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Well kill (quenching) study of thermal producers in the South Belridge field, California
20A
SITE INVESTIGATIONS:BOREHOLES
data integration. These procedures can result in a reduced uncertainty, which transmits through to reservoir appraisal through a better petrophysical definition of constituent lithological units. (from Author)
951141 Optimal control of three-dimensional steamflooding processes Wei Liu & F. Ramirez, Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 11(2), 1994, pp 137-154. A system science approach using optimal control theory of distributed parameter systems has been developed to determine operating strategies that maximize the economic profitability of the steamflooding processes. Necessary conditions of optimization are established by using the discrete form of calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The performance of this approach is investigated through two actual three-dimeusional steamflooding projects. (from Authors)
951142 Evaluation of rheologicni models and application to flow regime determination S. Khataniar, G. A. Chukwu & Hua Xu, Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 11(2), 1994, pp 155-164. In this study, the following rbeological models were used to predict shear stress as a function of shear rate in several mud samples: Bingham Plastic, Power Law, Hcrschei-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff. The first objective of this study was to identify the model that provided the best overall match of the experimentally observed rhenlogical data. The RobertsonStiff model provided the best, and the Bingham Plastic model provided the worst overall prediction of rbeologieal behavior. The second objective was to develop a new method for determination of flow regimes in pipe flow using the Hcrscbel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff models. The proposed method has been shown to predict the onset of turbulence in pipe flow more accurately than the conventional method for Bingham Plastic and Power Law models. (from Author)
951143 A systematic approach for the prevention and treatment of formation damage caused by nsphnitene deposition K. J. Leontaritis, J. O. Amaefule & R. E. Charles, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 157-164. Asphaltene plugging is a known cause of near-weUbore formation damage. Deposited asphaltenes can reduce effective hydrocarbon mobility by: 1) blocking the pore throats; 2) adsorbing onto the rock, thereby altering the formation wettability from water-wet to oil-wet; and 3) increasing hydrocarbon viscosity by nucleating water-in-oil emulsions. This paper presents a systematic approach to successful diagnosis, prevention, and mitigation of asphaltene problems during recovery of asphaltenic oils. A mechanism of asphaltene fiocculation and deposition is proposed and analyzed, and the previously defined concept of asphaltene deposition envelope is further refined. Diagnostic technology is presented that can test the compatibility of drilling and completion fluids with any asphaltenic oil. Finally, the paper presents a methodology for restoring unfavorable wettability changes caused by asphaltene deposition. (from Authors)
951144 Well kill (quenching) study of thermal producers in the South Belridge field, California J. W. Fram, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 165170.
This paper presents a field study confirming that damage occurs during kill (quenching) operations of thermal producers in the South Belridge field, Kern County, CA. Implementation of the recommendations from this study are expected to decrease damage that occurs during quenching by an average of 0.5 BOPD/kill. Results indicate that producers completed with openhole, gravel-packed, slotted liners in high-permeability sandstones can sustain substantial, irreversible damage when subjected to unfiltered producedwater kills. The damage results when previously produced sand and fines, which have settled in the towline, are reinjected into the wellbore. Methods of determining waterquality specifications needed to minimize damage that occurs during well kills are outlined. The approach presented can be used to identify and quantify damage in any field where producers require kills before workover operations. The current recommended kill procedure is also included. (from Author) 951145 Simple method predicts downhole shaped-charge gun performance R. E. Ott, W. T. Bell, J. W. Harrigan Jr & T. G. Golian, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 171-178. A simple method is proposed for predicting downhole shaped-charge gun performance based on the use of API RP 43, Edition 5, Sec. 1 data. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated, allaying past concerns regarding the translation of data from Sec. 1 nonrock, nonstressed concrete targets to downhole conditions. The new method is based on an observed linear relationship between Edition 5, Sec. I and Sec. 2 penetration information. The applicability of the wellknown Thompson relationship between formation compressive strength and perforator penetration to Edition 5, Sec. 2 and therefore to Sec. I data is shown. Incorporating necessary corrections for casing entrance hole size, downbole effective formation stress, and casing configurations different from those in the API test completes the translation of surface data to downhole conditions. (from Authors) 951146 Aspects of wellbore heat transfer dm-ing two-phase flow A. R. Hasan & C. S. Kabir, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 211-216. Welibore fluid temperature is governed by the rate of heat loss from the wellbore to the surrounding formation, which in turn is a function of depth and production/injection time. An approach to estimate wellbore fluid temperature during steady-state two phase flow is presented. The method incorporates a new solution of the thermal diffusivity equation and the effect of both conductive and convective heat transport for the wellbore/formation system. A field example is used to illustrate the fluid temperature calculation procedure and shows the importance of accounting for convection in the tubing/easing annulus. A sensitivity study shows that significant differences exist between the predicted wellhead temperature and the formation surface temperature and that the fluid temperature gradient is nonlinear. The expression for fluid temperature developed for single-phase flow should not be applied when multiphase flow is encountered. (from Authors) 951147 The use of borehole imaging techniques in the exploration for stratigraphic traps: an example from the Middle Devonian GHwood channels in north-centrni Alberta R. N. Dueck & E. F. W. Paauwe, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 42(2), 1994, pp 137-154. Borehole imaging techniques based on microconductivity changes in the rock, such as employed by Schlumberger's
SITE INVESTIGATIONS:BOREHOLES
data integration. These procedures can result in a reduced uncertainty, which transmits through to reservoir appraisal through a better petrophysical definition of constituent lithological units. (from Author)
951141 Optimal control of three-dimensional steamflooding processes Wei Liu & F. Ramirez, Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 11(2), 1994, pp 137-154. A system science approach using optimal control theory of distributed parameter systems has been developed to determine operating strategies that maximize the economic profitability of the steamflooding processes. Necessary conditions of optimization are established by using the discrete form of calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. The performance of this approach is investigated through two actual three-dimeusional steamflooding projects. (from Authors)
951142 Evaluation of rheologicni models and application to flow regime determination S. Khataniar, G. A. Chukwu & Hua Xu, Journal of Petroleum Science & Engineering, 11(2), 1994, pp 155-164. In this study, the following rbeological models were used to predict shear stress as a function of shear rate in several mud samples: Bingham Plastic, Power Law, Hcrschei-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff. The first objective of this study was to identify the model that provided the best overall match of the experimentally observed rhenlogical data. The RobertsonStiff model provided the best, and the Bingham Plastic model provided the worst overall prediction of rbeologieal behavior. The second objective was to develop a new method for determination of flow regimes in pipe flow using the Hcrscbel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff models. The proposed method has been shown to predict the onset of turbulence in pipe flow more accurately than the conventional method for Bingham Plastic and Power Law models. (from Author)
951143 A systematic approach for the prevention and treatment of formation damage caused by nsphnitene deposition K. J. Leontaritis, J. O. Amaefule & R. E. Charles, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 157-164. Asphaltene plugging is a known cause of near-weUbore formation damage. Deposited asphaltenes can reduce effective hydrocarbon mobility by: 1) blocking the pore throats; 2) adsorbing onto the rock, thereby altering the formation wettability from water-wet to oil-wet; and 3) increasing hydrocarbon viscosity by nucleating water-in-oil emulsions. This paper presents a systematic approach to successful diagnosis, prevention, and mitigation of asphaltene problems during recovery of asphaltenic oils. A mechanism of asphaltene fiocculation and deposition is proposed and analyzed, and the previously defined concept of asphaltene deposition envelope is further refined. Diagnostic technology is presented that can test the compatibility of drilling and completion fluids with any asphaltenic oil. Finally, the paper presents a methodology for restoring unfavorable wettability changes caused by asphaltene deposition. (from Authors)
951144 Well kill (quenching) study of thermal producers in the South Belridge field, California J. W. Fram, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 165170.
This paper presents a field study confirming that damage occurs during kill (quenching) operations of thermal producers in the South Belridge field, Kern County, CA. Implementation of the recommendations from this study are expected to decrease damage that occurs during quenching by an average of 0.5 BOPD/kill. Results indicate that producers completed with openhole, gravel-packed, slotted liners in high-permeability sandstones can sustain substantial, irreversible damage when subjected to unfiltered producedwater kills. The damage results when previously produced sand and fines, which have settled in the towline, are reinjected into the wellbore. Methods of determining waterquality specifications needed to minimize damage that occurs during well kills are outlined. The approach presented can be used to identify and quantify damage in any field where producers require kills before workover operations. The current recommended kill procedure is also included. (from Author) 951145 Simple method predicts downhole shaped-charge gun performance R. E. Ott, W. T. Bell, J. W. Harrigan Jr & T. G. Golian, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 171-178. A simple method is proposed for predicting downhole shaped-charge gun performance based on the use of API RP 43, Edition 5, Sec. 1 data. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated, allaying past concerns regarding the translation of data from Sec. 1 nonrock, nonstressed concrete targets to downhole conditions. The new method is based on an observed linear relationship between Edition 5, Sec. I and Sec. 2 penetration information. The applicability of the wellknown Thompson relationship between formation compressive strength and perforator penetration to Edition 5, Sec. 2 and therefore to Sec. I data is shown. Incorporating necessary corrections for casing entrance hole size, downbole effective formation stress, and casing configurations different from those in the API test completes the translation of surface data to downhole conditions. (from Authors) 951146 Aspects of wellbore heat transfer dm-ing two-phase flow A. R. Hasan & C. S. Kabir, SPE Production & Facilities, 9(3), 1994, pp 211-216. Welibore fluid temperature is governed by the rate of heat loss from the wellbore to the surrounding formation, which in turn is a function of depth and production/injection time. An approach to estimate wellbore fluid temperature during steady-state two phase flow is presented. The method incorporates a new solution of the thermal diffusivity equation and the effect of both conductive and convective heat transport for the wellbore/formation system. A field example is used to illustrate the fluid temperature calculation procedure and shows the importance of accounting for convection in the tubing/easing annulus. A sensitivity study shows that significant differences exist between the predicted wellhead temperature and the formation surface temperature and that the fluid temperature gradient is nonlinear. The expression for fluid temperature developed for single-phase flow should not be applied when multiphase flow is encountered. (from Authors) 951147 The use of borehole imaging techniques in the exploration for stratigraphic traps: an example from the Middle Devonian GHwood channels in north-centrni Alberta R. N. Dueck & E. F. W. Paauwe, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 42(2), 1994, pp 137-154. Borehole imaging techniques based on microconductivity changes in the rock, such as employed by Schlumberger's