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Weak acidic cation exchange resins for treatment of solutions of high salt concentration
React. Polym. 17 (1992) 115-139
117
Styrene-divinylbenzene and ethylene-divinylbenzene copolymers of Wofatit type were applied. The addition reaction was carded out in various solvents (water, methanol, dioxane, DMF and DMSO) at ~ 60°C with the molar ratios: 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5 and 1: 2. Selectivity coefficients of 20 uni-, bi- and multivalent cations were determined. It was stated that VDP is a very useful reagent for obtaining resins with aminophosphonic functional groups. The best results have been achieved for n = 1 which enabled us to obtain stable and very selective complex-forming ion-exchangers having mixed functional groups, i.e., semi-strong acidic cation exchange and inner-salt forming amphoteric groups.
Marcomolecular sulfonamide derivatives - interesting sorbents and reagents Romuald Bogoczek and Elzbieta Kociotek-Balawejder
Technological Institute of Chemical and Food Industry, Academy of Economics, Komandorska 120, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland The results of an investigation comprising the action of a number of amine-containing species on a macromolecular sulfonylchloride are presented. The reaction was carded out at room temperature and its kinetic course has been followed in dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and acetone. The following species were used: methyl-, dimethyl-, ethyl-, diethyl- and phenylamine, urea, thiourea, gnanidine as hydrate or carbonate, and melamine as well as cyanuric and isocyanuric acids. The products were analyzed by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermoanalysis as well as a number of other analytical methods. The products has the following formulae: (~)-SOzNXY (X, Y = R , H, At). (~)-SOENHCONH2, (~)SO2NHCSNH2, (~)-SO2N=C(NH2) 2 and (~)-SO2NHC(=NH)NH 2, (~)-SO2OC[NC(OH)]2N, (~)SO2N(CONH)2CO. Many of these products have anion-exchange properties, some of them have cation-exchange and complex-forming properties. All of them react intensively with halogens, sorbing chlorine, bromine and iodine to an extremely low concentration level of 1 ppm. Reacting with the halogens, the products form N-halogen derivatives, whereas the number of halogen atoms combined to the functional group can vary in a wide range. The halogen derivatives are very extensive disinfecting, halogenating and oxidizing agents.
References:
Angew. Makromol. Chem. 169 (1989) 119; Polym. Comm., 27 (1986) 286; React. Polym. 4 (1986) 311.
Weak acidic cation exchange resins for treatment of solutions of high salt concentration V. Civin 1, H. Gafil 2 a n d G. S o m b o r 2
1 Hungarian Electricity Board, Vdm u. 5-7, H-lOll Budapest, Hungary 2 Institute for Electric Power Research, Kende u. 1-2, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary In the exchange of bivalent cations to monovalent ones from solutions of high salt concentrations only a small efficiency can be achieved because of capacity reduction of strong cation exchange resins. Depending on the sodium ion concentration of thermal water a useful capacity of 0.3 mol/dm a can practically be reached. If bicarbonate ions are present in the water to be treated, weak acidic cation exchange resins in the sodium form can be used without loss of capacity in order to change calcium and magnesium ions to sodium. Thermal water having a TDS of about 750 mmol/dm a (hardness 50 mmol/dm 3) can be softened before its concentration with a carboxylic ion-exchanger achieving capacities of 1.8 mol/dm 3. The production of the ion-exchanger plant at S~rvfir using Wofatit Ca-20 (later Amberlite IRC-76) resin is 4 ma/h. Regeneration proceeds in two steps. First hydrochloric acid (2.5%) is used for the Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -* H + exchange, the sodium hydroxide (4%) for H + --} Na + exchange. After each regeneration step rinsing with softened well water has to be carried out. The process can also be used for treatment of all kinds of industrial wastewaters having high salt content (e.g. galvanization plants).
117
Styrene-divinylbenzene and ethylene-divinylbenzene copolymers of Wofatit type were applied. The addition reaction was carded out in various solvents (water, methanol, dioxane, DMF and DMSO) at ~ 60°C with the molar ratios: 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5 and 1: 2. Selectivity coefficients of 20 uni-, bi- and multivalent cations were determined. It was stated that VDP is a very useful reagent for obtaining resins with aminophosphonic functional groups. The best results have been achieved for n = 1 which enabled us to obtain stable and very selective complex-forming ion-exchangers having mixed functional groups, i.e., semi-strong acidic cation exchange and inner-salt forming amphoteric groups.
Marcomolecular sulfonamide derivatives - interesting sorbents and reagents Romuald Bogoczek and Elzbieta Kociotek-Balawejder
Technological Institute of Chemical and Food Industry, Academy of Economics, Komandorska 120, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland The results of an investigation comprising the action of a number of amine-containing species on a macromolecular sulfonylchloride are presented. The reaction was carded out at room temperature and its kinetic course has been followed in dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and acetone. The following species were used: methyl-, dimethyl-, ethyl-, diethyl- and phenylamine, urea, thiourea, gnanidine as hydrate or carbonate, and melamine as well as cyanuric and isocyanuric acids. The products were analyzed by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermoanalysis as well as a number of other analytical methods. The products has the following formulae: (~)-SOzNXY (X, Y = R , H, At). (~)-SOENHCONH2, (~)SO2NHCSNH2, (~)-SO2N=C(NH2) 2 and (~)-SO2NHC(=NH)NH 2, (~)-SO2OC[NC(OH)]2N, (~)SO2N(CONH)2CO. Many of these products have anion-exchange properties, some of them have cation-exchange and complex-forming properties. All of them react intensively with halogens, sorbing chlorine, bromine and iodine to an extremely low concentration level of 1 ppm. Reacting with the halogens, the products form N-halogen derivatives, whereas the number of halogen atoms combined to the functional group can vary in a wide range. The halogen derivatives are very extensive disinfecting, halogenating and oxidizing agents.
References:
Angew. Makromol. Chem. 169 (1989) 119; Polym. Comm., 27 (1986) 286; React. Polym. 4 (1986) 311.
Weak acidic cation exchange resins for treatment of solutions of high salt concentration V. Civin 1, H. Gafil 2 a n d G. S o m b o r 2
1 Hungarian Electricity Board, Vdm u. 5-7, H-lOll Budapest, Hungary 2 Institute for Electric Power Research, Kende u. 1-2, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary In the exchange of bivalent cations to monovalent ones from solutions of high salt concentrations only a small efficiency can be achieved because of capacity reduction of strong cation exchange resins. Depending on the sodium ion concentration of thermal water a useful capacity of 0.3 mol/dm a can practically be reached. If bicarbonate ions are present in the water to be treated, weak acidic cation exchange resins in the sodium form can be used without loss of capacity in order to change calcium and magnesium ions to sodium. Thermal water having a TDS of about 750 mmol/dm a (hardness 50 mmol/dm 3) can be softened before its concentration with a carboxylic ion-exchanger achieving capacities of 1.8 mol/dm 3. The production of the ion-exchanger plant at S~rvfir using Wofatit Ca-20 (later Amberlite IRC-76) resin is 4 ma/h. Regeneration proceeds in two steps. First hydrochloric acid (2.5%) is used for the Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -* H + exchange, the sodium hydroxide (4%) for H + --} Na + exchange. After each regeneration step rinsing with softened well water has to be carried out. The process can also be used for treatment of all kinds of industrial wastewaters having high salt content (e.g. galvanization plants).