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Well-drilling fluid emulsifier
02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery) against a background level of ca. 3%; (b) developing anisotropy (nongranular, fine to coarse mosaic, and coarse flow mosaic) within the pyrobitumen and locally graphitized the pyrobitumen, developing graphitic carbon; and (c) incorporating Cl (fCu&Fe) into the pyrobitumen during the development of anisotropy. 02/00166 Petroleum system of the Carboniferous sediments of onshore Nova Scotia Mukhopadhyay, P.K. et al. Inl. J. Coal Geol., 2000.43, (14) 137-139. The petroleum system within the Upper Devonian-Permian strata of offshore Nova Scotia (Canada) is comprised of: (1) active and mature source rock facies (e.g. lacustrine or fluvio-deltaic shales, thin coaly shales, marine shale, and carbonates), (2) well-defined reservoir units (e.g. fluvial and deltaic sandstones, reef, breccia, and karsted carbonate rocks, fluviodeltaic sandstones), (3) effect seal beds (lacustrine shales, salt and evaporite facies rocks, and fluvio-deltaic shales), and (4) thick overburden rocks (e.g. fluvial sandstones and shales, shales, clavstones. and lignite). Biomarker data of the crude petroleum, oil stains, and seeps suggested that three distinct families are present within the various basins of onshore Nova Scotia.
The thermal-oxidative stability of motor gasolines and diverse composition and origin was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) in the dynamic mode. The structural properties of the selected gasolines were determined using NMR (NMR) and gas chromatography (CC) techniques. To provide a basis for the estimation of storage stability, the gasoline samples were additionally subjected to thermal-oxidative stress under controlled conditions for a definite period of time and re-examined after completion of the period of oxidation. The results obtained were then compared with those of the unstressed samples. For the six gasolines selected the ranking obtained from this investigation was consistent with that based on the aging related physical-chemical properties determined by standard methods. The results confirm the fact that the larger the amount of olefinic and diolefinic compounds the more susceptible gasolines are to oxidation. The reliability of the method with regard to predicting of long-term storage stability was discussed.
Toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons other than 02/00172 benzo[a]pyrene: a review Pickering, R.W. J. Toxicol., Cutaneous Ocul. Toxicol., 2000, 19, (l), 55,^
02/00167 Preparation of liquid fuel capable of producing autogenous pressure Xu., M. et al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,196,381 (Cl. CIOLl/lO), 21 Ott 1998, Appl. 97,104,015, 16 Apr 1997. 5. (In Chinese) The liquid fuel is composed of byproducts from refinery or oil fields 90-99.9, subliming pressurizing agent of hydroquinone 0.03-0.4, smoke suppressor of ferrocene 0.05-0.5, combustion improver of ethanol or THF 0.5-0.9, catalyst of diisopropylamine 0.4-0.8, and antiexplosion agent of dicycloalkenes 0.3-1.2 wt. parts. The liquid fuel also contains solvent of Et ether. 02iOOl66 Properties of bitumen from some types of peat of Tomsk region, Russia Maslov, S.G. e/ crl. K/rim. Rasrif. Syr>a, 1998, 4, 23-27. (In Russian) The extraction of bitumen from eight species of peat of Tomsk region with gasoline has been studied in this work. The indexes of extraction, composition and quality of bitumen from regular peat and transitional peat of herbaceous and herbaceous-arboreous groups of species, with degree decomposition 25%, ash 7.8% maximum correspond to the requirements for wax production. 02/00169 Test method to measure gasoline lubricity Wei, D. Mocaxue Xuehao, 2000, 20, (I), 38841. (In Chinese) The lubricity of gasoline is the least understood of all three types of liquid fuels (aviation kerosene, diesel fuel and gasoline fuel), due largely to the lack of a reliable test method for measuring the lubricity of such a much volatile and contamination sensitive material. A simple and easy-to-use HFRR gasoline test method has been successfully developed by (i) redesigning the fuel bath/reciprocating ball holder system to solve the high volatility problem of gasoline in HFRR tests, (ii) enclosing HRFF in a sealable Perspex box with a hole fitted with a ground Perspex plug for convenient humidity control, (iii) using water vapour pressure (WVP) instead of relative humidity (RH) as an index of humidity to correctly reflect the true water content in the air, and (iv) designing a very strict cleaning procedure so as to avoid cross contamination and guarantee good repeatability. It has been found that HFRR test method has good repeatability and differentiating ability. 02lOOl70 The structure and reactivity of heavy hydrocarbons Speight, J.G. Prepr. Symp. - Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 2000, 45, (2), 195-199. The identification of the molecular constituents of coal is an exceptionally formidable, if not impossible, task. And yet, significant advances have been made recently in bringing about an understanding of the molecular nature of coal. As always, there are, and will be, serious questions about the need for such an understanding, relative to the use-of coal, but the knowledge gained can often help offset a difficult-to-understand aspect of a processing sequence. Thus, it can be argued that understanding of the chemical nature of coal constituents is, just like an understanding of the chemical and thermal behaviour of coal, a valuable part of projecting the successful use of coal for conversion and/or utilization processes or as a source of chemicals. Thus the derivations of hypothetical and representative models are of some value. It is, therefore, the purpose of this article to present some indication of the methods that allow coal to be defined in terms of structural entities and also to include an assessment of the various molecular structures proposed for coal. 02/00171 Thermal-oxidative stability of motor gasolines Zanioer, A., Jackie, H.W. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle, 2000, 116, (3), 1099 115. (In German) 16
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
bl.
A review and discussion with 33 references. Much of the discussion about coal tar concentrations on the toxicological properties and safety limits of benzo[a]pyrene (BP). This chemical has been studied in depth by research scientists and a great deal of relevant data has been published. In addition to BP there are many more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in coal tar and of these, some of the commonest are benzo[a]anthracene (BA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA). The purpose of this review is to survey the published data relating to the toxicity and safety of each of these chemicals. Although the review will be examining the safety profile of the individual chemicals, there is evidence to show that when PAH are in combination, as in the case of a complex mixture such as coal tar, their individual biological activity can be modified. This will be discussed in more detail. Much of the reported data regarding the safety of these chemicals have been related to their ingestion or inhalation, especially in animals. Very few data could be found regarding the safety of the chemicals and their absorption and metabolism after topical application. This report will concentrate on dermal application. Where the effects of PAH in humans have been described, these generally have been through extrapolation of data obtained from studies with coal tar or coal tar products.
Toxicity of rocket fuels: comparison of hydrogen 02/00173 peroxide with current propellants Mattie, D.R. CPIA P&l., 1999, 687, 215-218. A review and discussion with many references. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide and current exposure limits will be presented in this paper. Toxicity data and exposure limits will also be presented for unleaded gasoline, kerosene and hydrazine. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide will be compared to gasoline, which is universally known and used by everyone as a fuel. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide will also be compared to kerosene, one of the first propellants, and to hydrazine, which is very toxic and a candidate for replacement by a less toxic compound.
Ultra clean transportation fuels for the 21st 02/00174 century: the Fischer-Tropsch option - an overview Shen, J. et crl. Prepr. - Am. chemical SW.. Div. Pet. chemical, 2000, 45, (2). 190-193.
A review with 16 references. This paper will update the efforts of US DOE in developing a novel slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch technology in application to cogenerate electricity, transportation fuels, and high value chemicals, based on syngas from coal and other domestic carbonaceous feedstocks.
02/00175 Well-drilling fluid emulsifier Rong, G. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,215,075 (Cl. C09K7/02), 28 Apr 1999, Appl. 98,112,983, 28 Sep 1998. 6. (In Chinese) The emulsifier is composed of base oil 150-350, oleic acid or Na oleate 36-100, stearic acid or Na stearate 20-36, sorbitan monooleate 6-18, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether 18-40, nonionic polyacrylamide 15190, ethanol l-14 kg, proper amount of alkali solution, and balance water. The base oil is selected from diesel oil, engine oil, crude oil, and waste diesel oil. The emulsifier is prepared by mixing base oil and sorbitan monooleate, adding oleic acid and stearic acid, mixing the mixture with alkali solution, stirring for 4 h, adding alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, adding ethanol, holding at 65-85” under stirring, mixing with a solution, containing polyacrylamide at >65”, adjusting pH to 8-9, and cooling.
The thermal-oxidative stability of motor gasolines and diverse composition and origin was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) in the dynamic mode. The structural properties of the selected gasolines were determined using NMR (NMR) and gas chromatography (CC) techniques. To provide a basis for the estimation of storage stability, the gasoline samples were additionally subjected to thermal-oxidative stress under controlled conditions for a definite period of time and re-examined after completion of the period of oxidation. The results obtained were then compared with those of the unstressed samples. For the six gasolines selected the ranking obtained from this investigation was consistent with that based on the aging related physical-chemical properties determined by standard methods. The results confirm the fact that the larger the amount of olefinic and diolefinic compounds the more susceptible gasolines are to oxidation. The reliability of the method with regard to predicting of long-term storage stability was discussed.
Toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons other than 02/00172 benzo[a]pyrene: a review Pickering, R.W. J. Toxicol., Cutaneous Ocul. Toxicol., 2000, 19, (l), 55,^
02/00167 Preparation of liquid fuel capable of producing autogenous pressure Xu., M. et al. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,196,381 (Cl. CIOLl/lO), 21 Ott 1998, Appl. 97,104,015, 16 Apr 1997. 5. (In Chinese) The liquid fuel is composed of byproducts from refinery or oil fields 90-99.9, subliming pressurizing agent of hydroquinone 0.03-0.4, smoke suppressor of ferrocene 0.05-0.5, combustion improver of ethanol or THF 0.5-0.9, catalyst of diisopropylamine 0.4-0.8, and antiexplosion agent of dicycloalkenes 0.3-1.2 wt. parts. The liquid fuel also contains solvent of Et ether. 02iOOl66 Properties of bitumen from some types of peat of Tomsk region, Russia Maslov, S.G. e/ crl. K/rim. Rasrif. Syr>a, 1998, 4, 23-27. (In Russian) The extraction of bitumen from eight species of peat of Tomsk region with gasoline has been studied in this work. The indexes of extraction, composition and quality of bitumen from regular peat and transitional peat of herbaceous and herbaceous-arboreous groups of species, with degree decomposition 25%, ash 7.8% maximum correspond to the requirements for wax production. 02/00169 Test method to measure gasoline lubricity Wei, D. Mocaxue Xuehao, 2000, 20, (I), 38841. (In Chinese) The lubricity of gasoline is the least understood of all three types of liquid fuels (aviation kerosene, diesel fuel and gasoline fuel), due largely to the lack of a reliable test method for measuring the lubricity of such a much volatile and contamination sensitive material. A simple and easy-to-use HFRR gasoline test method has been successfully developed by (i) redesigning the fuel bath/reciprocating ball holder system to solve the high volatility problem of gasoline in HFRR tests, (ii) enclosing HRFF in a sealable Perspex box with a hole fitted with a ground Perspex plug for convenient humidity control, (iii) using water vapour pressure (WVP) instead of relative humidity (RH) as an index of humidity to correctly reflect the true water content in the air, and (iv) designing a very strict cleaning procedure so as to avoid cross contamination and guarantee good repeatability. It has been found that HFRR test method has good repeatability and differentiating ability. 02lOOl70 The structure and reactivity of heavy hydrocarbons Speight, J.G. Prepr. Symp. - Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 2000, 45, (2), 195-199. The identification of the molecular constituents of coal is an exceptionally formidable, if not impossible, task. And yet, significant advances have been made recently in bringing about an understanding of the molecular nature of coal. As always, there are, and will be, serious questions about the need for such an understanding, relative to the use-of coal, but the knowledge gained can often help offset a difficult-to-understand aspect of a processing sequence. Thus, it can be argued that understanding of the chemical nature of coal constituents is, just like an understanding of the chemical and thermal behaviour of coal, a valuable part of projecting the successful use of coal for conversion and/or utilization processes or as a source of chemicals. Thus the derivations of hypothetical and representative models are of some value. It is, therefore, the purpose of this article to present some indication of the methods that allow coal to be defined in terms of structural entities and also to include an assessment of the various molecular structures proposed for coal. 02/00171 Thermal-oxidative stability of motor gasolines Zanioer, A., Jackie, H.W. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle, 2000, 116, (3), 1099 115. (In German) 16
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2002
bl.
A review and discussion with 33 references. Much of the discussion about coal tar concentrations on the toxicological properties and safety limits of benzo[a]pyrene (BP). This chemical has been studied in depth by research scientists and a great deal of relevant data has been published. In addition to BP there are many more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in coal tar and of these, some of the commonest are benzo[a]anthracene (BA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA). The purpose of this review is to survey the published data relating to the toxicity and safety of each of these chemicals. Although the review will be examining the safety profile of the individual chemicals, there is evidence to show that when PAH are in combination, as in the case of a complex mixture such as coal tar, their individual biological activity can be modified. This will be discussed in more detail. Much of the reported data regarding the safety of these chemicals have been related to their ingestion or inhalation, especially in animals. Very few data could be found regarding the safety of the chemicals and their absorption and metabolism after topical application. This report will concentrate on dermal application. Where the effects of PAH in humans have been described, these generally have been through extrapolation of data obtained from studies with coal tar or coal tar products.
Toxicity of rocket fuels: comparison of hydrogen 02/00173 peroxide with current propellants Mattie, D.R. CPIA P&l., 1999, 687, 215-218. A review and discussion with many references. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide and current exposure limits will be presented in this paper. Toxicity data and exposure limits will also be presented for unleaded gasoline, kerosene and hydrazine. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide will be compared to gasoline, which is universally known and used by everyone as a fuel. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide will also be compared to kerosene, one of the first propellants, and to hydrazine, which is very toxic and a candidate for replacement by a less toxic compound.
Ultra clean transportation fuels for the 21st 02/00174 century: the Fischer-Tropsch option - an overview Shen, J. et crl. Prepr. - Am. chemical SW.. Div. Pet. chemical, 2000, 45, (2). 190-193.
A review with 16 references. This paper will update the efforts of US DOE in developing a novel slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch technology in application to cogenerate electricity, transportation fuels, and high value chemicals, based on syngas from coal and other domestic carbonaceous feedstocks.
02/00175 Well-drilling fluid emulsifier Rong, G. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 1,215,075 (Cl. C09K7/02), 28 Apr 1999, Appl. 98,112,983, 28 Sep 1998. 6. (In Chinese) The emulsifier is composed of base oil 150-350, oleic acid or Na oleate 36-100, stearic acid or Na stearate 20-36, sorbitan monooleate 6-18, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether 18-40, nonionic polyacrylamide 15190, ethanol l-14 kg, proper amount of alkali solution, and balance water. The base oil is selected from diesel oil, engine oil, crude oil, and waste diesel oil. The emulsifier is prepared by mixing base oil and sorbitan monooleate, adding oleic acid and stearic acid, mixing the mixture with alkali solution, stirring for 4 h, adding alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, adding ethanol, holding at 65-85” under stirring, mixing with a solution, containing polyacrylamide at >65”, adjusting pH to 8-9, and cooling.