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Water quality and reclamation management in mining using bactericides
SURFACE STRUCTURES:ENVIRONMENTAL strongly depressed in sterilized sediments. The effect of delays between sampling, incubation and extraction on methylation rates and Mesc3Hg recovery was documented. Despite their limited spatial and temporal range, these data are further evidence that concerns about the potential toxicological impacts of Hg emissions in the Amazon basin are justified. (from Authors) 968323 Prediction of nitrate concentrations in effluent from spent ore A. D. Davis, A. Heriba & C. J. Webb, Mining Engineering, 48(2), 1996, pp 79-83. The disposal of an additional several hundred million tons of spent ore from heap-leaching operations is planned in the western US during the next decade. In the past decade, more than 15 million tons of spent ore have been disposed of in the Black Hills of South Dakota. South Dakota’s nitrate offloading limits vary for each mine, depending on ore type and other factors. Concentrations of nitrate in the leachate from spent ore depositories could be the result of conversion from other nitrogen-containing species. One likely source of nitrate is residual explosives from the blasting of ore. Another likely nitrate source is the degradation of cyanide to ammonia, followed by oxidation to nitrite and nitrate. A third possibility may be leaching of background nitrate from soil or rock. (from Authors) 968324 Hydrogeocbemlstry of mlnewaters flowing from abandoned coal worklngs in County Durbam P. L. Younger, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 28(Supp1.2), 1996, pp SlOl-Sl13. Although all deep mining has now ceased in the Durham coalfield of northern England, dewatering still continues in the central area of the Coal Measures outcrop. Beyond the radius of influence of the dewatering pumps, the water table has already recovered, and several uncontrolled minewater discharges are found. These waters are moderately mineralized and may have appreciable alkalinity. Iron loadings are typically high and give rise to thick ochre deposits on streambeds. White deposits are associated with higb aluminium concentrations. Existing hydrochemical classification schemes inadequately characterize these waters; therefore a new scheme is proposed which should be applicable in many areas with similar geology. (from Author) 968325 Ground movements over tbe coal mines of southern Limburg, tbe Netherlands, and their relation to rising mine waters R. F. Bekendam & J. J. Pottgens, in: L.andsubsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995, ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (L4HS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 3-12. After the abandonment of the mines in the 1970s most mine water pumps were switched off and the deeper mines became flooded. Due to the rising mine waters a small vertical lift occurred at the surface of up to 25 cm, which did not bring about additional damage. When pumping ceased completely and the mine waters reached the shallow mines the presence of water and its overburden adversely affect the stability of roof, pillars and shafts. This may result in the formation of sinkholes or subsidence troughs. Also the water-supply might be impeded. This article gives an overview of the consequences of the mining activities. (from Authors) 968326 Factors influencing phosphorus adsorption in mine soils in Galkia, Spain C. Monterroso Martinez, M. L. Fernandez Marcos & E. Alvarez Rodriguez, Science of the Total Environment, 180(2), 1996, pp 137-145. Available phosphorus levels and P sorption capacity were investigated in soils derived from coal mine spoils at As Pontes, currently in the process of reclamation. Clays and
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shales, often in conjunction with pyrite and other sulphides, are the main constituents of the spoils; many are extremely acid as a result of oxidation of sulphides. Reclamation tasks consisted of topsoiling, chemical and organic fertilizing or various amendments. Two depths (O-15 and 15-30 cm) were sampled and analysed. Olsen P values ranged between 1 and 54 mg/kg-‘. The phosphorus sorption index (PSI) ranged between 2.4 and 55.1. Multiple correlation between PSI and several soil parameters was investigated using a stepwise linear regression method. Four soil parameters (oxalateextractable Fe and Al, pH in KC1 and organic carbon) were shown to explain 79% of the variance in log PSI. (Authors) 968327 Solubility equilibria controlling solution phosphorus concentration in minesolls ln Gallcia, Spain E. Alvarez Rodriguez, M. L. Femandez Marcos & C. Monterroso Martinez, Science of the Total Environment, 180(2), 1996, pp 147-154. Solution P control through dissolution/precipitation equilibria was studied in coal mine soils in Galicia, NW Spain. Soil solution was obtained by a column displacement method and analysed for pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, and most common anions and cations. Ionic activities were calculated using the program SOLMINEQ and saturation indexes determined for several phosphate minerals. Strengite, variscite, fluorapatite or MnPO,.1.5HsO appeared to control phosphorus solubility, depending on Eh, pH and ionic strength conditions. (Authors) 968328 In situ and laboratory &tulles on the fate of speclflc organic compounds in an anaerobic landfill leachate plume, 1. Experimental condltlons and fate of pbenollc compounds P. H. Nielsen, H.-J. Albrechtsen, G. Heron & T. H. Christensen, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 20(1-2), 1995, pp 27-50. The transformation of specific organic compounds was investigated by in situ and laboratory experiments in an anaerobic landfill leachate pollution plume at four different distances from the landfill. This paper presents the experimental conditions in the in situ microcosm and laboratory batch microcosm experiments performed and the results on the fate of 7 phenolic compounds. (from Authors) 968329 In situ and laboratory studles on the fate of specific organic compounds in an anaerobic landflll leacbate plume, 2. Fate of aromatic and chlorinated allpbatlc compoonds P. H. Nielsen, H. Bjarnadottir, P. L. Winter & T. H. Christensen, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 20(1-2), 1995, pp 51-66. The transformation of specific organic compounds was investigated by in situ and laboratory experiments in an anaerobic landfill leachate pollution plume at four different distances from the landfill. This paper presents the results on the fate of 8 aromatic compounds and 4 chlorinated aliphatic compounds. (from Authors) 968330 Water quallty and reclamation management in mining using bacterlcides V. Rastogi, Mining Engineering, 48(4), 1996, pp 71-76. Surfactant-based bactericides are able to control acid formation in sullidic materials such as pyrite and sultidic ores, thereby helping to abate acid rock drainage. Bactericides arc used in the following two ways: as periodic or continuous spray treatments for the prevention of acidification of material actively handled and moved and in wntrolledrelease form for reclamation. Results from two active coal refuse sites show that acid production can be reduced by 88% or more. Results from reclaimed sites show that bactericide treatment can be more effective than the addition of alkaline materials and can reduce acid production. A secondary beneficial effect of bactericides is on revegetation, and
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biomass from treated areas is almost 10 times that from areas not treated with bactericide. (from Author) 968331 Gniduncc on good practice for the reckurrrtion of mineral workbgs to agriculture ANON (DOE), (HMSO, London, for Department of the Environment), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 753113 8, price $26.00, 1996,96 pp. This report provides comprehensive guidance to the minerals industry, mineral planning authorites and central govemment. It is the result of research conducted by RPS Clouston and Wye College for the Department’s Minerals and Waste Planning Division. Best procedures and practices are recommended for the sympathetic, efficient and successful restoration of mineral workings to agricultural use. Following an introduction and summary, the following guidelines are detailed: planning; soil stripping; soil and overburden storage; mineral extraction; landfilling; landform and natural drainage; restoration of soils and related works, and aftercare. (from Publisher) 968332 The reclamation of naineral workings to agriculture R. P. S. Clouston & Wye College, (HMSO, London, for Department of the Environment), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 753095 6, price E27.00, 1996, 156 pp. A complementary report to the Guidance on Good Practice publication, detailing the research undertaken on the current state of the reclamation of mineral workings to agriculture. This study focuses on the reclamation of sand and gravel, opencast coal and chalk and limestone quarries, other mineral workings (e.g. brickearth and gypsum quarries) are also examined: executive summary; main report; introduction and methodology; planning strategy; site and operational factors affecting reclamations; aftercare, and conclusions, guidelines and recommendations. (from Publisher) 968333 using of marl for surface recultivation of overtopped dumpsites in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin (evaiuation of water erosion effects) V. Ondracek, K. Balon & P. Cermak, Acta Universitutis Carolinae - Geologica, 38(2-4), 1994, pp 347-356. A technology for the stabilization of the dumpsite surface is proposed. Marl with consequent vegetation covering and the application of organic materials are the most decisive factors that create man-made soil with antierosion surface stabilization and conditions for cumulating the crucial volume of precipitation water. The Radovesice dumpsite near Bilina with its overtopping elevation is shown as an example of solving recultivation activity. (Authors) 968334 Thermal waters in deep Alpine tunnels L. Rybach, Geothermics, 24(5-6), 1995, pp 631-637. Deep tunnels in mountainous terrains usually drain large amounts of warm waters. These waters are of interest for numerous reasons: they provide information about subsurface flow conditions, can be decisive or even catastrophic in underground construction, and represent a most interesting geothermal potential for direct heat applications such as space heating. Examples are given from the Swiss Alps. (Author)
Subsidence, caving and rockbursts 968335 The influence of mining induced subsidence on groundwater resources D. Elsworth & Jishan Liu, in: L..and subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234). 1995, pp 141148.
The underlying premise of this method is to assume that the primary mechanism causing dewatering is the development of new fractures or the dilation of existing fractures, as a result of mining induced displacements. Numerical simulation, using the finite element method, is used to both determine the mining induced distribution in strain and to complete hydrologic budget calculations with the revised conductivity field. Results indicate that observed trends in dewatering behaviour may be explained on the basis of zones of contiguous extensile strain, induced within the overburden as a result of mining. (from Author) 968336 Prediction of subsoil subsidence caused by opencast mining H. Konderla & M. Hawrysz, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 167173. Attempts were made to formulate the correlation between the subsidence of the soil mass exposed to opencast mining and the parameters characterizing the development of the depression and the geological structure of the seam. The process of soil surface subsidence was analysed, making use of the results from geodetic and piezometric measurements carried out in one of Poland’s brown-coal mines. A simple model was proposed for the prediction of superficial displacements produced by the dewatering of the soil mass. The subsidence and rise of the soil surface, recorded in the course of geodetic measurements, reflect both the effect of seam dewatering and the effect of mining operations. (from Authors) 968337 Strategies to assess tbe hazards presented by abandoned room and pillar mines D. G. Price, in: Lund subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 199S, ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 101-106. In theory the stability of pillars and roofs of mine openings can be calculated providing the parameters describing rock mass strength and structure are available. In practice, flooding and collapse make it impossible to obtain the data necessary for analysis and even if access is possible certain necessary information is almost always unobtainable. In consequence reliance is mostly placed on ‘rule of thumb experience. The author argues for the institution of an internationally organized experience database which might lead to the quantification of hazard via a form of rock mass classification. (from Author) 968338 Etude experimentale des tassements provoques lors du creusement par la metbode de predecoupage mecanique (Experimental study of the causes of subsidence during excavation by tbe mechanical precutting method) A. Skiker, P. Chambon & J. Gamier, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995, ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 215223. The main originality of the precutting method compared to NATM consists of a concrete vault which is built within the soil in front of the tunnel face. This paper, on the basis of several tests series performed on the LCPC centrifuge, focuses on surface settlements with or without a vault. It is pointed out that a vault can reduce settlements due to bad face conditions especially when water flows through the face. But tests have also shown that the settlement trough is still very sensitive to face conditions, even if movements are of small magnitude and that it extends twice the diameter from both sides of the tunnel axis. (from English summary) 968339
Creep related subsidence caused by oil and gas extraction G. Eiksund, G. Svano & N. B. Nagel, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 277285.
EFFECTS
377A
shales, often in conjunction with pyrite and other sulphides, are the main constituents of the spoils; many are extremely acid as a result of oxidation of sulphides. Reclamation tasks consisted of topsoiling, chemical and organic fertilizing or various amendments. Two depths (O-15 and 15-30 cm) were sampled and analysed. Olsen P values ranged between 1 and 54 mg/kg-‘. The phosphorus sorption index (PSI) ranged between 2.4 and 55.1. Multiple correlation between PSI and several soil parameters was investigated using a stepwise linear regression method. Four soil parameters (oxalateextractable Fe and Al, pH in KC1 and organic carbon) were shown to explain 79% of the variance in log PSI. (Authors) 968327 Solubility equilibria controlling solution phosphorus concentration in minesolls ln Gallcia, Spain E. Alvarez Rodriguez, M. L. Femandez Marcos & C. Monterroso Martinez, Science of the Total Environment, 180(2), 1996, pp 147-154. Solution P control through dissolution/precipitation equilibria was studied in coal mine soils in Galicia, NW Spain. Soil solution was obtained by a column displacement method and analysed for pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, and most common anions and cations. Ionic activities were calculated using the program SOLMINEQ and saturation indexes determined for several phosphate minerals. Strengite, variscite, fluorapatite or MnPO,.1.5HsO appeared to control phosphorus solubility, depending on Eh, pH and ionic strength conditions. (Authors) 968328 In situ and laboratory &tulles on the fate of speclflc organic compounds in an anaerobic landfill leachate plume, 1. Experimental condltlons and fate of pbenollc compounds P. H. Nielsen, H.-J. Albrechtsen, G. Heron & T. H. Christensen, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 20(1-2), 1995, pp 27-50. The transformation of specific organic compounds was investigated by in situ and laboratory experiments in an anaerobic landfill leachate pollution plume at four different distances from the landfill. This paper presents the experimental conditions in the in situ microcosm and laboratory batch microcosm experiments performed and the results on the fate of 7 phenolic compounds. (from Authors) 968329 In situ and laboratory studles on the fate of specific organic compounds in an anaerobic landflll leacbate plume, 2. Fate of aromatic and chlorinated allpbatlc compoonds P. H. Nielsen, H. Bjarnadottir, P. L. Winter & T. H. Christensen, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 20(1-2), 1995, pp 51-66. The transformation of specific organic compounds was investigated by in situ and laboratory experiments in an anaerobic landfill leachate pollution plume at four different distances from the landfill. This paper presents the results on the fate of 8 aromatic compounds and 4 chlorinated aliphatic compounds. (from Authors) 968330 Water quallty and reclamation management in mining using bacterlcides V. Rastogi, Mining Engineering, 48(4), 1996, pp 71-76. Surfactant-based bactericides are able to control acid formation in sullidic materials such as pyrite and sultidic ores, thereby helping to abate acid rock drainage. Bactericides arc used in the following two ways: as periodic or continuous spray treatments for the prevention of acidification of material actively handled and moved and in wntrolledrelease form for reclamation. Results from two active coal refuse sites show that acid production can be reduced by 88% or more. Results from reclaimed sites show that bactericide treatment can be more effective than the addition of alkaline materials and can reduce acid production. A secondary beneficial effect of bactericides is on revegetation, and
318A
EXCAVATIONS:SUBSIDENCE
biomass from treated areas is almost 10 times that from areas not treated with bactericide. (from Author) 968331 Gniduncc on good practice for the reckurrrtion of mineral workbgs to agriculture ANON (DOE), (HMSO, London, for Department of the Environment), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 753113 8, price $26.00, 1996,96 pp. This report provides comprehensive guidance to the minerals industry, mineral planning authorites and central govemment. It is the result of research conducted by RPS Clouston and Wye College for the Department’s Minerals and Waste Planning Division. Best procedures and practices are recommended for the sympathetic, efficient and successful restoration of mineral workings to agricultural use. Following an introduction and summary, the following guidelines are detailed: planning; soil stripping; soil and overburden storage; mineral extraction; landfilling; landform and natural drainage; restoration of soils and related works, and aftercare. (from Publisher) 968332 The reclamation of naineral workings to agriculture R. P. S. Clouston & Wye College, (HMSO, London, for Department of the Environment), ISBN (paperback) 0 11 753095 6, price E27.00, 1996, 156 pp. A complementary report to the Guidance on Good Practice publication, detailing the research undertaken on the current state of the reclamation of mineral workings to agriculture. This study focuses on the reclamation of sand and gravel, opencast coal and chalk and limestone quarries, other mineral workings (e.g. brickearth and gypsum quarries) are also examined: executive summary; main report; introduction and methodology; planning strategy; site and operational factors affecting reclamations; aftercare, and conclusions, guidelines and recommendations. (from Publisher) 968333 using of marl for surface recultivation of overtopped dumpsites in the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin (evaiuation of water erosion effects) V. Ondracek, K. Balon & P. Cermak, Acta Universitutis Carolinae - Geologica, 38(2-4), 1994, pp 347-356. A technology for the stabilization of the dumpsite surface is proposed. Marl with consequent vegetation covering and the application of organic materials are the most decisive factors that create man-made soil with antierosion surface stabilization and conditions for cumulating the crucial volume of precipitation water. The Radovesice dumpsite near Bilina with its overtopping elevation is shown as an example of solving recultivation activity. (Authors) 968334 Thermal waters in deep Alpine tunnels L. Rybach, Geothermics, 24(5-6), 1995, pp 631-637. Deep tunnels in mountainous terrains usually drain large amounts of warm waters. These waters are of interest for numerous reasons: they provide information about subsurface flow conditions, can be decisive or even catastrophic in underground construction, and represent a most interesting geothermal potential for direct heat applications such as space heating. Examples are given from the Swiss Alps. (Author)
Subsidence, caving and rockbursts 968335 The influence of mining induced subsidence on groundwater resources D. Elsworth & Jishan Liu, in: L..and subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234). 1995, pp 141148.
The underlying premise of this method is to assume that the primary mechanism causing dewatering is the development of new fractures or the dilation of existing fractures, as a result of mining induced displacements. Numerical simulation, using the finite element method, is used to both determine the mining induced distribution in strain and to complete hydrologic budget calculations with the revised conductivity field. Results indicate that observed trends in dewatering behaviour may be explained on the basis of zones of contiguous extensile strain, induced within the overburden as a result of mining. (from Author) 968336 Prediction of subsoil subsidence caused by opencast mining H. Konderla & M. Hawrysz, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 167173. Attempts were made to formulate the correlation between the subsidence of the soil mass exposed to opencast mining and the parameters characterizing the development of the depression and the geological structure of the seam. The process of soil surface subsidence was analysed, making use of the results from geodetic and piezometric measurements carried out in one of Poland’s brown-coal mines. A simple model was proposed for the prediction of superficial displacements produced by the dewatering of the soil mass. The subsidence and rise of the soil surface, recorded in the course of geodetic measurements, reflect both the effect of seam dewatering and the effect of mining operations. (from Authors) 968337 Strategies to assess tbe hazards presented by abandoned room and pillar mines D. G. Price, in: Lund subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 199S, ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 101-106. In theory the stability of pillars and roofs of mine openings can be calculated providing the parameters describing rock mass strength and structure are available. In practice, flooding and collapse make it impossible to obtain the data necessary for analysis and even if access is possible certain necessary information is almost always unobtainable. In consequence reliance is mostly placed on ‘rule of thumb experience. The author argues for the institution of an internationally organized experience database which might lead to the quantification of hazard via a form of rock mass classification. (from Author) 968338 Etude experimentale des tassements provoques lors du creusement par la metbode de predecoupage mecanique (Experimental study of the causes of subsidence during excavation by tbe mechanical precutting method) A. Skiker, P. Chambon & J. Gamier, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995, ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 215223. The main originality of the precutting method compared to NATM consists of a concrete vault which is built within the soil in front of the tunnel face. This paper, on the basis of several tests series performed on the LCPC centrifuge, focuses on surface settlements with or without a vault. It is pointed out that a vault can reduce settlements due to bad face conditions especially when water flows through the face. But tests have also shown that the settlement trough is still very sensitive to face conditions, even if movements are of small magnitude and that it extends twice the diameter from both sides of the tunnel axis. (from English summary) 968339
Creep related subsidence caused by oil and gas extraction G. Eiksund, G. Svano & N. B. Nagel, in: Land subsidence. Proc. international symposium, The Hague, 1995. ed F.B.J. Barends & others, (IAHS; Publication, 234), 1995, pp 277285.