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Whose post-traumatic stress affects drinking levels? Couple-dyad modeling of national guard service members and their partners
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85
Whose post-traumatic stress affects drinking levels? Couple-dyad modeling of national guard service members and their partners Sundari Balan, Carissa van den Berk-Clark, M. Shroff, G. Widner, J. Scherrer, Rumi K. Price Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States Aims: Studies among military families suggest that National Guard service members and their family members engage in hazardous drinking (“alcohol consumption which confers the risk of physical and/or psychological harm”) post deployment, especially when post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is present in the family. Few studies have examined relative individual and couple PTSD effects; gender role may further complicate post deployment experience in the family. We chose heterosexual couples where one or both members had recently returned from deployment to examine the role of self and partner’s PTSD on alcohol use and whether gender moderates the strength of this relationship. Methods: Service members and their partners attending a National Guard reintegration event were recruited to participate in an in-depth telephone interview at approximately 2–4 months post deployment. Only dyad couples are included (n = 156 couples) and were separately interviewed. The outcome measure is sum of Alcohol use disorder identification test items (AUDIT). Predictors of interest are high PTSD checklist score (≥45) for self and partner, gender and recent deployment. We used multilevel modeling for dyads, and hierarchical techniques to account for effects of age, race, education, employment, parenthood, negative childhood events and additional predictors in stepwise models. Results: Our preliminary results suggest that individuals and partner’s drinking levels were significantly correlated. Although, overall men were drinking more than women, this pattern was reversed when introducing dyadic and individual confounders. PTSD is significantly associated with alcohol use levels only among those deployed, as expected; Women, not men, had increased drinking levels with PTSD (b = −4.11, p < .01), reaching closer to men’s drinking levels. Conclusions: Individual’s own PTSD levels affected drinking, relative to partner’s effects with no evidence for cross-dyad effect. Women with PTSD had higher drinking levels than those without PTSD. Financial support: NIDA T32DA007313; DoD W81XWU1120108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.048 Effects of childhood trauma on psychopathology, risky sex, aggression, and emotion dysregulation among inpatient substance users Anne N. Banducci, E. Hoffman, C.W. Lejuez, L. MacPherson Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Aims: Elevated rates of childhood abuse are reported by adults with substance use disorders (SUDs). Research among youth has demonstrated that specific types of abuse lead to particular negative outcomes; it is not known whether this pattern holds for adults with SUDs. We hypothesized that more generally, childhood abuse would lead to psychopathology and more specifically, sexual abuse (SA) would lead to risky sex, physical abuse (PA) would lead
to aggressive behaviors, and emotional abuse (EA) would lead to emotion dysregulation in substance users. Methods: 280 inpatients in substance use treatment completed the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the HIV Risk-Taking Behavior Scale, a legal status questionnaire, the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Results: Using regression, higher scores on the CTQ were associated with elevated rates of psychiatric and SUDs (ˇ = .387, t(268) = 6.83, p < .001). The CTQ Sexual Abuse subscale predicted exchanging sex for cocaine (ˇ = .218, t(259) = 2.68, p = .008) and for heroin (ˇ = .317, t(259) = 2.27, p = .026); PA, and EA were nonsignificant (NS) predictors. The Sexual Abuse subscale predicted number of arrests for prostitution (ˇ = .212, t(272) = 2.87, p = .004), engaging in unprotected sex with a casual partner (ˇ = .156, t(272) = 2.06, p = .041), and experiencing low sexual arousal when sober (ˇ = −.151, t(268) = −2.06, p = .041); PA and EA were NS predictors. The Physical Abuse subscale predicted number of arrests and charges for assault (ˇ = .324, t(268) = 3.57, p < .001), and weapons offenses (ˇ = .274, t(268) = 3.06, p = .002); EA and SA were NS predictors. The Emotional Abuse sub-scale predicted the DERS total (ˇ = .614, t(272) = 3.90, p < .001) and predicted lower levels of distress tolerance on the DTS (ˇ = −.461, t(272) = −2.69, p = .009); PA and SA were NS predictors. Conclusions: Different types of childhood abuse lead to particular negative outcomes in adulthood among substance users. Financial support: This work was supported in part by NIDA grant R01 DA19405 awarded to Carl W. Lejuez. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.049 Trajectories of daily cigarette use from mid-adolescence to young adulthood: The role of depressive symptoms Cristina B. Bares 1 , Antonio Pascale 2 1
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States 2 Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay Aims: During adolescence both depressive symptoms and cigarette use are found to increase rapidly. Further, depressive symptoms have long been suggested to play a role in the onset and establishment of smoking. To date, however, whether depressive symptoms influence daily cigarette use differently for different kinds of adolescent smokers has not been established. The aim of this study is to examine if depressive symptoms influence the smoking trajectories of individual smokers followed from midadolescence to young adulthood. Methods: Participants (n = 3290) came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who were assessed at four time points. The first wave included adolescents who were between 10 and 19 years of age and they were re-contacted 4 times; at the most recent assessment participants were 22–31 years of age. The analytic sample included participants (mean age at Wave 1 = 16.01, 48% female) who reported smoking at each of the four time points. Latent class growth mixture modeling determined membership in latent classes of daily cigarette use assessed longitudinally. Results: A 3-class solution was selected, based on the BIC and the bootstrapped likelihood ratio test. The three classes were named Heavy continuous users (11%), Late-starting users (0.6%), and Occasional users (88%). Further, regression analyses examined whether depressive symptoms predicted class membership. Depressive symptoms, as assessed by the CES-D, at the initial wave were found to differentially predict class membership for the Latestarting smokers, but not for the other two classes.
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85
Whose post-traumatic stress affects drinking levels? Couple-dyad modeling of national guard service members and their partners Sundari Balan, Carissa van den Berk-Clark, M. Shroff, G. Widner, J. Scherrer, Rumi K. Price Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States Aims: Studies among military families suggest that National Guard service members and their family members engage in hazardous drinking (“alcohol consumption which confers the risk of physical and/or psychological harm”) post deployment, especially when post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is present in the family. Few studies have examined relative individual and couple PTSD effects; gender role may further complicate post deployment experience in the family. We chose heterosexual couples where one or both members had recently returned from deployment to examine the role of self and partner’s PTSD on alcohol use and whether gender moderates the strength of this relationship. Methods: Service members and their partners attending a National Guard reintegration event were recruited to participate in an in-depth telephone interview at approximately 2–4 months post deployment. Only dyad couples are included (n = 156 couples) and were separately interviewed. The outcome measure is sum of Alcohol use disorder identification test items (AUDIT). Predictors of interest are high PTSD checklist score (≥45) for self and partner, gender and recent deployment. We used multilevel modeling for dyads, and hierarchical techniques to account for effects of age, race, education, employment, parenthood, negative childhood events and additional predictors in stepwise models. Results: Our preliminary results suggest that individuals and partner’s drinking levels were significantly correlated. Although, overall men were drinking more than women, this pattern was reversed when introducing dyadic and individual confounders. PTSD is significantly associated with alcohol use levels only among those deployed, as expected; Women, not men, had increased drinking levels with PTSD (b = −4.11, p < .01), reaching closer to men’s drinking levels. Conclusions: Individual’s own PTSD levels affected drinking, relative to partner’s effects with no evidence for cross-dyad effect. Women with PTSD had higher drinking levels than those without PTSD. Financial support: NIDA T32DA007313; DoD W81XWU1120108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.048 Effects of childhood trauma on psychopathology, risky sex, aggression, and emotion dysregulation among inpatient substance users Anne N. Banducci, E. Hoffman, C.W. Lejuez, L. MacPherson Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Aims: Elevated rates of childhood abuse are reported by adults with substance use disorders (SUDs). Research among youth has demonstrated that specific types of abuse lead to particular negative outcomes; it is not known whether this pattern holds for adults with SUDs. We hypothesized that more generally, childhood abuse would lead to psychopathology and more specifically, sexual abuse (SA) would lead to risky sex, physical abuse (PA) would lead
to aggressive behaviors, and emotional abuse (EA) would lead to emotion dysregulation in substance users. Methods: 280 inpatients in substance use treatment completed the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the HIV Risk-Taking Behavior Scale, a legal status questionnaire, the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Results: Using regression, higher scores on the CTQ were associated with elevated rates of psychiatric and SUDs (ˇ = .387, t(268) = 6.83, p < .001). The CTQ Sexual Abuse subscale predicted exchanging sex for cocaine (ˇ = .218, t(259) = 2.68, p = .008) and for heroin (ˇ = .317, t(259) = 2.27, p = .026); PA, and EA were nonsignificant (NS) predictors. The Sexual Abuse subscale predicted number of arrests for prostitution (ˇ = .212, t(272) = 2.87, p = .004), engaging in unprotected sex with a casual partner (ˇ = .156, t(272) = 2.06, p = .041), and experiencing low sexual arousal when sober (ˇ = −.151, t(268) = −2.06, p = .041); PA and EA were NS predictors. The Physical Abuse subscale predicted number of arrests and charges for assault (ˇ = .324, t(268) = 3.57, p < .001), and weapons offenses (ˇ = .274, t(268) = 3.06, p = .002); EA and SA were NS predictors. The Emotional Abuse sub-scale predicted the DERS total (ˇ = .614, t(272) = 3.90, p < .001) and predicted lower levels of distress tolerance on the DTS (ˇ = −.461, t(272) = −2.69, p = .009); PA and SA were NS predictors. Conclusions: Different types of childhood abuse lead to particular negative outcomes in adulthood among substance users. Financial support: This work was supported in part by NIDA grant R01 DA19405 awarded to Carl W. Lejuez. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.049 Trajectories of daily cigarette use from mid-adolescence to young adulthood: The role of depressive symptoms Cristina B. Bares 1 , Antonio Pascale 2 1
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States 2 Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay Aims: During adolescence both depressive symptoms and cigarette use are found to increase rapidly. Further, depressive symptoms have long been suggested to play a role in the onset and establishment of smoking. To date, however, whether depressive symptoms influence daily cigarette use differently for different kinds of adolescent smokers has not been established. The aim of this study is to examine if depressive symptoms influence the smoking trajectories of individual smokers followed from midadolescence to young adulthood. Methods: Participants (n = 3290) came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who were assessed at four time points. The first wave included adolescents who were between 10 and 19 years of age and they were re-contacted 4 times; at the most recent assessment participants were 22–31 years of age. The analytic sample included participants (mean age at Wave 1 = 16.01, 48% female) who reported smoking at each of the four time points. Latent class growth mixture modeling determined membership in latent classes of daily cigarette use assessed longitudinally. Results: A 3-class solution was selected, based on the BIC and the bootstrapped likelihood ratio test. The three classes were named Heavy continuous users (11%), Late-starting users (0.6%), and Occasional users (88%). Further, regression analyses examined whether depressive symptoms predicted class membership. Depressive symptoms, as assessed by the CES-D, at the initial wave were found to differentially predict class membership for the Latestarting smokers, but not for the other two classes.