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J AM ACAD DERMATOL JUNE 2010
4. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med 2004;229:1136-42. 5. Jahnsen J, Falch JA, Mowinckel P, Aadland E. Vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:192-9. 6. Froicu M, Weaver V, Wynn TA, McDowell MA, Welsh JE, Cantorna MT. A crucial role for the vitamin D receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17:2386-92. 7. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, Herna´n MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62:60-5. 8. Smolders J, Menheere P, Kessels A, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008;14:1220-4. 9. Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009;132:1146-60. 10. Kamen DL, Cooper GS, Bouali H, Shaftman SR, Hollis BW, Gilkeson GS. Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5:114-7. 11. Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:512-7. 12. Borkar VV, Verma S, Bhalla A. Low levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00589.x. Published online November 9, 2009. 13. Cutolo M, Otsa K, Uprus M, Paolino S, Seriolo B. Vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2007;7:59-64. 14. Andjelkovic Z, Vojinovic J, Pejnovic N, Popovic M, Dujic A, Mitrovic D, et al. Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1 alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:453-6. 15. Fritsche J, Mondal K, Ehrnsperger A, Andreesen R, Kreutz M. Regulation of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and production of 1 alpha 25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 by human dendritic cells. Blood 2003;102:3314-6. 16. van Etten E, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:93-101.
17. Roncarolo MG, Levings MK, Traversari C. Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:F5-9. 18. Vila J, Isaacs JD, Anderson AE. Regulatory T cells and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Hematol 2009;16:274-9. 19. Penna G, Adorini L. 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 2000;164:2405-11. 20. D’Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, et al. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: involvement of NF-kappa B downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:252-62. 21. Cippitelli M, Santoni A, Vitamin D. a transcriptional modulator of the interferon-gamma gene. Eur J Immunol 1998;10: 3017-30. 22. Takeuchi A, Reddy GS, Kobayashi T, Okano T, Park J, Sharma S. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as a molecular target for 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated effects. J Immunol 1998;160:209-18. 23. Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct effect on naive CD41 T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 2001;167:4974-80. 24. Loser K, Mehling A, Loeser S, Apelt J, Kuhn A, Grabbe S, et al. Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 2006;12:1372-9. 25. Spach KM, Nashold FE, Dittel BN, Hayes CE. IL-10 signaling is essential for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006;177:6030-7. 26. Bettelli E, Korn T, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. Induction and effector functions of Th17 cells. Nature 2009;453:1051-7. 27. Dardalhon V, Korn T, Kuchroo VK, Anderson AC. Role of Th1 and Th17 cells in organ-specific autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008;31:252-6. 28. Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005;201: 233-40.
J AM ACAD DERMATOL JUNE 2010
4. Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp Biol Med 2004;229:1136-42. 5. Jahnsen J, Falch JA, Mowinckel P, Aadland E. Vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:192-9. 6. Froicu M, Weaver V, Wynn TA, McDowell MA, Welsh JE, Cantorna MT. A crucial role for the vitamin D receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2003;17:2386-92. 7. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, Herna´n MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;62:60-5. 8. Smolders J, Menheere P, Kessels A, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008;14:1220-4. 9. Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2009;132:1146-60. 10. Kamen DL, Cooper GS, Bouali H, Shaftman SR, Hollis BW, Gilkeson GS. Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2006;5:114-7. 11. Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:512-7. 12. Borkar VV, Verma S, Bhalla A. Low levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00589.x. Published online November 9, 2009. 13. Cutolo M, Otsa K, Uprus M, Paolino S, Seriolo B. Vitamin D in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2007;7:59-64. 14. Andjelkovic Z, Vojinovic J, Pejnovic N, Popovic M, Dujic A, Mitrovic D, et al. Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1 alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:453-6. 15. Fritsche J, Mondal K, Ehrnsperger A, Andreesen R, Kreutz M. Regulation of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase and production of 1 alpha 25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 by human dendritic cells. Blood 2003;102:3314-6. 16. van Etten E, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:93-101.
17. Roncarolo MG, Levings MK, Traversari C. Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:F5-9. 18. Vila J, Isaacs JD, Anderson AE. Regulatory T cells and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Hematol 2009;16:274-9. 19. Penna G, Adorini L. 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 2000;164:2405-11. 20. D’Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, et al. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: involvement of NF-kappa B downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:252-62. 21. Cippitelli M, Santoni A, Vitamin D. a transcriptional modulator of the interferon-gamma gene. Eur J Immunol 1998;10: 3017-30. 22. Takeuchi A, Reddy GS, Kobayashi T, Okano T, Park J, Sharma S. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as a molecular target for 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated effects. J Immunol 1998;160:209-18. 23. Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct effect on naive CD41 T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 2001;167:4974-80. 24. Loser K, Mehling A, Loeser S, Apelt J, Kuhn A, Grabbe S, et al. Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 2006;12:1372-9. 25. Spach KM, Nashold FE, Dittel BN, Hayes CE. IL-10 signaling is essential for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006;177:6030-7. 26. Bettelli E, Korn T, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. Induction and effector functions of Th17 cells. Nature 2009;453:1051-7. 27. Dardalhon V, Korn T, Kuchroo VK, Anderson AC. Role of Th1 and Th17 cells in organ-specific autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008;31:252-6. 28. Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, Mattson J, Basham B, Sedgwick JD, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005;201: 233-40.