects of a vocal tract constriction on the glottal source and present data from voiced consonants. Rothenberg has been engaged in the analysis of sourcetract acoustic interaction in the soprano voice and emphasizes the importance of tuning the first formant properly. Section VI is on phonatory mechanisms. Baken & Orlikoff report on experiments with sudden pressure changes during phonation and the resulting changes in fundamental frequency. Perlman & Durham have stretched the vocal fold mucosa in dogs, measured the lengthening, and found further evidence to support the hypothesis that the outermost layer of the vocal fold is responsible for the stiffness of the vocal fold cover. Titze & Durham discuss the elasticity of the vocal fo ld tissues, and notably the dynamic tissue stretch and stress relaxation. Conrad has investigated the relations between pressure, volume velocity, and glottal area for a simplified one-mass model with supraglottal resistance. Kempster, Preston, Mack & Larson have examined the role of the thyroarytenoid muscle in intensity control and determined the relationship between the changes in open quotient, measured from the electroglottographic waveform , and the changes in vocal loudness. Kaneko , Masuda , Shimada, Suzuki , Hayasaki & Komatsu have studied the resonance characteristics of the human vocal fold in vivo by giving mechanical impulses via the thyroid cartilage. Fukuda, M uta , Kanou, Takayama, Fujioda, Kawaida, Tatehara & Saito have also been engaged with the response of the vocal folds to externally induced vibrations and report on the clinical applications of their method. Section VII deals with laryngeal function in speech . Hirose & Niimi have studied the relationship between glottal opening and transglottal pressure differences during consonant production. Lofqvist & McGarr give an account of their research on vocal fold movements during voiceless consonant production in varying stress patterns. Collier devotes his interest to the relationship between subglottic pressure and F 0 declination in intonation, and so do Gelfer, Harris & Baer. Section VIII is called "Assessment of laryngeal function: techniques" . Sawashima & Honda report on an airway interruption method for estimating expiratory air pressure during phonation. Kakita presents a paper on measures and displays representing phonatory ability, in search for the best method to gauge vocal efficiency. Muta, Muraoka , Wagatsuma, Horiuchi , Fukuda, Takayama , Fujioka & Kanou analyse the hoarse voice by means of the LPC method and find the noise-to-signal ratio useful.
Revie1vs
465
Yanagisawa has compared fiberscopic and telescopic videolaryngoscopy and found that the fiberscope is advantageous in the study of function and the rigid endoscope for the documentation of anatomical and pathological changes. Honda , Kiritani , Imagawa & Hirose report on high-speed digital videorecording of vocal fold vibrations using a solid-state image sensor. Ludlow , Bassich, Connor, Coulter & Lee have studied the validity of using phonatory jitter and shimmer to detect laryngeal pathology and conclude that , when measured during extended phonation , they are not adequate as index for the detection of laryngeal pathology. Horiguchi , Haji , Baer & Gould have used electroglottographic and acoustic perturbation measures as well as perceptual ratings and sound spectrography in the evaluation of hoarseness and found that electroglottography is a useful clinical adjunct for measuring irregularities of vocal fold vibrations . Finally, Section IX is labeled "Assessment of laryngeal function: results in selected populations". Gerratt, Hanson & Berke have used photoglottography and electroglottography for studying laryngeal function in individuals with abnormal motor control. Scherer, Titze, Raphael , Wood, Ramig & Blager report on experiments with vocal fatigue in a trained and an untrained voice user. The questions, answer, and discussion remarks following each presentation are al so printed in the proceedings. These regular vocal fold physiology meetings are truly interdisciplinary. As dem o nstrated by the variety of papers given , researchers from many areas focu s their in te rest on laryngeal function , representing anatomy, physiology , phonetics, acou stics, bi o mech anics , laryngology , phoniatrics, logopedics, and other sciences. The res ultin g publ ications give the reader a selection of advanced research of the highest qua li ty. T hi s book is a must for everybody who wants to keep abreast with the developm ent in la ryngeal physiology and voice science.
This book is based on presentations delivered at the Fourth International Conference on Vocal Fold Physiology held in New Haven, Connecticut, 3-6 June 1985. The previous conferences were held in Kurume, Japan 1980, in Madison , Wisconsin , U.S .A . 1981 , and in Iowa C ity, Iowa , U.S.A. , 1983. The reports from these internationa l conferences have increased in size continuously. The present one has 39 contributions, and 120 authorsresearchers have been involved. The vast majority are from USA (74) and Japan (37), only a few from Europe (7) and Australia (2). These figures reflect the fact that the conference was being held in the U.S.A. and that much of the research going on in vocal fold physiology today is being done in the U.S .A. and Japan. The 39 research reports are grouped in nine sections. In the first section, on funct ional anatomy, there are four reports. Hirano, Yoshida, Kurita , Kiyokawa , Sato & Tateishi present a study of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Kahne & Hammons report on developmental changes in the cartilage. Kahane & Hammons report on developmental changes in the cartilage of the cricoarytenoid joint. Hisa & Malmgren have studied the muscle fiber types in the sternohyoid muscle. Yoshida, Mitsumasu , Hirano, Morimoto & Kaneseki report on an investigation of afferent connections to the nucleus ambiguous in the cat by using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. In Section II , on reflex mechanisms , Kirchner presents a brief review of research on laryngeal reflex systems. Isogai , Susuki & Saito report on a study of the brainstem response to stimulation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves in the cat. Megirian & Sherrey, in a study on rats, have investigated the neuromuscular mechanisms of the vocal folds and upper airway in maintaining ventilation during sleep. Woodson , Sant' Ambrogio , Matthew & Sant'Ambrogio describe the cricothyroid muscle responses to varying respiratory stimuli in an experimental study on dogs. Section III deals with laryngeal pacing, i.e. the respiratory function of the vocal folds. Obert, Young & Tobey have implanted electrodes int he posterior cricoarytenoid muscles in dogs with bilateral recurrent nerve palsy, and by electrical stimulation managed to abduct the folds and open the glottis for respiration. Broniatowski, Kaneko, Jacobs, Nose & Tucker report on a system for automatic triggering of the above mentioned abduction from the inspiratory elongation of the trachea. *Price $49.50.
464
Reviews
Otto & Davis discuss the effects of short and long-term electrical stimulation of denervated muscles. Section IV is concerned with the neurophysiology of phonation. Garrett & Luschei have investigated the influence of subglottic pressure modulation during evoked phonation in the anesthetized cat. They could not record any reflex discharge from the laryngeal muscles correlated with subglottic pressure variations. Larson & Kistler report on recordings from the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain of phonating monkeys, on stimulation experiments of the same neurons and EMG recordings from laryngeal muscles, and on histological sections of the midbrain after the experiments. Zealear describes a study of the brainstem connections with the laryngeal region of the motor cortex in the monkey. In Section V, models of the voice source function are presented and discussed. Ch ild ers, Alsaka, Hicks & Moore report a model that calculates the electroglottographic wave form and show its possibilities. Cranen & Boves have written a contribution about the acoustic impedance of the glottis modeling and experiments. Cheng & Guerin are concerned with control parameters in male and female glottal sources. Bickley & Stevens have studied the effects of a vocal tract constriction on the glottal source and present data from voiced consonants. Rothenberg has been engaged in the analysis of sourcetract acoustic interaction in the soprano voice and emphasizes the importance of tuning the first formant properly. Section VI is on phonatory mechanisms. Baken & Orlikoff report on experiments with sudden pressure changes during phonation and the resulting changes in fundamental frequency. Perlman & Durham have stretched the vocal fold mucosa in dogs, measured the lengthening, and found further evidence to support the hypothesis that the outermost layer of the vocal fold is responsible for the stiffness of the vocal fold cover. Titze & Durham discuss the elasticity of the vocal fo ld tissues, and notably the dynamic tissue stretch and stress relaxation. Conrad has investigated the relations between pressure, volume velocity, and glottal area for a simplified one-mass model with supraglottal resistance. Kempster, Preston, Mack & Larson have examined the role of the thyroarytenoid muscle in intensity control and determined the relationship between the changes in open quotient, measured from the electroglottographic waveform , and the changes in vocal loudness. Kaneko , Masuda , Shimada, Suzuki , Hayasaki & Komatsu have studied the resonance characteristics of the human vocal fold in vivo by giving mechanical impulses via the thyroid cartilage. Fukuda, M uta , Kanou, Takayama, Fujioda, Kawaida, Tatehara & Saito have also been engaged with the response of the vocal folds to externally induced vibrations and report on the clinical applications of their method. Section VII deals with laryngeal function in speech . Hirose & Niimi have studied the relationship between glottal opening and transglottal pressure differences during consonant production. Lofqvist & McGarr give an account of their research on vocal fold movements during voiceless consonant production in varying stress patterns. Collier devotes his interest to the relationship between subglottic pressure and F 0 declination in intonation, and so do Gelfer, Harris & Baer. Section VIII is called "Assessment of laryngeal function: techniques" . Sawashima & Honda report on an airway interruption method for estimating expiratory air pressure during phonation. Kakita presents a paper on measures and displays representing phonatory ability, in search for the best method to gauge vocal efficiency. Muta, Muraoka , Wagatsuma, Horiuchi , Fukuda, Takayama , Fujioka & Kanou analyse the hoarse voice by means of the LPC method and find the noise-to-signal ratio useful.
Revie1vs
465
Yanagisawa has compared fiberscopic and telescopic videolaryngoscopy and found that the fiberscope is advantageous in the study of function and the rigid endoscope for the documentation of anatomical and pathological changes. Honda , Kiritani , Imagawa & Hirose report on high-speed digital videorecording of vocal fold vibrations using a solid-state image sensor. Ludlow , Bassich, Connor, Coulter & Lee have studied the validity of using phonatory jitter and shimmer to detect laryngeal pathology and conclude that , when measured during extended phonation , they are not adequate as index for the detection of laryngeal pathology. Horiguchi , Haji , Baer & Gould have used electroglottographic and acoustic perturbation measures as well as perceptual ratings and sound spectrography in the evaluation of hoarseness and found that electroglottography is a useful clinical adjunct for measuring irregularities of vocal fold vibrations . Finally, Section IX is labeled "Assessment of laryngeal function: results in selected populations". Gerratt, Hanson & Berke have used photoglottography and electroglottography for studying laryngeal function in individuals with abnormal motor control. Scherer, Titze, Raphael , Wood, Ramig & Blager report on experiments with vocal fatigue in a trained and an untrained voice user. The questions, answer, and discussion remarks following each presentation are al so printed in the proceedings. These regular vocal fold physiology meetings are truly interdisciplinary. As dem o nstrated by the variety of papers given , researchers from many areas focu s their in te rest on laryngeal function , representing anatomy, physiology , phonetics, acou stics, bi o mech anics , laryngology , phoniatrics, logopedics, and other sciences. The res ultin g publ ications give the reader a selection of advanced research of the highest qua li ty. T hi s book is a must for everybody who wants to keep abreast with the developm ent in la ryngeal physiology and voice science.