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Volume 1. Basic geometrical optics
Vacuum~volume 42/number 3/page 239/1 991 Printed in Great Britain
0042-207X/91 $3.00+.00 Pergamon Press plc
Book r e v i e w Principles of electron optics. Volume 1. Basic geometrical optics P W Hawkes and E Kasper, Academic Press, London, 1989. ISBN 0-12-333351-2, 624 pp. Price £41.50.
Volume 2. Applied geometrical optics P W Hawkcs and E Kasper, Academic Press, London, 1989. ISBN 0-12-333352-0, 564 pp. Price £41.50. This must be regarded as the first attempt for some forty years to cover systematically the whole field of electron optics, in a three volume set, of which the first two are now available. Although many text books and monographs, some only on rather specific topics, have appeared, particularly in the early days, many of them are now quite historical publications. One should mention for example that by Brfiche and Scherzcr (1934) Geometrische Eh,ktronen Optik (in (}erman) and Klemperer (1939) Electron Oplics (3rd edn with Barnett, 1971). Many more were published in the 1950s of which the most important and widely acknowledged Glaser (1952) Grundlagen der Eleklronen Optik (in German), revised and abridged in the Handhuch der Physik, 33 (1956); thc latter also including a number of related topics, such as on electron and ion sources by K a m k e (in German). As pointed out by Hawkes and Kasper, these were, however, closer to the birth of the subject (if this is taken to be around the 1930s) than the present day interests. Since then, the number of books published on this subject has decreased, with the exception of new editions and a few introductory texts, apart from the multi-author volumes edited by Septier (1967, 1980, 1983) on Focu.vhTg o/' Charged Partich's and Applied Chawed PartitA, Optics. On the other hand, the emphasis has been much more on monographs covering a range of very limited topics. The importance of the present volumes is that they present again the whole subject in a very coherent way, but particularly also taking into account the developments of the past twenty years. They should be regarded both as a text book and an important reference. For those using them as a background for a post-graduate or final year course in electron optics, the authors assume that the reader has a
knowledge of physics and mathematics to degree level, though many reminders and brief basic derivations and rectlpitulations tire included. It certainly provides a "self contained, detailed and above till modern account of electron optics for anyone involved with particle beams of modest current density in the energy range tip to a few MeV'. The more recent developments have been much influenced by the application of large and titst computer systems allowing the numerical evaluation of many specific problems which could not readily be solved analytically. However, like in many other fields, the proper and correct programming of the computer still requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physics. Typical examples are given in the section (in Vohnne 1) dealing with numerical calculations of trajectories, paraxial properties and observation of lens fields. Computer calculations have also shed considerable light on the electron gun behaviour as indicated in the long chapter on this (in Volume 2) concerned mainly with their theoretical aspects. As the authors had to point out, the enormous complexity of the subject of electron guns was too vast to cover completely and for certain areas in this field they had to resort to the listing of references for additional guidance. Simihlrly, they were able to lay the foundations for all the basic ideas which will also allow the analysis for systems not yet fully explored. However, where one is concerned with electron optical elements not quite so conmlon, the reader is directed tit the original articles and reviews, or specialist texts in the excellent notes and references sections giving advice for further reading. The basic gcometrical optics in Volume 1 are set out in the chapters covering classical mechanics, static fields, the paraxial approximation of optical systems, lens systems and their aberration, deflection systems, followed by the discussion on computer aided electronics. In Volume 2, the 'applied geometrical optics' covers instrumental optics, a detailed analysis of electron guns and finally systems with a curved optic axis. Still to be published in the companion Vohnne 3, the subject of wave aspects of electron optics will be covered. This will discuss aspects of Schr6dinger's equation, the image formation and notion of resolution ill the main electron optical instruments, also, image processing, electron holography and interference and finally the concepts of coherence and related problems. Certainly, a closei: study of these two volumes have shown that their aim of providing a very up to date account of the principles of electron optics has been well achieved and they can be highly recommended. W Steckelmacher
Unirersi O' q/Susse.v
239
0042-207X/91 $3.00+.00 Pergamon Press plc
Book r e v i e w Principles of electron optics. Volume 1. Basic geometrical optics P W Hawkes and E Kasper, Academic Press, London, 1989. ISBN 0-12-333351-2, 624 pp. Price £41.50.
Volume 2. Applied geometrical optics P W Hawkcs and E Kasper, Academic Press, London, 1989. ISBN 0-12-333352-0, 564 pp. Price £41.50. This must be regarded as the first attempt for some forty years to cover systematically the whole field of electron optics, in a three volume set, of which the first two are now available. Although many text books and monographs, some only on rather specific topics, have appeared, particularly in the early days, many of them are now quite historical publications. One should mention for example that by Brfiche and Scherzcr (1934) Geometrische Eh,ktronen Optik (in (}erman) and Klemperer (1939) Electron Oplics (3rd edn with Barnett, 1971). Many more were published in the 1950s of which the most important and widely acknowledged Glaser (1952) Grundlagen der Eleklronen Optik (in German), revised and abridged in the Handhuch der Physik, 33 (1956); thc latter also including a number of related topics, such as on electron and ion sources by K a m k e (in German). As pointed out by Hawkes and Kasper, these were, however, closer to the birth of the subject (if this is taken to be around the 1930s) than the present day interests. Since then, the number of books published on this subject has decreased, with the exception of new editions and a few introductory texts, apart from the multi-author volumes edited by Septier (1967, 1980, 1983) on Focu.vhTg o/' Charged Partich's and Applied Chawed PartitA, Optics. On the other hand, the emphasis has been much more on monographs covering a range of very limited topics. The importance of the present volumes is that they present again the whole subject in a very coherent way, but particularly also taking into account the developments of the past twenty years. They should be regarded both as a text book and an important reference. For those using them as a background for a post-graduate or final year course in electron optics, the authors assume that the reader has a
knowledge of physics and mathematics to degree level, though many reminders and brief basic derivations and rectlpitulations tire included. It certainly provides a "self contained, detailed and above till modern account of electron optics for anyone involved with particle beams of modest current density in the energy range tip to a few MeV'. The more recent developments have been much influenced by the application of large and titst computer systems allowing the numerical evaluation of many specific problems which could not readily be solved analytically. However, like in many other fields, the proper and correct programming of the computer still requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physics. Typical examples are given in the section (in Vohnne 1) dealing with numerical calculations of trajectories, paraxial properties and observation of lens fields. Computer calculations have also shed considerable light on the electron gun behaviour as indicated in the long chapter on this (in Volume 2) concerned mainly with their theoretical aspects. As the authors had to point out, the enormous complexity of the subject of electron guns was too vast to cover completely and for certain areas in this field they had to resort to the listing of references for additional guidance. Simihlrly, they were able to lay the foundations for all the basic ideas which will also allow the analysis for systems not yet fully explored. However, where one is concerned with electron optical elements not quite so conmlon, the reader is directed tit the original articles and reviews, or specialist texts in the excellent notes and references sections giving advice for further reading. The basic gcometrical optics in Volume 1 are set out in the chapters covering classical mechanics, static fields, the paraxial approximation of optical systems, lens systems and their aberration, deflection systems, followed by the discussion on computer aided electronics. In Volume 2, the 'applied geometrical optics' covers instrumental optics, a detailed analysis of electron guns and finally systems with a curved optic axis. Still to be published in the companion Vohnne 3, the subject of wave aspects of electron optics will be covered. This will discuss aspects of Schr6dinger's equation, the image formation and notion of resolution ill the main electron optical instruments, also, image processing, electron holography and interference and finally the concepts of coherence and related problems. Certainly, a closei: study of these two volumes have shown that their aim of providing a very up to date account of the principles of electron optics has been well achieved and they can be highly recommended. W Steckelmacher
Unirersi O' q/Susse.v
239