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What adolescents know about omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and how much they consume
220
EFA & Eicosanoids 1997 - Edinburgh
P25
Poster Presentations Monday 21 July
P26
The Role of Plasma Essential Fatty Acid Composition in Coronary Heart Disease
What Adolescents Know about Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and How Much They Consume.
Fadilah Supari, Otte J Rachman, Lily I Rilantono. Department o f Cardiology Faculty o f Medicine, University o f Indonesia, Jakarta
Z. HareL S. Riggs. R. Vaz, L. White, G. Menzies, Adolescent Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Abstract: Plasma essential fatty acid (EFA) composition m a y be an important causal factor o f coronary heart disease in the Indonesian population. We k n o w that the dietary pattern o f the general population is still ideal, yet coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity have increased significantly in the recent decade. To determine whether plasma E F A composition is an important causal factor, we studied 100 men with coronary artery stenosis (CHD positive) and a control group o f 100 normal men without any stenosis in coronary arteries (CHD negative). The results (mean 4SEM) are presented as % o f fatty acids, multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the interaction between plasma E F A composition, other risk factors and coronary heart disease.
Results: CHD (+) CHD (-) AA / EPA 27.454-1.1 * 17.984-1.6 Omega 6 47.114-3.6" 64.24±5.8 Palmitate 37.994-5.6 48.794-4.8 Linoleate 35.074-5.0" 56.494-8.8 Arachidonate 29.734-2.3 30.994-3.4 Eicosapentaenoate 0.964-0.09* 6.454-4.0 O m e g a 6/omega 3 46.054-6.1 31.194-2.2 * p<0.05 The levels o f total cholesterol, triglycerides, H D L and L D L cholesterol were not significantly different between the C H D and n o n - C H D group.
Conclusion: An increased A A / E P A ratio and a decreased level o f essential fatty acids are risk factors for coronary heart disease in this population.
Omega-3 polyunsaan'ated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients for growth and development and have a role in disease prevention and attenuation of infianaruatoryprocesses. To assess whether information about health benefits of very long chain (VLC) n-3 PUFAs has reached the attention of adolescents, we examined knowledge and 24-hour n-3 PUFAs dietary intake of 1117 ninth grade adolescents (52% girls and 48% boys) attending 5 public schools. The adolescents were subsequently provided with verbal and written information on the health benefits, requirements, and dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs. Many (89%) believed that eating fish (main source ofVLC n-3 PUFAs) is healthy, may prevent heart disease (59%) and reduce blood triglycerides (45%), but only a few knew about n-3 PUFAs' role in alleviating inflammation (29%) and potential for cancer prevention (25%). Many were aware of marine sources of n-3 PUFAs, such as salmon (67%), tuna (46%), mackerel (30%), and herring (26%), but only a third (36%) knew about adequate intake ofVLC n-3 PUFAs. The main sources of n-3 PUFAs information were parents (58%) and health classes (28%), while only 21% reported that their care providers had discussed health benefits of n-3 PUFAs. About a third (36%) consumed fish at least once a week and 29% consumed fish once a month. Dislike (22% of participants) and allergy (3%) were the main reasons for rarely (<3 times/yr., 18%) or never (17%) consuming fish. Only one adolescent reported a daily fish concentrate supplement. While daily eonsumpfion oflinolenic acid was higher in boys (0.37+0.03 gin) than in girls (0.29+0.02 gm, p<0.05), daily intake of VLC n-3 PUFAs (eimosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoie acids) did not statistically differ between boys (0.02_+0.006 gin) and girls (0.03_+0.006 gin). The total intake of these n-3 PUFAs represents only 28% of the presently available (Canadian) recommended daily allowance (CRDA) for 14-15 year old boys (1.4 grn) and 27% of the CRDA for 14-15 year old gMs (1.2 gm). Adolescents are aware of the main health benefits of n-3 PUFAs but lack concrete information about dietary requirement and n-3 PUFAs content of various dietary sources. This lack ofinformalion likely contributes to adolescents' suboptimal intake of n-3 PUFAs. Adolescents' care providers, dietitians, and health teachers should develop strategies to effectively disseminate information about dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs and amounts needed to fulfill requirements for these important nutrients.
P27
P28
03-6 and 03-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Experimental Atherosclerosis Regression
Effect of the Long=term Feeding of Sardine 0il Diet on the Synaptio Membrane Fluidity and Learning Ability in Mice Suzuki, H., Tamura, M. and Ando, S.* National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, [baraki 305, Japan and *Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173, Japan
Khalilov E.M., Kochetova M.M., Lopokhin Yu.M., Institute o f Physico-Chemical Medicine, Russia More attention is paid to the creation o f antiatherogenic drugs on the basis o f 03-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) o f f i s h oils. A n d plant oils with 03-6 P U F A are used in those studies only for control purposes. Their o w n k n o w n antiatherogenic action had been, however, only in parallel with cholesterol (CH) feeding to animals, i.e. as prophylactic one. We studied the regression o f experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits under influence o f three kinds o f nature oils: corn (I), fish (II) and sunflower oil with addition o f linolenic (03-3) acid (III). Oils were given after ending o f C H diet, in 30 days course. Plasma- lipoprotein parameters, erythrocytes CH/phospholipids ratio-, and aorta damage degree (at the end o f the experiment) were measured. The llI group revealed the m o s t quick drop o f p l a s m a and erythrocyte CH, but without changes o f triglycerides, nor H D L CH. It had also the least damaged aortas - nearly a three fold reduction in comparison to spontaneous regression. Fish oil did not exert the expected antiatherogenic effect, probably because o f its hepatotoxicity for rabbits (De F o u g h et aI., 199 l). The changes in I group appear intermediate. The data indicate that the use o f large amounts o f 03-6 fatty acids from plant oils, particularly when combined with a small amount of (0-3 fatty acids, is better for the treatment o f atherosclerosis.
It has been sho~n by two or three generation studies of animals that fish oil (D~) is necessary for proper brain development and function. However, there is l i t t l e information on one generation and long-term feeding studies. We tested the effect of long-term feeding of a sardine ell diet on the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids, synaptic membrane fluidity, and learning ability in one generation mice. The mice (three weeks old) were fed a 5 % sardine oil or palm oil diet for t2 months. First of all, the learning ability of mice (13 months old) was tested. The conditioning by water drinking was perfected before the determination of the maze-learning ability. All thirsty animals aimed to drink water outside the maze exit. The time required to reach the exit and the number which mice strayed off into blind alleys in the maze were measured three times every four days by using an image processing device. After that, the lipids of brain stem were extracted, and the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) was obtained. The fatty acid composition of PE was determined by using gas chromatography. The cerebral cortices of mice were homogenized in isotonic solution, and synaptosumes were isolated by Hcoil discontinuous gradient centrifugation. The synaptic plasma membranes were prepared from the isolated synaptosomal fraction. The membrane fluidity (micraviscosity) was determined by using the fluorescence polarization method. The time required to reach the exit and number straying off into blind alleys in mice fed the sardine oil diet were reduced compared to those on the palm oil diet in the f i r s t and second t r i a l s . The resuits of fatty acid composition analysis of brain stem PE showed that the percentage of 22:6 was significantly high, but the 20:4 and 22:4 were low in mice fed the sardine oil diet when compared to the animals fed the palm oil diet. Moreover, the microviscosity of synaptic membranes of mice fed the sardine oil diet was lower than those of animals fed the palm oil diet. This means the membrane fluidity in the sardine oil diet group is higher than that in the palm oil diet group. These results suggest that the mice fed a sardine oil diet for a long period maintain a higher level of 22:6 in brain PE, a higher synaptie membrane fluidity and a higher learning ability than animals fed a palm oil diet.
EFA & Eicosanoids 1997 - Edinburgh
P25
Poster Presentations Monday 21 July
P26
The Role of Plasma Essential Fatty Acid Composition in Coronary Heart Disease
What Adolescents Know about Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and How Much They Consume.
Fadilah Supari, Otte J Rachman, Lily I Rilantono. Department o f Cardiology Faculty o f Medicine, University o f Indonesia, Jakarta
Z. HareL S. Riggs. R. Vaz, L. White, G. Menzies, Adolescent Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Abstract: Plasma essential fatty acid (EFA) composition m a y be an important causal factor o f coronary heart disease in the Indonesian population. We k n o w that the dietary pattern o f the general population is still ideal, yet coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity have increased significantly in the recent decade. To determine whether plasma E F A composition is an important causal factor, we studied 100 men with coronary artery stenosis (CHD positive) and a control group o f 100 normal men without any stenosis in coronary arteries (CHD negative). The results (mean 4SEM) are presented as % o f fatty acids, multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the interaction between plasma E F A composition, other risk factors and coronary heart disease.
Results: CHD (+) CHD (-) AA / EPA 27.454-1.1 * 17.984-1.6 Omega 6 47.114-3.6" 64.24±5.8 Palmitate 37.994-5.6 48.794-4.8 Linoleate 35.074-5.0" 56.494-8.8 Arachidonate 29.734-2.3 30.994-3.4 Eicosapentaenoate 0.964-0.09* 6.454-4.0 O m e g a 6/omega 3 46.054-6.1 31.194-2.2 * p<0.05 The levels o f total cholesterol, triglycerides, H D L and L D L cholesterol were not significantly different between the C H D and n o n - C H D group.
Conclusion: An increased A A / E P A ratio and a decreased level o f essential fatty acids are risk factors for coronary heart disease in this population.
Omega-3 polyunsaan'ated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients for growth and development and have a role in disease prevention and attenuation of infianaruatoryprocesses. To assess whether information about health benefits of very long chain (VLC) n-3 PUFAs has reached the attention of adolescents, we examined knowledge and 24-hour n-3 PUFAs dietary intake of 1117 ninth grade adolescents (52% girls and 48% boys) attending 5 public schools. The adolescents were subsequently provided with verbal and written information on the health benefits, requirements, and dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs. Many (89%) believed that eating fish (main source ofVLC n-3 PUFAs) is healthy, may prevent heart disease (59%) and reduce blood triglycerides (45%), but only a few knew about n-3 PUFAs' role in alleviating inflammation (29%) and potential for cancer prevention (25%). Many were aware of marine sources of n-3 PUFAs, such as salmon (67%), tuna (46%), mackerel (30%), and herring (26%), but only a third (36%) knew about adequate intake ofVLC n-3 PUFAs. The main sources of n-3 PUFAs information were parents (58%) and health classes (28%), while only 21% reported that their care providers had discussed health benefits of n-3 PUFAs. About a third (36%) consumed fish at least once a week and 29% consumed fish once a month. Dislike (22% of participants) and allergy (3%) were the main reasons for rarely (<3 times/yr., 18%) or never (17%) consuming fish. Only one adolescent reported a daily fish concentrate supplement. While daily eonsumpfion oflinolenic acid was higher in boys (0.37+0.03 gin) than in girls (0.29+0.02 gm, p<0.05), daily intake of VLC n-3 PUFAs (eimosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoie acids) did not statistically differ between boys (0.02_+0.006 gin) and girls (0.03_+0.006 gin). The total intake of these n-3 PUFAs represents only 28% of the presently available (Canadian) recommended daily allowance (CRDA) for 14-15 year old boys (1.4 grn) and 27% of the CRDA for 14-15 year old gMs (1.2 gm). Adolescents are aware of the main health benefits of n-3 PUFAs but lack concrete information about dietary requirement and n-3 PUFAs content of various dietary sources. This lack ofinformalion likely contributes to adolescents' suboptimal intake of n-3 PUFAs. Adolescents' care providers, dietitians, and health teachers should develop strategies to effectively disseminate information about dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs and amounts needed to fulfill requirements for these important nutrients.
P27
P28
03-6 and 03-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Experimental Atherosclerosis Regression
Effect of the Long=term Feeding of Sardine 0il Diet on the Synaptio Membrane Fluidity and Learning Ability in Mice Suzuki, H., Tamura, M. and Ando, S.* National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, [baraki 305, Japan and *Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173, Japan
Khalilov E.M., Kochetova M.M., Lopokhin Yu.M., Institute o f Physico-Chemical Medicine, Russia More attention is paid to the creation o f antiatherogenic drugs on the basis o f 03-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) o f f i s h oils. A n d plant oils with 03-6 P U F A are used in those studies only for control purposes. Their o w n k n o w n antiatherogenic action had been, however, only in parallel with cholesterol (CH) feeding to animals, i.e. as prophylactic one. We studied the regression o f experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits under influence o f three kinds o f nature oils: corn (I), fish (II) and sunflower oil with addition o f linolenic (03-3) acid (III). Oils were given after ending o f C H diet, in 30 days course. Plasma- lipoprotein parameters, erythrocytes CH/phospholipids ratio-, and aorta damage degree (at the end o f the experiment) were measured. The llI group revealed the m o s t quick drop o f p l a s m a and erythrocyte CH, but without changes o f triglycerides, nor H D L CH. It had also the least damaged aortas - nearly a three fold reduction in comparison to spontaneous regression. Fish oil did not exert the expected antiatherogenic effect, probably because o f its hepatotoxicity for rabbits (De F o u g h et aI., 199 l). The changes in I group appear intermediate. The data indicate that the use o f large amounts o f 03-6 fatty acids from plant oils, particularly when combined with a small amount of (0-3 fatty acids, is better for the treatment o f atherosclerosis.
It has been sho~n by two or three generation studies of animals that fish oil (D~) is necessary for proper brain development and function. However, there is l i t t l e information on one generation and long-term feeding studies. We tested the effect of long-term feeding of a sardine ell diet on the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids, synaptic membrane fluidity, and learning ability in one generation mice. The mice (three weeks old) were fed a 5 % sardine oil or palm oil diet for t2 months. First of all, the learning ability of mice (13 months old) was tested. The conditioning by water drinking was perfected before the determination of the maze-learning ability. All thirsty animals aimed to drink water outside the maze exit. The time required to reach the exit and the number which mice strayed off into blind alleys in the maze were measured three times every four days by using an image processing device. After that, the lipids of brain stem were extracted, and the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) was obtained. The fatty acid composition of PE was determined by using gas chromatography. The cerebral cortices of mice were homogenized in isotonic solution, and synaptosumes were isolated by Hcoil discontinuous gradient centrifugation. The synaptic plasma membranes were prepared from the isolated synaptosomal fraction. The membrane fluidity (micraviscosity) was determined by using the fluorescence polarization method. The time required to reach the exit and number straying off into blind alleys in mice fed the sardine oil diet were reduced compared to those on the palm oil diet in the f i r s t and second t r i a l s . The resuits of fatty acid composition analysis of brain stem PE showed that the percentage of 22:6 was significantly high, but the 20:4 and 22:4 were low in mice fed the sardine oil diet when compared to the animals fed the palm oil diet. Moreover, the microviscosity of synaptic membranes of mice fed the sardine oil diet was lower than those of animals fed the palm oil diet. This means the membrane fluidity in the sardine oil diet group is higher than that in the palm oil diet group. These results suggest that the mice fed a sardine oil diet for a long period maintain a higher level of 22:6 in brain PE, a higher synaptie membrane fluidity and a higher learning ability than animals fed a palm oil diet.