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Why is speech synthesis inappropriate for control room applications?
ABSTRACTS emphasized map-terrain congruency, characteristic of an ego-centred frame of reference. Twenty skilled pilots used the maps to complete several navigational tasks that occurred within a realistic simulation program tailored for helicopter navigation. Findings revealed an interesting pattern of map-task dependencies. A componential analysis suggests that different cognitive components such as orienting and absolute object location are supported to varying degrees by properties of different frames of reference. These findings are important for designers of helicopter map displays.
23.3.31 (124252) Travis, D Effective color displays: theory and practice. Academic Press, London, 1991, 301 pp. 247 refs. The increasing use of colour in electronic displays has been a key development in the computer interface of recent years. Colour not only adds aesthetic quality to displays but is also a most effective way of conveying complex information. It has important uses in tasks where identification, coding and response times are critical. Unfortunately, many interface designers have little scientific appreciation of the effective and productive use of colour in the context of the human visual system. This book provides both the theoretical background and the practical guidelines necessary for effective use of colour in the computer display.
Display and control design 23.3.32 (124342) Jordan, P W and Johnson, G I The usability of remote control for in car stereo operation. In: Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed) Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 400--407, 8 refs. This paper describes an empirical study of the suitability of an infra-red hand-held remote control for use with a high-end car stereo set. An experiment was conducted with the main factors of remote use/conventional input, and driving/standing still using an instrumented car which enabled the logging of some driving parameters and the mixing of a video record of user behaviour. The goal of the study was to assess the effect on driving performance of stereo operation using the two different control options. Comparisons were made via examination of the primary driving variables (such as speed), measures of performance with the
214
stereo on predefined tasks, subjective measures of usability, and the NASA Task Load Index (an established measure of mental workload). The main conclusions of this study were that driving performance is significantly affected by stereo operation, and that this effect is greater when using a remote control.
23.3.33 (124345) Lacourse, J R and Hludik, F C An eye movement communicationcontrol system for the disabled. I E E E Trans on B i o m e d Engng, 1990, 37.12, 1215-1220, 11 refs. The discrete electro-oculographic control system (DECS) has been developed as a communication tool for persons with severe handicaps. The system can be used as a means of adaptive control allowing persons with handicaps, especially those with only eye motor coordination, to live more independent lives. This paper provides initial information about the design and capability of the DECS.
23.3.34 (123616) Hailer, R Experimental investigation of display reading tasks in vehicles and consequences for instrument panel design. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 197-203, 4 refs. With the increasing number of information systems, the display reading task in vehicles is becoming very important for reasons of traffic safety. Taking into account the vehicle-specific reading situation with only partial accommodation and adaptation of the eye to the instrument panel, specific design guidelines are necessary. Experimental results are reported which analyze the reading process under simulated and real traffic conditions and measure reading time (eye movement recording) and reading errors under different viewing conditions. Interesting parameters were: (1) character size and contrast, (2) position of display (peripheral legibility or conspicuity) and (3) information type (analogue, digital). Consequences are formulated especially for electronic display technology which will dominate in future automotive panels.
23.3.35 (123619) Colomb, M and Hubert, R Legibility criteria of variable-message signs. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 309-316, 7 refs. New technologies like optical fibres or light-emitting diodes are now employed for information matrix signs. A field study was carried out in order to evaluate the best conditions for the legibility of these signs both during the day and at night. As for legibility criteria, the contrast between the letters and the sign background is chosen for daylight conditions and the luminance of the letters for night conditions. The performances of some commercially available signs are compared with the results of this study. 23.3.36 (124377) Baber, C Why is speech synthesis inappropriate for control room applications? In: Contemporary
Ergonomics
1991,
E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 137-142, 17 refs. This paper addresses the potential use of synthesized speech in control room systems. It presents a review of human factors research with reference to the type of speech act which synthesized speech may be used for in a control room. From the ensuing discussion, it is concluded that synthesized speech will offer fewer benefits to control room operation than one may first assume. Some areas for future research are outlined.
Workplace and equipment design 23.3.37 (123651) Osaka, N Effects of window size and eccentricity upon eye fixation and reaction time in negotiation of curves. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 179-186, 9 refs. Eye movement, reaction time (RT) and subjective speed were measured as functions of window size (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 degrees), viewing condition (curve vs straight), and vehicle speed (20 vs 40 km/h) during VTR-based moving display using a superimposed window technique. The fixation duration was shorter in curve negotiation and frequent fixation was found along the intersection between hillside and road surface in negotiation of the curve.
A p p l i e d Ergonomics
23.3.31 (124252) Travis, D Effective color displays: theory and practice. Academic Press, London, 1991, 301 pp. 247 refs. The increasing use of colour in electronic displays has been a key development in the computer interface of recent years. Colour not only adds aesthetic quality to displays but is also a most effective way of conveying complex information. It has important uses in tasks where identification, coding and response times are critical. Unfortunately, many interface designers have little scientific appreciation of the effective and productive use of colour in the context of the human visual system. This book provides both the theoretical background and the practical guidelines necessary for effective use of colour in the computer display.
Display and control design 23.3.32 (124342) Jordan, P W and Johnson, G I The usability of remote control for in car stereo operation. In: Contemporary Ergonomics 1991, E J Lovesey (Ed) Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 400--407, 8 refs. This paper describes an empirical study of the suitability of an infra-red hand-held remote control for use with a high-end car stereo set. An experiment was conducted with the main factors of remote use/conventional input, and driving/standing still using an instrumented car which enabled the logging of some driving parameters and the mixing of a video record of user behaviour. The goal of the study was to assess the effect on driving performance of stereo operation using the two different control options. Comparisons were made via examination of the primary driving variables (such as speed), measures of performance with the
214
stereo on predefined tasks, subjective measures of usability, and the NASA Task Load Index (an established measure of mental workload). The main conclusions of this study were that driving performance is significantly affected by stereo operation, and that this effect is greater when using a remote control.
23.3.33 (124345) Lacourse, J R and Hludik, F C An eye movement communicationcontrol system for the disabled. I E E E Trans on B i o m e d Engng, 1990, 37.12, 1215-1220, 11 refs. The discrete electro-oculographic control system (DECS) has been developed as a communication tool for persons with severe handicaps. The system can be used as a means of adaptive control allowing persons with handicaps, especially those with only eye motor coordination, to live more independent lives. This paper provides initial information about the design and capability of the DECS.
23.3.34 (123616) Hailer, R Experimental investigation of display reading tasks in vehicles and consequences for instrument panel design. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 197-203, 4 refs. With the increasing number of information systems, the display reading task in vehicles is becoming very important for reasons of traffic safety. Taking into account the vehicle-specific reading situation with only partial accommodation and adaptation of the eye to the instrument panel, specific design guidelines are necessary. Experimental results are reported which analyze the reading process under simulated and real traffic conditions and measure reading time (eye movement recording) and reading errors under different viewing conditions. Interesting parameters were: (1) character size and contrast, (2) position of display (peripheral legibility or conspicuity) and (3) information type (analogue, digital). Consequences are formulated especially for electronic display technology which will dominate in future automotive panels.
23.3.35 (123619) Colomb, M and Hubert, R Legibility criteria of variable-message signs. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 309-316, 7 refs. New technologies like optical fibres or light-emitting diodes are now employed for information matrix signs. A field study was carried out in order to evaluate the best conditions for the legibility of these signs both during the day and at night. As for legibility criteria, the contrast between the letters and the sign background is chosen for daylight conditions and the luminance of the letters for night conditions. The performances of some commercially available signs are compared with the results of this study. 23.3.36 (124377) Baber, C Why is speech synthesis inappropriate for control room applications? In: Contemporary
Ergonomics
1991,
E J Lovesey (Ed). Taylor & Francis, London, 1991, pp 137-142, 17 refs. This paper addresses the potential use of synthesized speech in control room systems. It presents a review of human factors research with reference to the type of speech act which synthesized speech may be used for in a control room. From the ensuing discussion, it is concluded that synthesized speech will offer fewer benefits to control room operation than one may first assume. Some areas for future research are outlined.
Workplace and equipment design 23.3.37 (123651) Osaka, N Effects of window size and eccentricity upon eye fixation and reaction time in negotiation of curves. In: Vision in Vehicles - III, A G Gale, I D Brown, C M Haslegrave, I Moorhead and S Taylor (Eds). North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp 179-186, 9 refs. Eye movement, reaction time (RT) and subjective speed were measured as functions of window size (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 degrees), viewing condition (curve vs straight), and vehicle speed (20 vs 40 km/h) during VTR-based moving display using a superimposed window technique. The fixation duration was shorter in curve negotiation and frequent fixation was found along the intersection between hillside and road surface in negotiation of the curve.
A p p l i e d Ergonomics