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What manner of men were these
A M E R I C A N BOARD OF ORTHODONTICS
What manner
o f m e n w e r e these
Earl E. Shepardt St. Louis, Mo.
Until the publication of the historic edition of the Directory of Diplomates, very little was known to the diplomates o f the Board regarding the original Directors of the American Board of Orthodontics. The A M E R I C A N JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS has been a repository for scientific facts since 1915, as well as a wealth of editorials, but with little information on the professional forefathers whose responsibility it was to instigate and promulgate the organization that has grown to important numbers in this well-respected special branch of dentistry. Carefully chosen by the American Society of Orthodontists at the Estes Park, Colo., meeting in 1929, the average age o f the Board elected was slightly more than 52 years; the eldest m e m b e r was Albert H. Ketcham at 59 and the y o u n g e s t was Oren Oliver at 42. Although A B O diplomates are acquainted with the names of alI these orthodontists, it is of interest to publish brief biographic vignettes of the ABO pioneer directors who faced many challenges in setting up and running the first specialty board in dentistry and the second oldest in the medical field. The original m e m b e r s of the Board were elected for varying terms. Albert H. Ketcham was elected for 1 year, Alfred P. Rogers for 2 years, Lloyd S. Lourie for 3 years, B. F r a n k G r a y for 4 years, Martin Dewey for 5 years, A b r a m H o f f m a n for 6 years and Oren A. Oliver for 7 years. T h o s e elected for less than 7 years could be reappointed. Ketcham, for example, was reappointed for a second term of 1 year after his first year and then for a term o f 7 years. Albert H. Ketcharn quite naturally became the first president of the Board (Fig. 1). He was born in Whitwig, Vt., in 1870. Subsequent to his graduation from Boston Dental College in 1892, he became a clinical instructor. In 1895 Ketcham contracted pulmonary tuberculosis and m o v e d to Denver. He ultimately became head of the infirmary at Denver Dental College. In 1902 he studied orthodontia (as the specialty was then NOTE:The photographs of the Board's original directors have been copied from early publications, tDr. Shepard died May 18, 199L 8/5129264
80
known) under Edward H. Angle in St. Louis. In 1907, while practicing in Denver, he became a special lecturer on tissue response and on the use of radiographs and photography in the Angle School of Orthodontia, joining such eminent teachers as Frederick B. Noyes and Edmond Wuerpel. Ketcham occupied many positions in dentistry and orthodontia, including his position as the 1929 president of the American Society of Orthodontia and the first president of the American Board of Orthodontia the same year. He died on Dec. 6, 1935, of bronchial pneumonia. The world of orthodontics lost one of its greatest benefactors. Alfred P. Rogers (Fig. 2) was the first of the "original seven" directors to resign from the Board (in 1930 after serving only 1 year). Always interested in the work of the pediatrician, he was especially impressed by the benefits occurring from planned and supervised facial muscle exercises in conjunction with the orthodontic treatment of children. According to his research, he worked out a system of exercises to stimulate lagging growth in the maxillofacial region and to correct abnormal habits. He described this as "myofunctional therapy" in orthodontics. Frank Monroe Casto (Fig. 3) was the first "replacement director," who took a position on the Board as a director in 1930 replacing Alfred P. Rogers. He was born in 1875 in La Jolla, Calif. Casto received his DDS degree from Ohio State University in 1898. He was certified in 1930 and was immediately elected as a director of the Board. Casto finished the Angle course in 1902, after receiving his MD degree from Ohio State in 1900 and his PhD in 1902. One of the most active of all orthodontists, he became dean of the Western Reserve University Dental School in 1917. His great knowledge in all of dentistry served him well as secretary of the American Association of Orthodontists from 1917 to 1920. In 1930 Dr. Casto also served as president of the American Dental Association. He remained as a director of the American Board of Orthodontics until 1938. His illustrious career and life ended in 1965. Lloyd S. Lourie (Fig. 4) was the second of the
Vohtme 100 Number 1
American Board o f Orthodontics
Fig, 1. Albert H. Ketcham.
Fig. 2. Alfred P. Rogers.
Fig. 3. Frank M. Casto.
Fig. 4. Lloyd S. Lourie.
Fig. 5. Albert W, Crosby,
Fig. 6. Martin Dewey.
original seven directors to resign, also in 1930. He was born in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1877 and graduated from the Keokuk Dental College in 1899. After serving in Company H of the 50th regiment of the Iowa Infantry during the Spanish American War, he graduated from the Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis in 1900. Lourie was an honorary member of the Northwestern University Dental Society, as well as the University of Iowa College of Dentistry Alumni Society. At the first meetJng of the American Society of Orthodontists in 1901, he read a paper entitled "Is Orthodontia Represented by Its Techniques?" He was particularly gifted in case analysis and, because of his analytical skill, was able to correct malocclusions with a minimum of effort. Lourie retired from practice in 1938 and moved to Florida. In 1958 he and Mrs. Lourie moved back to Peoria, [11., to live with their son, but he died the next year of a cerebral hemorrhage. Albert William Crosby (Fig. 5) succeeded Lloyd Lourie on the Board in 1930 and served out his unexpired term. Dr. Crosby was an eminent native-born Connecticut orthodontist who contributed much to the development of dentistry in his state, as well as nationally as a trustee of the American Dental Association, OKU, and as a Horace Wells Club member. A
81
long-time member of the faculty of Yale University School of Medicine, he also served as attending orthodontist at New York University, where he graduated in 1892. Shortly after his term on the American Board he died on Nov. 11, 1 9 3 8 - - a distinguished and highly respected leader of the orthodontic specialty. Martin Dewey (Fig. 6) has often been considered the most popular and active practitioner in the field of orthodontics. He became an orthodontist on completion of the Angle School course, after his graduation from the University of Iowa in 1902. To completely occupy his time as an Angle student, he proceeded to earn an MD degree by attending a medical school in St. Louis. He taught with Angle until they disagreed on the role of extraction. He then established a private practice and a school of Orthodontics in Kansas City at a time when the future of orthodontics as a specialty was speculative. During a career that involved much public speaking, Dr. Dewey served for 17 years as the first editor of the ]INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS (now
known as the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS), which was founded by H.C. Pollock and C.V. Mosby in 1915. A lengthy r6sum6 of Dr. Dewey's life was carried in the May 1957 issue of the AMERICAN JOURNALOF ORTHODON-
82
American Board of Orthodontics
A,,. J.
Orthod, Dentofac. Orthop. July 1991
!"i: : :=
Fig. 7. Harry E. Kelsey.
Fig. 10. Oren A. Oliver.
Fig. 8. Abram Hoffman.
Fig. 9. Charles R. Baker.
Fig. 11. Bernard D. De Vries.
Fig, 12. B. Frank Gray.
Fig. 13. OLiver W. White.
TICS. Of such national significance was his life that, on the night of his death, the news was carried on the early morning electric tape atop the Times Building in New York City's Times Square. The date was Dec. 7, 1933. Harry Estes Kelsey (Fig. 7) replaced Dr. Dewey as director, serving until 1941. He was a stalwart person in orthodontics on the East Coast, having graduated
from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1896. He remained with his Alma Mater until 1925 as a teacher and was professor of orthodontia when he resigned. In the 1930s Dr. Kelsey became interested in Tweed's technique of treatment saying, "If I were a younger man, I would certainly study and try Tweed's philosophy and methods." Dr. Kelsey was also a member of the European Orthodontic Society and was the type of professional man badly needed during orthodontics' formative years. Abram Hoffman (Fig. 8), an original member of the Board, was born in White Plains, N.Y. His parents were prominent pioneers of the state of New York, with a heritage going back to the Revolutionary War. Dr. Hoffman's preliminary education was attained at the Clinton Liberal Institute in White Plains. He graduated from the University of Buffalo Dental School in 1899. He served as professor of orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry from 1907 to 1919. Later he served as head of the department of orthodontics of the University of New York from 1924 to 1927. In 1927 he
Volume 100 Number 1
became head of the Department of Orthodontics and dean of students at Northwestern University Dental School. He remained at Northwestern until his retirement in 1939. Dr. Hoffman was active in many professional and service clubs. In 1951 he moved to Florida, where he lived until his death. Charles Reeder Baker (Fig. 9) replaced the retiring Abram Hoffman as director of the American Board of Orthodontics in 1935. Dr. Baker was undoubtedly one of the best-loved orthodontists in the state of Illinois, as well as the entire Association of Orthodontics. In 1925 he was a founding member, with Frederick B. Noyes, Lloyd Lourie, and James Burrill, of the Chicago Association of Orthodontists. As B. F. Dewel once said, "Dr. Baker's many assignments were not simple posts of honor, they were working jobs that called for ability, integrity, and devotion." In 1954 to show its recognition in some small way, the American Association of Orthodontists awarded its highest honor to Dr. Baker. This was the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award, and no one ever deserved it more. The Association's library is also named the Charles R. Baker Reference Library. Oren Austin Oliver (Fig. 10) was one of the outstanding representatives of the dental profession and served as president of practically every organization he ever belonged to, including the American Dental Association. He also mastered the Mershon technique and added ways and means of using it to great advantage in orthodontic treatment. Even long past his elected term on the American Board of Orthodontics, he continued to work for all of dentistry and participated in many postgraduate courses. Bernard D. de Vries (Fig. 11) was elected as a Board director after the death of Dr. Ketcham in 1936. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1910, practiced several months with his father, then returned to the University of Michigan. He then went to Berlin, Germany, in 1911 into an association with William G. Law, one of the principal founders of the European Orthodontic Society. His contributions and influence greatly raised the standards of orthodontics. Dr. de Vries was a member of the Board from 1936 to 1949. The first 5 years were to fill out the unexpired term of Dr. Ketcham and the succeeding 7 years were by reappointment.
American Board of Orthodontics
83
B. Frank Gray (Fig. 12), an original Board director, was also secretary of the Board. Dr. Gray was born in New Richmond, Ohio, in 1872 and graduated from the Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery in 1899. As a young practitioner, Dr. Gray located in Colorado and spent many years in the practice of orthodontics in Colorado Springs and in Denver. Always active in dental circles, he served on the Colorado State Board of Dental Examiners and filled positions of responsibility in the Colorado State Dental Society. Oliver W. White (Fig. 13) replaced Frank Casto, the last of the seven original members of the Board. Dr. White was born in Chatham, Ontario, in 1876 and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1898. After several years as a general practitioner, he enrolled in the second course of training in orthodontics given by Angle in St. Louis. He returned to Detroit and engaged in the practice of orthodontics. In 1940, at the dedication of the W. K. Kellogg Graduate and Postgraduate Institute, the University of Michigan conferred the degree of Master of Science on him in recognition of his contributions to postgraduate dental education. Dr. White's activities in dentistry were recognized in many ways by the dental population of the state of Michigan. His activity on the American Board of Orthodontics extended from 1938 to 1948. Of the seven original American Board of Orthodontics directors, including Dr. Ketcham, five served as president of the American (Society) Association of Orthodontists: Lloyd S. Lourie in 1904, B. Frank Gray in 1910, Martin Dewey in 1922, Albert H. Ketcham in 1929, and Oren A. Oliver in 1930. Dr. Dewey and Dr. Oliver were also presidents of the American Dental Association. In the year after the death of Dr. Ketcham, the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award was established and the initial recipient was John Valentine Mershon, one of the greatest clinical orthodontists of that day (1937). Two of the original Board members were awarded the Ketcham Award: Alfred Paul Rogers, the orthodontist who was most interested in muscle function, and Oren A. Oliver, who continued the work of John Mershon and established the labiolingual mechanism as a viable entity in orthodontic therapy.
What manner
o f m e n w e r e these
Earl E. Shepardt St. Louis, Mo.
Until the publication of the historic edition of the Directory of Diplomates, very little was known to the diplomates o f the Board regarding the original Directors of the American Board of Orthodontics. The A M E R I C A N JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS has been a repository for scientific facts since 1915, as well as a wealth of editorials, but with little information on the professional forefathers whose responsibility it was to instigate and promulgate the organization that has grown to important numbers in this well-respected special branch of dentistry. Carefully chosen by the American Society of Orthodontists at the Estes Park, Colo., meeting in 1929, the average age o f the Board elected was slightly more than 52 years; the eldest m e m b e r was Albert H. Ketcham at 59 and the y o u n g e s t was Oren Oliver at 42. Although A B O diplomates are acquainted with the names of alI these orthodontists, it is of interest to publish brief biographic vignettes of the ABO pioneer directors who faced many challenges in setting up and running the first specialty board in dentistry and the second oldest in the medical field. The original m e m b e r s of the Board were elected for varying terms. Albert H. Ketcham was elected for 1 year, Alfred P. Rogers for 2 years, Lloyd S. Lourie for 3 years, B. F r a n k G r a y for 4 years, Martin Dewey for 5 years, A b r a m H o f f m a n for 6 years and Oren A. Oliver for 7 years. T h o s e elected for less than 7 years could be reappointed. Ketcham, for example, was reappointed for a second term of 1 year after his first year and then for a term o f 7 years. Albert H. Ketcharn quite naturally became the first president of the Board (Fig. 1). He was born in Whitwig, Vt., in 1870. Subsequent to his graduation from Boston Dental College in 1892, he became a clinical instructor. In 1895 Ketcham contracted pulmonary tuberculosis and m o v e d to Denver. He ultimately became head of the infirmary at Denver Dental College. In 1902 he studied orthodontia (as the specialty was then NOTE:The photographs of the Board's original directors have been copied from early publications, tDr. Shepard died May 18, 199L 8/5129264
80
known) under Edward H. Angle in St. Louis. In 1907, while practicing in Denver, he became a special lecturer on tissue response and on the use of radiographs and photography in the Angle School of Orthodontia, joining such eminent teachers as Frederick B. Noyes and Edmond Wuerpel. Ketcham occupied many positions in dentistry and orthodontia, including his position as the 1929 president of the American Society of Orthodontia and the first president of the American Board of Orthodontia the same year. He died on Dec. 6, 1935, of bronchial pneumonia. The world of orthodontics lost one of its greatest benefactors. Alfred P. Rogers (Fig. 2) was the first of the "original seven" directors to resign from the Board (in 1930 after serving only 1 year). Always interested in the work of the pediatrician, he was especially impressed by the benefits occurring from planned and supervised facial muscle exercises in conjunction with the orthodontic treatment of children. According to his research, he worked out a system of exercises to stimulate lagging growth in the maxillofacial region and to correct abnormal habits. He described this as "myofunctional therapy" in orthodontics. Frank Monroe Casto (Fig. 3) was the first "replacement director," who took a position on the Board as a director in 1930 replacing Alfred P. Rogers. He was born in 1875 in La Jolla, Calif. Casto received his DDS degree from Ohio State University in 1898. He was certified in 1930 and was immediately elected as a director of the Board. Casto finished the Angle course in 1902, after receiving his MD degree from Ohio State in 1900 and his PhD in 1902. One of the most active of all orthodontists, he became dean of the Western Reserve University Dental School in 1917. His great knowledge in all of dentistry served him well as secretary of the American Association of Orthodontists from 1917 to 1920. In 1930 Dr. Casto also served as president of the American Dental Association. He remained as a director of the American Board of Orthodontics until 1938. His illustrious career and life ended in 1965. Lloyd S. Lourie (Fig. 4) was the second of the
Vohtme 100 Number 1
American Board o f Orthodontics
Fig, 1. Albert H. Ketcham.
Fig. 2. Alfred P. Rogers.
Fig. 3. Frank M. Casto.
Fig. 4. Lloyd S. Lourie.
Fig. 5. Albert W, Crosby,
Fig. 6. Martin Dewey.
original seven directors to resign, also in 1930. He was born in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1877 and graduated from the Keokuk Dental College in 1899. After serving in Company H of the 50th regiment of the Iowa Infantry during the Spanish American War, he graduated from the Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis in 1900. Lourie was an honorary member of the Northwestern University Dental Society, as well as the University of Iowa College of Dentistry Alumni Society. At the first meetJng of the American Society of Orthodontists in 1901, he read a paper entitled "Is Orthodontia Represented by Its Techniques?" He was particularly gifted in case analysis and, because of his analytical skill, was able to correct malocclusions with a minimum of effort. Lourie retired from practice in 1938 and moved to Florida. In 1958 he and Mrs. Lourie moved back to Peoria, [11., to live with their son, but he died the next year of a cerebral hemorrhage. Albert William Crosby (Fig. 5) succeeded Lloyd Lourie on the Board in 1930 and served out his unexpired term. Dr. Crosby was an eminent native-born Connecticut orthodontist who contributed much to the development of dentistry in his state, as well as nationally as a trustee of the American Dental Association, OKU, and as a Horace Wells Club member. A
81
long-time member of the faculty of Yale University School of Medicine, he also served as attending orthodontist at New York University, where he graduated in 1892. Shortly after his term on the American Board he died on Nov. 11, 1 9 3 8 - - a distinguished and highly respected leader of the orthodontic specialty. Martin Dewey (Fig. 6) has often been considered the most popular and active practitioner in the field of orthodontics. He became an orthodontist on completion of the Angle School course, after his graduation from the University of Iowa in 1902. To completely occupy his time as an Angle student, he proceeded to earn an MD degree by attending a medical school in St. Louis. He taught with Angle until they disagreed on the role of extraction. He then established a private practice and a school of Orthodontics in Kansas City at a time when the future of orthodontics as a specialty was speculative. During a career that involved much public speaking, Dr. Dewey served for 17 years as the first editor of the ]INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS (now
known as the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS), which was founded by H.C. Pollock and C.V. Mosby in 1915. A lengthy r6sum6 of Dr. Dewey's life was carried in the May 1957 issue of the AMERICAN JOURNALOF ORTHODON-
82
American Board of Orthodontics
A,,. J.
Orthod, Dentofac. Orthop. July 1991
!"i: : :=
Fig. 7. Harry E. Kelsey.
Fig. 10. Oren A. Oliver.
Fig. 8. Abram Hoffman.
Fig. 9. Charles R. Baker.
Fig. 11. Bernard D. De Vries.
Fig, 12. B. Frank Gray.
Fig. 13. OLiver W. White.
TICS. Of such national significance was his life that, on the night of his death, the news was carried on the early morning electric tape atop the Times Building in New York City's Times Square. The date was Dec. 7, 1933. Harry Estes Kelsey (Fig. 7) replaced Dr. Dewey as director, serving until 1941. He was a stalwart person in orthodontics on the East Coast, having graduated
from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1896. He remained with his Alma Mater until 1925 as a teacher and was professor of orthodontia when he resigned. In the 1930s Dr. Kelsey became interested in Tweed's technique of treatment saying, "If I were a younger man, I would certainly study and try Tweed's philosophy and methods." Dr. Kelsey was also a member of the European Orthodontic Society and was the type of professional man badly needed during orthodontics' formative years. Abram Hoffman (Fig. 8), an original member of the Board, was born in White Plains, N.Y. His parents were prominent pioneers of the state of New York, with a heritage going back to the Revolutionary War. Dr. Hoffman's preliminary education was attained at the Clinton Liberal Institute in White Plains. He graduated from the University of Buffalo Dental School in 1899. He served as professor of orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry from 1907 to 1919. Later he served as head of the department of orthodontics of the University of New York from 1924 to 1927. In 1927 he
Volume 100 Number 1
became head of the Department of Orthodontics and dean of students at Northwestern University Dental School. He remained at Northwestern until his retirement in 1939. Dr. Hoffman was active in many professional and service clubs. In 1951 he moved to Florida, where he lived until his death. Charles Reeder Baker (Fig. 9) replaced the retiring Abram Hoffman as director of the American Board of Orthodontics in 1935. Dr. Baker was undoubtedly one of the best-loved orthodontists in the state of Illinois, as well as the entire Association of Orthodontics. In 1925 he was a founding member, with Frederick B. Noyes, Lloyd Lourie, and James Burrill, of the Chicago Association of Orthodontists. As B. F. Dewel once said, "Dr. Baker's many assignments were not simple posts of honor, they were working jobs that called for ability, integrity, and devotion." In 1954 to show its recognition in some small way, the American Association of Orthodontists awarded its highest honor to Dr. Baker. This was the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award, and no one ever deserved it more. The Association's library is also named the Charles R. Baker Reference Library. Oren Austin Oliver (Fig. 10) was one of the outstanding representatives of the dental profession and served as president of practically every organization he ever belonged to, including the American Dental Association. He also mastered the Mershon technique and added ways and means of using it to great advantage in orthodontic treatment. Even long past his elected term on the American Board of Orthodontics, he continued to work for all of dentistry and participated in many postgraduate courses. Bernard D. de Vries (Fig. 11) was elected as a Board director after the death of Dr. Ketcham in 1936. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1910, practiced several months with his father, then returned to the University of Michigan. He then went to Berlin, Germany, in 1911 into an association with William G. Law, one of the principal founders of the European Orthodontic Society. His contributions and influence greatly raised the standards of orthodontics. Dr. de Vries was a member of the Board from 1936 to 1949. The first 5 years were to fill out the unexpired term of Dr. Ketcham and the succeeding 7 years were by reappointment.
American Board of Orthodontics
83
B. Frank Gray (Fig. 12), an original Board director, was also secretary of the Board. Dr. Gray was born in New Richmond, Ohio, in 1872 and graduated from the Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery in 1899. As a young practitioner, Dr. Gray located in Colorado and spent many years in the practice of orthodontics in Colorado Springs and in Denver. Always active in dental circles, he served on the Colorado State Board of Dental Examiners and filled positions of responsibility in the Colorado State Dental Society. Oliver W. White (Fig. 13) replaced Frank Casto, the last of the seven original members of the Board. Dr. White was born in Chatham, Ontario, in 1876 and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1898. After several years as a general practitioner, he enrolled in the second course of training in orthodontics given by Angle in St. Louis. He returned to Detroit and engaged in the practice of orthodontics. In 1940, at the dedication of the W. K. Kellogg Graduate and Postgraduate Institute, the University of Michigan conferred the degree of Master of Science on him in recognition of his contributions to postgraduate dental education. Dr. White's activities in dentistry were recognized in many ways by the dental population of the state of Michigan. His activity on the American Board of Orthodontics extended from 1938 to 1948. Of the seven original American Board of Orthodontics directors, including Dr. Ketcham, five served as president of the American (Society) Association of Orthodontists: Lloyd S. Lourie in 1904, B. Frank Gray in 1910, Martin Dewey in 1922, Albert H. Ketcham in 1929, and Oren A. Oliver in 1930. Dr. Dewey and Dr. Oliver were also presidents of the American Dental Association. In the year after the death of Dr. Ketcham, the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial Award was established and the initial recipient was John Valentine Mershon, one of the greatest clinical orthodontists of that day (1937). Two of the original Board members were awarded the Ketcham Award: Alfred Paul Rogers, the orthodontist who was most interested in muscle function, and Oren A. Oliver, who continued the work of John Mershon and established the labiolingual mechanism as a viable entity in orthodontic therapy.