Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233
;;,,,,WDOLDQ*URXSRI)UDFWXUH0HHWLQJ,*);;,,,
:HDUEHKDYLRURI=Q$O&X0JDOOR\DIWHUDJLQJ /0RQWHVDQR $3ROD0*HOIL*0/D9HFFKLD University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
$EVWUDFW
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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH*UXSSR,WDOLDQR)UDWWXUD,*) Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF) Keywords:=QDOOR\VDJLQJZHDUIULFWLRQPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:ORUHQ]RPRQWHVDQR#XQLEVLW
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF)
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.221
L. Montesano et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233
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
&X
0J
=Q
%DODQFHG
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u D ZKHUH x 9LVWKHZRUQYROXPH>P@ x /LVWKHDSSOLHGORDG>1@ x 'LVVOLGLQJGLVWDQFH>P@ $IWHUWKHWHVWVWKHZHDUVFDUHVDQGWKHIUDFWXUHVRIWKHWHQVLOHWHVWVDPSOHVZHUHDQDO\VHGE\PHDQVRID/HR(YR6FDQQLQJ (OHFWURQ0LFURVFRSH6(0 HTXLSSHGZLWKDQ2[IRUG(QHUJ\'LVSHUVLYH6SHFWURVFRS\('6 SUREHIRUHOHPHQWDODQDO\VLVLQ RUGHUWRLGHQWLI\WKHIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVLQYROYHGLQWKHGLIIHUHQWH[DPLQHGFRQGLWLRQV 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 7KHUHVXOWVRIKDUGQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWVVKRZDFRQWLQXRXVGURSRIUHVLVWDQFHE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHDJLQJWLPH)LJD ,QSDUWLFXODU WKHKDUGQHVVFXUYHLVVWHHSHULQWKHILUVWKRXUVZKLOHIRUKLJKHUWUHDWPHQWWLPHLWWHQGVWRDQDOPRVWVWDEOHYDOXHORZHU WKDQWKHLQLWLDORQH 6LPLODUEHKDYLRXUZDVUHFRUGHGIRUWKHWHQVLOHWHVWV)LJE $QDJLQJRIKRXUVDW&FDXVHVDORVVLQWKH\LHOGVWUHQJWK
229
230
L. Montesano et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233
<6 RIDERXWDURXQGDIWHUKRXUVDQGIRUWKHORQJHVWDJLQJWLPH7KHXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK876 FXUYH VKRZVDQLQLWLDOSHDNUHDFKLQJLWVPD[LPXPDIWHUKRXUVRIWUHDWPHQW)RUORQJHUVRDNLQJWLPHWKH876EHKDYLRXULVFRQVLVWHQW ZLWKWKDWGHWHFWHGIRUWKH<6
)LJ0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWXGLHGDOOR\DVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHDJLQJWLPHD +9KDUGQHVVE 876DQG<6YDOXHV
,Q7DEDUHVXPPDUL]HGWKHUHVXOWVRIDOOWKHPHFKDQLFDOWHVWVFDUULHGRXWDWGLIIHUHQWDJLQJWLPH7KHHODVWLFPRGXOXVLVQRW DIIHFWHG E\ WKH DJLQJ WUHDWPHQW 7KH HORQJDWLRQ (O VKRZV D FHUWDLQ LQFUHDVLQJ IURP XS WR HYHQ WKRXJK WKH PDFURVFRSLFEHKDYLRXURIWKHDOOR\UHPDLQVEULWWOHIRUDOOWKHHYDOXDWHGDJLQJFRQGLWLRQV 7DEOH0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKH=Q$O&X0JDOOR\DVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHDJLQJWLPH
DJLQJWLPHDW&>K@
+9
(>*3D@
<6>03D@
876>03D@
(O
0HWDOORJUDSKLF LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH VDPSOHV LQ RUGHU WR HYDOXDWH SRVVLEOH PLFURVWUXFWXUDO PRGLILFDWLRQV LQGXFHGE\WKHDJLQJWUHDWPHQWFDXVLQJWKHGURSRIWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV7KHDVFDVWVDPSOH)LJD LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ JOREXOHVRI$OULFKSKDVHVXUURXQGHGE\D=QULFKHXWHFWLFSKDVH>@$VLWFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJEQRPDUNHGGLIIHUHQFHVFDQEH HYLGHQFHGDWWKLVPDJQLILFDWLRQHYHQLQWKHKDJHGVDPSOH1HLWKHUWKHVKDSHQRUWKHDPRXQWRIHDFKSKDVHVDSSHDUVLJQLILFDQWO\ PRGLILHGE\WKHWUHDWPHQW
)LJ0LFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKH=Q$O&X0JDOOR\D DVFDVWE DIWHUKRXUVRIDUWLILFLDODJLQJDW&
7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHHIIHFWRIWKHDJLQJWUHDWPHQWRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV6(0DQDO\VHVRQWKHIUDFWXUHGVXUIDFHRIWKH WHQVLOHVSHFLPHQVZHUHWKHQSHUIRUPHG $VVKRZQLQ)LJDWKHIUDFWXUHRIDVFDVWVDPSOHVLVEULWWOH1RGLPSOHVRUGHIRUPDWLRQVFDQEHREVHUYHGDQGWKHZHDN]RQH DSSHDUVWREHWKHLQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQWKH$OULFKSKDVHDQG=QULFKSKDVH %\LQFUHDVLQJWKHDJLQJWLPHWKHIUDFWXUHPRUSKRORJ\FKDQJHVDVVKRZQLQ)LJEIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHFDVHRIKDJHGVSHFLPHQ
231
L. Montesano et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233
1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHRYHUDOOEHKDYLRXURIWKHDOOR\UHPDLQVEULWWOHWKHPHFKDQLVPRIIUDFWXUHDWPLFURVFRSLFVFDOHVKRZVDUHDVRIWKH SULPDU\$OULFKSKDVH)LJDVSHFWUXP IUDFWXUHGLQDGXFWLOHPRGHGLPSOHV H[SODLQLQJWKHHQKDQFHPHQWLQ(O$OVRWKHEULWWOH IUDFWXUHRIWKH=QULFKSKDVHLVPRGLILHGE\WKHDJLQJWKHIUDFWXUHVPRYHGRQWKHVDPHSODQHDQGELJIODWDQGQRWGHIRUPHGDUHDVDUH YLVLEOHEHWZHHQWKH$OULFK]RQHV)LJEVSHFWUXP
)LJ6(0DQDO\VLVRIWKHVXUIDFHIUDFWXUHRIWKHWHQVLOHVDPSOHVD DVFDVWE DIWHUKRXUVRIDUWLILFLDODJLQJDW&
7KLVEHKDYLRXUZDVGHWHFWHGIRUDOOWKHDJHGVDPSOHV'LPSOHVDUHFOHDUO\YLVLEOHDIWHUKRXUVRIWUHDWPHQWDQGWKHLUGLPHQVLRQ LQFUHDVHVE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHDJLQJWLPH 7KHIUDFWXUHDSSHDUDQFHVXJJHVWVWKDWGXULQJWKHWHVWWKHEULWWOHIUDFWXUHRFFXUVILUVW7KHDSSOLHGORDGLVWKHQIXOO\VXSSRUWHGE\ WKH$OULFKSKDVHVLQFHWKHGXFWLOHIUDFWXUHKDSSHQV &RQFHUQLQJWKHZHDUWHVWWKHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ
)LJ5HVXOWVRIWKHZHDUWHVWVDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHDJLQJWLPHD IULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWE ZHDUUDWH
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
232
L. Montesano et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233
ZRUQPDWHULDOWKHKLJKHUWKHHQHUJ\GLVVLSDWHGE\WKHSURFHVVDQGWKXVWKHKLJKHUWKHIULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW
)LJ6(0DQDO\VLVRIWKHZHDUSDWKRIWKHDVFDVWVDPSOH
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±=Q±&XDOOR\V7ULERO,QW >@ 76DYDVNDQ2%LFDQ'U\6OLGLQJ)ULFWLRQDQG:HDU3URSHUWLHVRI$O±=Q±&X±±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
L. Montesano et al. / Procedia Engineering 109 (2015) 228 – 233 >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@ >@
<+=KX%
233