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Water Absorption in Broilers as Influenced by Carcass to Coolant Ratio1
432
P. W. WALDROUP, C. B. AMMERMAN AND R. H. HARMS Sieburth, J. F., J. McGinnis, T. Wahl and B. A. McLaren, 1952. The availability of the phosphorus in unifine flour for the chick, Poultry Sci. 31:813-818. Singsen, E. P., L. D. Matterson and H. M. Scott, 1947. Phosphorus in poultry nutrition. III. The relationship between the source of vitamin D and the utilization of cereal phosphorus by the poults. J. Nutr. 33: 13-26. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th Ed. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Spitzer, R. R., G. Maruyama, L. Michand and P. H. Phillips, 1948. The role of vitamin D in the utilization of phytin phosphorus. J. Nutr. 35: 185-193. Spitzer, R. R., and P. H. Phillips, 1945. The availability of soybean oil meal phosphorus for the rat. J. Nutr. 30: 117-126. Vandepopuliere, J. M., C. B. Ammerman and R. H. Harms, 1961. The relationship of calcium: phosphorus ratios to the utilization of plant and inorganic phosphorus by the chick. Poultry Sci. 40: 951-957.
Water Absorption in Broilers as Influenced by Carcass to Coolant Ratio 1 F. R. TARVER, JR. 2 AND A. E. ARMAS3 Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville (Received for publication August 23, 1963)
P
ROCESSED poultry are generally chilled in a combination of crushed ice and water. During the chill period, processed poultry may show either a decrease or increase in carcass weights (Tarver et al., 1956; Thomson et al., 1960; and Mickelberry et al., 1962). Several factors, including prechill weight and class of processed poultry, type and circulation of 1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 1714. 2 Present address: Food Science Department, North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. 3 Graduate student from Maracay, Venezeula, where he is an agronomist, Agricultural Experiment Station, Minist. of Agriculture.
coolant, will influence the degree of water absorption (Connally et al., 1954; Orr, 1953; and Roberts and Robertson, 1941). May et al. (1963), reported low levels of phosphate (4 ounces per gallon of ice slush solution) significantly increased broiler carcass weights during chilling. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of reducing volumes of coolant per pound of carcass on cooled broiler carcass weights. EXPERIMENTAL
In a series of 6 trials, 895 uncooled commercially eviscerated broilers were delivered to the Poultry Science Department processing laboratory. Immediately,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
phatides, and inorganic salts as sources of phosphorus for bone calcification. J. Nutr. 21: 213220. Krieger, C. H., and H. Steenbock, 1940. Cereals and rickets. XII. The effect of calcium and vitamin D on the availability of phosphorus. J. Nutr. 20: 125-132. Lowe, J. T., H. Steenbock and C. H. Kreiger, 1939. Cereals and rickets. IX. The availability of phytin-P to the chick. Poultry Sci. 18: 40-44. Matterson, L. D., H. M. Scott and E. P. Singsen, 1946. The influence of sources of phosphorus on the relative efficiency of vitamin D 3 and cod liver oil in promoting calcification in poults. J. Nutr. 31:599-608. McGinnis, J., L. C. Norris and G. F. Heuser, 1944. Poor utilization of phosphorus in cereals and legumes by chicks for bone development. Poultry Sci. 23: 157-159. O'Dell, B. L., J. M. Yohe and J. E. Savage, 1961. Interaction of calcium and phytic acid on zinc availability. Poultry Sci. 40: 1438.
433
WEIGHTS AND CARCASS TO COOLANT RATIOS
TABLE 1.—Percent increase in broiler carcass weight after 3 to 4 hours in 33% crushed ice-67% water solution
Trials
Pounds of coolant
Treatment groups, number of carcasses
i
5
10
15
20
1 2
120
3.99 4.30
5.93 4.26
4.25 4.38
4.60 4.68
3 4 5
60
3.46 4.19 4.01
3.37 4.57 4.18
3.52 4.56 4.12
3.53 4.38 4.18
6
30
4.23
4.49
4.29
4.49
TABLE 2.—Pounds of coolant (33% crushed ice67% water) per pound of eviscerated broiler
Trials
Pounds of coolant
Treatment groups, number of carcasses 5
10
15
20
1 2
120
11.8 11.1
6.2 5.7
4.3 3.9
3.2 3.0
3 4 5
60
5.1 5.8 6.4
2.6 2.8 3.3
1.8 1.9 2.1
1.4 1.4 1.6
6
30
3.3
1.6
1.1
0.8
The various analyses were according to methods described by Snedecor (1957). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After 3 to 4 hours in various volumes of 33% crushed ice—67% water solution, the cooled broiler carcasses showed a percent increase in uncooled carcass weights (Table 1). Even though an increase was observed, there was no significant difference between treatments within a given trial. This indicated a uniform increase in carcass weights between treatment groups; namely, 5, 10, 15, and 20 carcasses each. Broiler carcasses without giblets (trials 5 and 6) had percent carcass weight increases similar to carcasses with giblets. The average percent increase in carcass weight, regardless of treatments and trials, was 4.28. Since treatment groups varied from 5 to 20 broiler carcasses, it was of interest to determine the pounds of cooling solution per pound of carcass (Table 2). Cooling solution per pound of carcass ranged from 0.8 to 11.8 pounds. This range would include the ratios found in use by some commercial processing plants (approximately 3.0 pounds of coolant per pound of processed broiler carcass). Even though the reduced carcass-coolant ratios (0.6 and 1.6 pounds) presented some difficulty in efforts to keep the carcasses submerged, the percent increase in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
each carcass was randomly identified, weighed (to nearest gram) and divided in four treatment groups of 5, 10, 15, and 20 carcasses each. Each treatment group was replicated three times. With the exception of trials 5 and 6, the uncooled weights included the neck and giblets (gizzard, heart and liver). An unagitated 33% crushed ice—67% water solution (by weight) was used in each trial (Mickelberry et al., 1962). After the crushed ice-water solution had been weighed and poured in each of twelve cooling vats, the various treatment groups were placed in their respective cooling vat for 3 to 4 hours. In trials 1 and 2, each cooling vat contained 120 pounds of coolant. The cooling vats contained 60 pounds of coolant in trials 3, 4, and 5 while 30 pounds of coolant was placed in each vat in trial 6. As each carcass was removed from the cooling vat, it was positioned so the dorsal area was resting on a stainless steel eviscerating table with the abdominal opening directed toward the center of the table. The table top sloped from each of the two sides approximately 15 degrees below horizontal toward the center. Individually cooled carcass weights were obtained after draining for 10 minutes. The carcass weights are presented as a percent change in the uncooled weights.
434
F. R. TARVER, J R . AND A. E. ARMAS
carcass weight was similar to those in higher carcass-coolant ratios (6.2 and 11.8 pounds). SUMMARY
REFERENCES Connally, R. J., R. L. Miller, Jr. and G. F. Stewart, 1954. Chilling eviscerated poultry in flowing liquid. Ref. Engr. 62(10): 54-56.
Efjfect of Short-Day or Low-Intensity Light Treatments on Reproduction of Fall-Hatched Turkeys in Two Environments S. J. MARSDEN 1 AND L. M. LUCAS2 United States Department of Agriculture (Received for publication August 23, 1963)
T
HE favorable effect of light restriction during the late growing period on subsequent reproduction of female turkeys hatched in the months of October through February was demonstrated by Harper and Parker (1957, 1960, 1962) and McCartney et al. (1961). Leighton and
1 Poultry Research Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Division, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland. 2 Farm Electrification Branch, Agricultural Engineering Research Division, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.
Shoffner (1961) and Marr et al. (1956) reported that turkey hens hatched in March were benefited by light preconditioning only slightly while those hatched in May and September showed no beneficial effect according to the latter authors. The methods of light restriction used in the various experiments consisted of exposing the turkeys to short days of 3 to 10 hours each over periods of 1 to 14 weeks starting at 14 to 27 weeks and prior to the application of stimulatory light. Wilson et al. (1962) found daily continuous photo-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
Percent change in un-cooled carcass weights was determined on 895 commercially eviscerated broilers after 3 to 4 hours in various volumes of an unagitated 33% crushed ice—67% water solution. The percent increase in carcass weights was uniform between treatment groups of 5, 10, 15, and 20 broiler carcasses regardless of whether the giblets were in the body cavity. Coolant per pound of eviscerated broiler carcass ranged from 0.8 to 11.8 pounds.
May, K. N., R. L. Helmer and R. L. Saffle, 1963. Effect of phosphate treatment on carcassweight changes and organoleptic quality of cut-up chicken. Poultry Sci. 42: 24-32. Mickelberry, W. C , D. V. Schwall and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. The effect of ice: water coolant ratios upon moisture absorption and rate of chilling of eviscerated chicken carcasses. Poultry Sci. 41:1550-1553. Orr, H. L., 1953. Carcass cooling tests. Am. Egg and Poultry Rev. 15(9): 18-20. Roberts, J., and E. I. Robertson, 1941. A comparison of wet and dry cooling of dressed poultry. Washington Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 403: 1-15. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods. Iowa Sta. Coll. Press, Ames, Iowa. Tarver, F. R., Jr., G. C. McGhee and O. E. Goff, 1956. The rate of cooling and water absorption of poultry held in various medium. Poultry Sci. 36: 905-910. Thomson, J. E., A. W. Kotula and J. A. Kinner, 1960. The effect of temperature and time of prechill immersion on total moisture absorption by fryer chickens. Poultry Sci. 40: 1139-1142.
P. W. WALDROUP, C. B. AMMERMAN AND R. H. HARMS Sieburth, J. F., J. McGinnis, T. Wahl and B. A. McLaren, 1952. The availability of the phosphorus in unifine flour for the chick, Poultry Sci. 31:813-818. Singsen, E. P., L. D. Matterson and H. M. Scott, 1947. Phosphorus in poultry nutrition. III. The relationship between the source of vitamin D and the utilization of cereal phosphorus by the poults. J. Nutr. 33: 13-26. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th Ed. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Spitzer, R. R., G. Maruyama, L. Michand and P. H. Phillips, 1948. The role of vitamin D in the utilization of phytin phosphorus. J. Nutr. 35: 185-193. Spitzer, R. R., and P. H. Phillips, 1945. The availability of soybean oil meal phosphorus for the rat. J. Nutr. 30: 117-126. Vandepopuliere, J. M., C. B. Ammerman and R. H. Harms, 1961. The relationship of calcium: phosphorus ratios to the utilization of plant and inorganic phosphorus by the chick. Poultry Sci. 40: 951-957.
Water Absorption in Broilers as Influenced by Carcass to Coolant Ratio 1 F. R. TARVER, JR. 2 AND A. E. ARMAS3 Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville (Received for publication August 23, 1963)
P
ROCESSED poultry are generally chilled in a combination of crushed ice and water. During the chill period, processed poultry may show either a decrease or increase in carcass weights (Tarver et al., 1956; Thomson et al., 1960; and Mickelberry et al., 1962). Several factors, including prechill weight and class of processed poultry, type and circulation of 1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 1714. 2 Present address: Food Science Department, North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. 3 Graduate student from Maracay, Venezeula, where he is an agronomist, Agricultural Experiment Station, Minist. of Agriculture.
coolant, will influence the degree of water absorption (Connally et al., 1954; Orr, 1953; and Roberts and Robertson, 1941). May et al. (1963), reported low levels of phosphate (4 ounces per gallon of ice slush solution) significantly increased broiler carcass weights during chilling. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of reducing volumes of coolant per pound of carcass on cooled broiler carcass weights. EXPERIMENTAL
In a series of 6 trials, 895 uncooled commercially eviscerated broilers were delivered to the Poultry Science Department processing laboratory. Immediately,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
phatides, and inorganic salts as sources of phosphorus for bone calcification. J. Nutr. 21: 213220. Krieger, C. H., and H. Steenbock, 1940. Cereals and rickets. XII. The effect of calcium and vitamin D on the availability of phosphorus. J. Nutr. 20: 125-132. Lowe, J. T., H. Steenbock and C. H. Kreiger, 1939. Cereals and rickets. IX. The availability of phytin-P to the chick. Poultry Sci. 18: 40-44. Matterson, L. D., H. M. Scott and E. P. Singsen, 1946. The influence of sources of phosphorus on the relative efficiency of vitamin D 3 and cod liver oil in promoting calcification in poults. J. Nutr. 31:599-608. McGinnis, J., L. C. Norris and G. F. Heuser, 1944. Poor utilization of phosphorus in cereals and legumes by chicks for bone development. Poultry Sci. 23: 157-159. O'Dell, B. L., J. M. Yohe and J. E. Savage, 1961. Interaction of calcium and phytic acid on zinc availability. Poultry Sci. 40: 1438.
433
WEIGHTS AND CARCASS TO COOLANT RATIOS
TABLE 1.—Percent increase in broiler carcass weight after 3 to 4 hours in 33% crushed ice-67% water solution
Trials
Pounds of coolant
Treatment groups, number of carcasses
i
5
10
15
20
1 2
120
3.99 4.30
5.93 4.26
4.25 4.38
4.60 4.68
3 4 5
60
3.46 4.19 4.01
3.37 4.57 4.18
3.52 4.56 4.12
3.53 4.38 4.18
6
30
4.23
4.49
4.29
4.49
TABLE 2.—Pounds of coolant (33% crushed ice67% water) per pound of eviscerated broiler
Trials
Pounds of coolant
Treatment groups, number of carcasses 5
10
15
20
1 2
120
11.8 11.1
6.2 5.7
4.3 3.9
3.2 3.0
3 4 5
60
5.1 5.8 6.4
2.6 2.8 3.3
1.8 1.9 2.1
1.4 1.4 1.6
6
30
3.3
1.6
1.1
0.8
The various analyses were according to methods described by Snedecor (1957). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After 3 to 4 hours in various volumes of 33% crushed ice—67% water solution, the cooled broiler carcasses showed a percent increase in uncooled carcass weights (Table 1). Even though an increase was observed, there was no significant difference between treatments within a given trial. This indicated a uniform increase in carcass weights between treatment groups; namely, 5, 10, 15, and 20 carcasses each. Broiler carcasses without giblets (trials 5 and 6) had percent carcass weight increases similar to carcasses with giblets. The average percent increase in carcass weight, regardless of treatments and trials, was 4.28. Since treatment groups varied from 5 to 20 broiler carcasses, it was of interest to determine the pounds of cooling solution per pound of carcass (Table 2). Cooling solution per pound of carcass ranged from 0.8 to 11.8 pounds. This range would include the ratios found in use by some commercial processing plants (approximately 3.0 pounds of coolant per pound of processed broiler carcass). Even though the reduced carcass-coolant ratios (0.6 and 1.6 pounds) presented some difficulty in efforts to keep the carcasses submerged, the percent increase in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
each carcass was randomly identified, weighed (to nearest gram) and divided in four treatment groups of 5, 10, 15, and 20 carcasses each. Each treatment group was replicated three times. With the exception of trials 5 and 6, the uncooled weights included the neck and giblets (gizzard, heart and liver). An unagitated 33% crushed ice—67% water solution (by weight) was used in each trial (Mickelberry et al., 1962). After the crushed ice-water solution had been weighed and poured in each of twelve cooling vats, the various treatment groups were placed in their respective cooling vat for 3 to 4 hours. In trials 1 and 2, each cooling vat contained 120 pounds of coolant. The cooling vats contained 60 pounds of coolant in trials 3, 4, and 5 while 30 pounds of coolant was placed in each vat in trial 6. As each carcass was removed from the cooling vat, it was positioned so the dorsal area was resting on a stainless steel eviscerating table with the abdominal opening directed toward the center of the table. The table top sloped from each of the two sides approximately 15 degrees below horizontal toward the center. Individually cooled carcass weights were obtained after draining for 10 minutes. The carcass weights are presented as a percent change in the uncooled weights.
434
F. R. TARVER, J R . AND A. E. ARMAS
carcass weight was similar to those in higher carcass-coolant ratios (6.2 and 11.8 pounds). SUMMARY
REFERENCES Connally, R. J., R. L. Miller, Jr. and G. F. Stewart, 1954. Chilling eviscerated poultry in flowing liquid. Ref. Engr. 62(10): 54-56.
Efjfect of Short-Day or Low-Intensity Light Treatments on Reproduction of Fall-Hatched Turkeys in Two Environments S. J. MARSDEN 1 AND L. M. LUCAS2 United States Department of Agriculture (Received for publication August 23, 1963)
T
HE favorable effect of light restriction during the late growing period on subsequent reproduction of female turkeys hatched in the months of October through February was demonstrated by Harper and Parker (1957, 1960, 1962) and McCartney et al. (1961). Leighton and
1 Poultry Research Branch, Animal Husbandry Research Division, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland. 2 Farm Electrification Branch, Agricultural Engineering Research Division, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland.
Shoffner (1961) and Marr et al. (1956) reported that turkey hens hatched in March were benefited by light preconditioning only slightly while those hatched in May and September showed no beneficial effect according to the latter authors. The methods of light restriction used in the various experiments consisted of exposing the turkeys to short days of 3 to 10 hours each over periods of 1 to 14 weeks starting at 14 to 27 weeks and prior to the application of stimulatory light. Wilson et al. (1962) found daily continuous photo-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at The University of Alberta on April 1, 2015
Percent change in un-cooled carcass weights was determined on 895 commercially eviscerated broilers after 3 to 4 hours in various volumes of an unagitated 33% crushed ice—67% water solution. The percent increase in carcass weights was uniform between treatment groups of 5, 10, 15, and 20 broiler carcasses regardless of whether the giblets were in the body cavity. Coolant per pound of eviscerated broiler carcass ranged from 0.8 to 11.8 pounds.
May, K. N., R. L. Helmer and R. L. Saffle, 1963. Effect of phosphate treatment on carcassweight changes and organoleptic quality of cut-up chicken. Poultry Sci. 42: 24-32. Mickelberry, W. C , D. V. Schwall and W. J. Stadelman, 1962. The effect of ice: water coolant ratios upon moisture absorption and rate of chilling of eviscerated chicken carcasses. Poultry Sci. 41:1550-1553. Orr, H. L., 1953. Carcass cooling tests. Am. Egg and Poultry Rev. 15(9): 18-20. Roberts, J., and E. I. Robertson, 1941. A comparison of wet and dry cooling of dressed poultry. Washington Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 403: 1-15. Snedecor, G. W., 1957. Statistical Methods. Iowa Sta. Coll. Press, Ames, Iowa. Tarver, F. R., Jr., G. C. McGhee and O. E. Goff, 1956. The rate of cooling and water absorption of poultry held in various medium. Poultry Sci. 36: 905-910. Thomson, J. E., A. W. Kotula and J. A. Kinner, 1960. The effect of temperature and time of prechill immersion on total moisture absorption by fryer chickens. Poultry Sci. 40: 1139-1142.