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What is the role for the preSMA in the recognition of facial expressions? An event related TMS study
298
Abstracts
Grossheinrich N, Rau A, Pogarell O, Hennig-Fast K, Reinl M, Karch S, Dieler A, Leicht G, Mulert C, Sterr A, Padberg F, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (Munich, DE) Background: As standard rTMS protocols exhibit after-effects of short duration and show limited efficacy as therapeutic intervention in psychiatric and neurological disorders, novel protocols, e.g. theta burst stimulation (TBS), have been developed for motor cortex stimulation and are promising approaches to enhance the effectiveness of rTMS. However, little is known about the side effect profile of such protocols. Thus, the present study investigates whether TBS is safe in terms of side effects and has effects on cognition and EEG measurements. Methods: Within two exploratory placebo-controlled, cross-over studies, 24 healthy volunteers underwent continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS) and sham TBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, N 5 12) or the medial prefrontal cortices (mPFC, N 5 12) in random order. Side effects, resting EEG, performance in a neuropsychological test battery and mood were recorded. Results: All protocols proved to be safe in terms of seizure generation. The most prominent side effect was the occurrence of vasovagal reactions after TBS. Standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) showed changes in current source density of different frequency bands in the frontal lobe with simultaneous effects in neuropsychological data. Conclusions: Although TBS protocols of the human prefrontal cortex appear to be rather safe, future studies need to explain the occurrence of vasovagal reactions with TBS. The excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of TBS reported for the motor cortex are not easily transferable to prefrontal sites. Moreover, TBS seems to exert long lasting effects after iTBS over the left DLPFC.
TMS Poster Only 185
What is the role for the preSMA in the recognition of facial expressions? An event related TMS study
Rochas V1, Brunelin J2, Poulet E1, Saoud M2, d’Amato T1, Krolak P3, Bediou B4, 1EA 41 66 Vulne´rabilite´ a` la Schizophre´nie - CH Le Vinatier (Bron, FR); 2EA 41 66 Vulne´rabilite´ a` la Schizophre´nie - CH Le Vinatier (Bron, FR); 3Inserm U821 - Dynamique Ce´re´brale et Cognition (Bron, FR); 4CISA Centre Interfacultaire en Sciences Affectives, Universite´ de Gene`ve (Gene`ve, CH) Previous research suggests that the human preSMA is involved in the production and recognition of happy facial expression, suggesting an involvement in mirror mechanisms. However, the causal relationship between preSMA activation and happiness recognition has not yet been established We applied event-related TMS (trains of 5 pulses at 10 Hz synchronized with stimulus offset) to the preSMA in comparison to stimulation applied to the vertex (control condition, within subject crossover design) while healthy participants (n 5 10) judged facial expressions varying in both category (happiness, fear, anger) and intensity (7 levels) of emotion. There was a main effect of TMS (p , 0.05) and a borderline TMS x Emotion x Intensity interaction (p 5 0.057) reflecting reduced recognition of happy (overall, p , 0.05 and at 50% intensity, p , 0.01), fearful (at 60% and 70 % intensity, ps , 0.05) and angry facial expressions (overall, p , 0.05 and at 80%, p , 0.05) for TMS over the preSMA compared to TMS over the vertex (control). Though preliminary (N 5 6, preliminary results), these results suggest that TMS over the preSMA impairs the processing of emotional expressions of high but not full intensity (when performance under in the control condition is equal or above 85%).
Our results do not support the hypothesis that the preSMA is involved in the recognition of happiness exclusively. Rather, they suggest that its activity reflects the spontaneous facial mimicry that may participate to the recognition of high- but not full-intensity emotional facial expressions in general.
TMS Poster Only 186
TMS to the frontal operculum and supramarginal gyrus disrupts planning of outcome based hand-object interactions
Tunik E1, Lo OY1, Adamovich S2, 1New York University (New York, US); 2 New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark, NJ, US) Behavioral data suggest that goal-based intentions, at least partially, inform the selection of appropriate motor commands even at the expense of an initially awkward movement (orienting the hand thumb-down when grasping an upside-down cup) if the final outcome is desirable (to drink from the cup). The neural correlates for selecting actions based on temporally-distant outcomes remain unknown. For this, 10 healthy righthanded subjects reached-to-grasp a cup placed upside-down on a table to use it for an unambiguous temporally-distant goal (grasp-to-pour water into it) or for no clear purpose (grasp-to-move it). This way, the temporally-distant goal constrained the grasp type to a thumb-down grasp in the former condition and an over-the-top grasp in the latter condition). We controlled for non-specific effects by including an arbitrary stimulusresponse association condition (lift-the-finger) and a rest condition (to ensure attention to the task). The four trial types were randomly interleaved throughout four blocks. In each block, single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied (TMS trials) or not (noTMS trials) 100ms after the instruction cue. Four cortical sites were targeted in the contralateral hemisphere: inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFGo), pars triangularis (IFGt), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS). Our data suggest two novel findings (see Figure): 1) In no-TMS trials, reaction times were faster when acting toward temporally-distant, meaningful, goals (grasp-to-pour) than responses toward more ambiguous goals (grasp-to-move) and arbitrary stimulus-response mappings (lift finger). This finding suggested that biologically relevant and more used actions can be enacted quicker than actions arbitrarily associated with a stimulus. 2) TMS-induced virtual lesions to the IFGo and SMG caused delayed reaction times (relative to noTMS trials) in the grasp-to-pour condition only. No effects were noted when TMS was delivered to aIPS or IFGt or in the other conditions, when subjects grasped the object without a clear goal of how to use it. This suggests that IFGo and SMG are critical for planning well-learned and meaningful actions.
Abstracts
Grossheinrich N, Rau A, Pogarell O, Hennig-Fast K, Reinl M, Karch S, Dieler A, Leicht G, Mulert C, Sterr A, Padberg F, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (Munich, DE) Background: As standard rTMS protocols exhibit after-effects of short duration and show limited efficacy as therapeutic intervention in psychiatric and neurological disorders, novel protocols, e.g. theta burst stimulation (TBS), have been developed for motor cortex stimulation and are promising approaches to enhance the effectiveness of rTMS. However, little is known about the side effect profile of such protocols. Thus, the present study investigates whether TBS is safe in terms of side effects and has effects on cognition and EEG measurements. Methods: Within two exploratory placebo-controlled, cross-over studies, 24 healthy volunteers underwent continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS) and sham TBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, N 5 12) or the medial prefrontal cortices (mPFC, N 5 12) in random order. Side effects, resting EEG, performance in a neuropsychological test battery and mood were recorded. Results: All protocols proved to be safe in terms of seizure generation. The most prominent side effect was the occurrence of vasovagal reactions after TBS. Standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) showed changes in current source density of different frequency bands in the frontal lobe with simultaneous effects in neuropsychological data. Conclusions: Although TBS protocols of the human prefrontal cortex appear to be rather safe, future studies need to explain the occurrence of vasovagal reactions with TBS. The excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of TBS reported for the motor cortex are not easily transferable to prefrontal sites. Moreover, TBS seems to exert long lasting effects after iTBS over the left DLPFC.
TMS Poster Only 185
What is the role for the preSMA in the recognition of facial expressions? An event related TMS study
Rochas V1, Brunelin J2, Poulet E1, Saoud M2, d’Amato T1, Krolak P3, Bediou B4, 1EA 41 66 Vulne´rabilite´ a` la Schizophre´nie - CH Le Vinatier (Bron, FR); 2EA 41 66 Vulne´rabilite´ a` la Schizophre´nie - CH Le Vinatier (Bron, FR); 3Inserm U821 - Dynamique Ce´re´brale et Cognition (Bron, FR); 4CISA Centre Interfacultaire en Sciences Affectives, Universite´ de Gene`ve (Gene`ve, CH) Previous research suggests that the human preSMA is involved in the production and recognition of happy facial expression, suggesting an involvement in mirror mechanisms. However, the causal relationship between preSMA activation and happiness recognition has not yet been established We applied event-related TMS (trains of 5 pulses at 10 Hz synchronized with stimulus offset) to the preSMA in comparison to stimulation applied to the vertex (control condition, within subject crossover design) while healthy participants (n 5 10) judged facial expressions varying in both category (happiness, fear, anger) and intensity (7 levels) of emotion. There was a main effect of TMS (p , 0.05) and a borderline TMS x Emotion x Intensity interaction (p 5 0.057) reflecting reduced recognition of happy (overall, p , 0.05 and at 50% intensity, p , 0.01), fearful (at 60% and 70 % intensity, ps , 0.05) and angry facial expressions (overall, p , 0.05 and at 80%, p , 0.05) for TMS over the preSMA compared to TMS over the vertex (control). Though preliminary (N 5 6, preliminary results), these results suggest that TMS over the preSMA impairs the processing of emotional expressions of high but not full intensity (when performance under in the control condition is equal or above 85%).
Our results do not support the hypothesis that the preSMA is involved in the recognition of happiness exclusively. Rather, they suggest that its activity reflects the spontaneous facial mimicry that may participate to the recognition of high- but not full-intensity emotional facial expressions in general.
TMS Poster Only 186
TMS to the frontal operculum and supramarginal gyrus disrupts planning of outcome based hand-object interactions
Tunik E1, Lo OY1, Adamovich S2, 1New York University (New York, US); 2 New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark, NJ, US) Behavioral data suggest that goal-based intentions, at least partially, inform the selection of appropriate motor commands even at the expense of an initially awkward movement (orienting the hand thumb-down when grasping an upside-down cup) if the final outcome is desirable (to drink from the cup). The neural correlates for selecting actions based on temporally-distant outcomes remain unknown. For this, 10 healthy righthanded subjects reached-to-grasp a cup placed upside-down on a table to use it for an unambiguous temporally-distant goal (grasp-to-pour water into it) or for no clear purpose (grasp-to-move it). This way, the temporally-distant goal constrained the grasp type to a thumb-down grasp in the former condition and an over-the-top grasp in the latter condition). We controlled for non-specific effects by including an arbitrary stimulusresponse association condition (lift-the-finger) and a rest condition (to ensure attention to the task). The four trial types were randomly interleaved throughout four blocks. In each block, single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied (TMS trials) or not (noTMS trials) 100ms after the instruction cue. Four cortical sites were targeted in the contralateral hemisphere: inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFGo), pars triangularis (IFGt), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS). Our data suggest two novel findings (see Figure): 1) In no-TMS trials, reaction times were faster when acting toward temporally-distant, meaningful, goals (grasp-to-pour) than responses toward more ambiguous goals (grasp-to-move) and arbitrary stimulus-response mappings (lift finger). This finding suggested that biologically relevant and more used actions can be enacted quicker than actions arbitrarily associated with a stimulus. 2) TMS-induced virtual lesions to the IFGo and SMG caused delayed reaction times (relative to noTMS trials) in the grasp-to-pour condition only. No effects were noted when TMS was delivered to aIPS or IFGt or in the other conditions, when subjects grasped the object without a clear goal of how to use it. This suggests that IFGo and SMG are critical for planning well-learned and meaningful actions.