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Winter mixing and the vertical stratification of phytoplankton—another look
886
E. Biological Oceanography
model would seem appropriate for batch cultures and lakes with long turnover times, where the assumptions of the chemostat steady state are not fulfilled; data circumstantially support the model. Systems and Industrial Engng. Dept., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721, USA. 84:6196 Lapota, David and J.R. Losee, 1984. Observations of bioluminescence in marine plankton from the Sea of Cortez. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 77(3):209-240. Naval Ocean Systems Center, Radiation Phys. Div., Code 534, San Diego, Calif. 92152, USA. 84:6197 Mackas, D.L., 1984. Spatial autocorrelation of plankton community composition in a continental sheff ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):451471. For a productive shelf region (separations from 10 to 100 km), zooplankton biomass and zooplankton and phytoplankton community composition all show significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Mantel test). Dissimilarity correlograms show that the community pattern is stretched parallel to the bathymetric contours, with roughly a 3:1 ratio of alongshore:cross-shelf correlation lengths. The zooplankton community pattern shows the most gradual loss of correlation (roughly 30-km cross-shelf and 100-km alongshore). Both zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton community composition become uncorrelated at significantly smaller separations (5-25 km). Inst. of Ocean Sci., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC VBL 482, Canada. 84:6198 Matondkar, S.G.P. and S.Z. Qasim, 1983. Some observations on the biological productivity of Antarctic waters. In: Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antarctica. Technical Publication No. 1; Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi, India; pp. 191-197. Chlorophyll a concentrations were similar (~0.215 mg m -3) in inshore and open ocean waters. Bacterial counts and ATP were directly related. A significant portion of the POC was detrital, presumably of phyto- and bacterioplankton origin. Primary production ranged 0.021-9.95 mg C m~ d-~. Nannoplankton were an important component of the plankton. Biol. Oceanogr. Div., Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (msg) 84:6199 Narusevich, T.F., 1983. Phytoplankton structure of stratifiod waters of the central Black Sea. Hydrobiol. J. (a translation of Gidrobiol. Zh.), 19(4):1-9.
OLR (1984) 31 (12)
Inst. of Biol. of Southern Seas, UkSSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. 84:6200 Power, J.H., 1984. A numerical method for simulating plankton transport. Ecol. Model., 23(1/2):53-66. Presented here is a generalization of a numerical method for simulating transport developed by Fiadeiro and Veronis (1977), which is based on weighted finite-differences and provides an approximate solution to the advection-diffusion equation. Advantages over unweighted finite-difference methods include increased accuracy, numerical conservation of plankton biomass, and readily met stability requirements assuring convergence of the iterative methods used in obtaining solutions. Coop. Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Stud., Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. 84:6201 Qian, Shuben, Kouwei Chen and Tingyao Tang, 1981. Studies on the phytoplankton from the offshore waters of Rongcheng, Shandong. J. Shandong Coll. Oceanol., 11(3):52-70. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Shangdong Coll. of Oceanol., People's Republic of China. 84:6202 Roden, C.M., 1984. The 1980/1981 phytoplankton cycle in the coastal waters off Connemara, Ireland. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 18(5):485-497. Shellfish Res. Lab., Univ. College Galway, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland. 84:6203 Sommer, Ulrich, 1984. The paradox of the plankton: fluctuations of phosphorus availability maintain diversity of phytoplankton in flow-through cultures. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):633-636. Competition experiments with phytoplankton under steady state conditions have largely verified the competitive exclusion principle. Coexistence of species limited by different resources contributes little to the explanation of the natural diversity of phytoplankton. Multispecies experiments in flowthrough cultures show that pulsed input of a key nutrient allows the coexistence of species competing for the same resource. Univ. of Constance, Dept. of Limnol., P.O. Box 5560, D-7750 Constance, FRG. 84:6204 Venrick, E.L., 1984. Winter mixing and the vertical stratification of phytoplankton--another look. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):636-640.
OLR (1984)31 (12)
E. BiologicalOceanography
The null hypothesis that phytoplankton species cannot stratify within the oceanic isothermal layer was examined. Analysis of phytoplankton abundance within a 140-m isothermal layer gave no evidence of vertical stratification. Abundances of many species were strongly nonrandom; there was no consistency of vertical pattern from one station to the next. The situation is better described in terms of vertical patches than of strata. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.
E l 0 0 . Nekton (communities; also fish, reptiles, m a m m a l s ) 84:6205 Bacolod, P.T., 1983. Reproductive biology of two sea snakes of the genus Laffcanda from central Philippines. Philipp. Scient., 20:39-56. Mar. Res. Office, Univ. of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. 84:6206 Baker, J.R., 1984. Mortality and morbidity in grey seal pups (HMichoems grypus). Studies on its causes, effects of environment, the nature and sources of infectious agents and the immunological status of pups. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 203(1):23-48.
Pup mortality on inland breeding sites (Outer Hebrides) was primarily from starvation and infection (Streptococcus and Corynebacterium spp.); on beach sites, washing off and starvation were the dominant causes. Overall mortality rates on all 3 islands studied were similar. Adult seals carried the pathogens responsible for infection and pups were 'found to be immunologically deficient.' Univ. of Liverpool, Dept. of Vet. Pathol., Leahurst, Neston, Wirral L64 7TE, UK. (ahm)
887
84:6209 Leatherwood, Stephen, R.R. Reeves, A.E. Bowles, B.S. Stewart and K.R. Goodrich, 1984. Distribution, seasonal movements, and abundance of Pacific white-sided dolphins in the eastern North Pacific. Scient. Repts Whales Res. Inst., 35:129157.
Data available through 1979 show that NE Pacific Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (1) inhabit shelf and offshore waters from 20°N-61°N east of 180°; (2) occur in the mouth of the Gulf of California and in Washington State, British Columbian, and SE Alaskan inland marine waters; (3) 'appear to be continuously distributed across the temperate North Pacific'; and (4) have peak numbers in southern California's inshore waters November-April. Aerial surveys reveal 1300 herds (ave. 88 individuals), a peak frequency of 1.42 individuals/linear mile in the Southern California Bight, and larger herds existing north and south of 30°-55°N. Hubbs-Sea World Res. Inst., 1700 So. Shores Rd., San Diego, Calif. 92109, USA. (ihz) 84:6210 Lowry, L.F. and K.J. Frost, 1984. Foods and feeding of bowbead whales in western and northern Alaska. Scient. Repts Whales Res. Inst., 35:1-16.
Analyses of the stomach contents of 20 bowheads revealed 56 prey species: 50 crustaceans, 3 fish and 3 molluscs. Although gammarids represented the most species (23), Thysanoessa raschii (euphausiid), Calanus hyperboreus (copepod), and Parathemisto libellula (hyperiid) occurred most frequently. Prey typically ranged 3-30 mm in length. Two feeding areas were identified: Barter Island to the U.S.Canadian border, and Point Barrow to Pitt Point. Prey densities, seasonality of feeding, and Balaena mysticetus 'overall feeding strategy' are considered. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 1300 College Rd., Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA. (ihz)
84:6207 Condit, Richard and B.J. Le Boeuf, 1984. Feeding habits and feeding grounds of the northern elephant seal. J. Mammal., 65(2):281-290. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA.
84:6211 Martin, A.R., S.K. Katona, D. Matilla, D. Hembree and T.D. Waters, 1984. Migration of humpback whales between the Caribbean and Iceland. J. Mammal., 65(2):330-333.
84:6208 Doidge, D.W., J.P. Croxall and C. Ricketts, 1984. Growth rates of Antarctic fur seal ArctocephMus ga~//a pups at South Geor~a. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond~ 203(1):87-93. British Antarctic Survey, Natl. Environ. Res. Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
Use of the unique pigmentation patterns found on the underside of tail flukes to identify individual whales indicates that the different groups of whales seen in the summer off Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia all use common wintering grounds in the Caribbean, and thus may interbreed. Hunting of whales in the Caribbean may affect these mixed populations less than would hunting in one of the summering areas, where one
E. Biological Oceanography
model would seem appropriate for batch cultures and lakes with long turnover times, where the assumptions of the chemostat steady state are not fulfilled; data circumstantially support the model. Systems and Industrial Engng. Dept., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721, USA. 84:6196 Lapota, David and J.R. Losee, 1984. Observations of bioluminescence in marine plankton from the Sea of Cortez. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 77(3):209-240. Naval Ocean Systems Center, Radiation Phys. Div., Code 534, San Diego, Calif. 92152, USA. 84:6197 Mackas, D.L., 1984. Spatial autocorrelation of plankton community composition in a continental sheff ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):451471. For a productive shelf region (separations from 10 to 100 km), zooplankton biomass and zooplankton and phytoplankton community composition all show significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Mantel test). Dissimilarity correlograms show that the community pattern is stretched parallel to the bathymetric contours, with roughly a 3:1 ratio of alongshore:cross-shelf correlation lengths. The zooplankton community pattern shows the most gradual loss of correlation (roughly 30-km cross-shelf and 100-km alongshore). Both zooplankton biomass and phytoplankton community composition become uncorrelated at significantly smaller separations (5-25 km). Inst. of Ocean Sci., P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC VBL 482, Canada. 84:6198 Matondkar, S.G.P. and S.Z. Qasim, 1983. Some observations on the biological productivity of Antarctic waters. In: Scientific Report of First Indian Expedition to Antarctica. Technical Publication No. 1; Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi, India; pp. 191-197. Chlorophyll a concentrations were similar (~0.215 mg m -3) in inshore and open ocean waters. Bacterial counts and ATP were directly related. A significant portion of the POC was detrital, presumably of phyto- and bacterioplankton origin. Primary production ranged 0.021-9.95 mg C m~ d-~. Nannoplankton were an important component of the plankton. Biol. Oceanogr. Div., Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India. (msg) 84:6199 Narusevich, T.F., 1983. Phytoplankton structure of stratifiod waters of the central Black Sea. Hydrobiol. J. (a translation of Gidrobiol. Zh.), 19(4):1-9.
OLR (1984) 31 (12)
Inst. of Biol. of Southern Seas, UkSSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. 84:6200 Power, J.H., 1984. A numerical method for simulating plankton transport. Ecol. Model., 23(1/2):53-66. Presented here is a generalization of a numerical method for simulating transport developed by Fiadeiro and Veronis (1977), which is based on weighted finite-differences and provides an approximate solution to the advection-diffusion equation. Advantages over unweighted finite-difference methods include increased accuracy, numerical conservation of plankton biomass, and readily met stability requirements assuring convergence of the iterative methods used in obtaining solutions. Coop. Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Stud., Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. 84:6201 Qian, Shuben, Kouwei Chen and Tingyao Tang, 1981. Studies on the phytoplankton from the offshore waters of Rongcheng, Shandong. J. Shandong Coll. Oceanol., 11(3):52-70. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Shangdong Coll. of Oceanol., People's Republic of China. 84:6202 Roden, C.M., 1984. The 1980/1981 phytoplankton cycle in the coastal waters off Connemara, Ireland. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 18(5):485-497. Shellfish Res. Lab., Univ. College Galway, Carna, Co. Galway, Ireland. 84:6203 Sommer, Ulrich, 1984. The paradox of the plankton: fluctuations of phosphorus availability maintain diversity of phytoplankton in flow-through cultures. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):633-636. Competition experiments with phytoplankton under steady state conditions have largely verified the competitive exclusion principle. Coexistence of species limited by different resources contributes little to the explanation of the natural diversity of phytoplankton. Multispecies experiments in flowthrough cultures show that pulsed input of a key nutrient allows the coexistence of species competing for the same resource. Univ. of Constance, Dept. of Limnol., P.O. Box 5560, D-7750 Constance, FRG. 84:6204 Venrick, E.L., 1984. Winter mixing and the vertical stratification of phytoplankton--another look. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3):636-640.
OLR (1984)31 (12)
E. BiologicalOceanography
The null hypothesis that phytoplankton species cannot stratify within the oceanic isothermal layer was examined. Analysis of phytoplankton abundance within a 140-m isothermal layer gave no evidence of vertical stratification. Abundances of many species were strongly nonrandom; there was no consistency of vertical pattern from one station to the next. The situation is better described in terms of vertical patches than of strata. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.
E l 0 0 . Nekton (communities; also fish, reptiles, m a m m a l s ) 84:6205 Bacolod, P.T., 1983. Reproductive biology of two sea snakes of the genus Laffcanda from central Philippines. Philipp. Scient., 20:39-56. Mar. Res. Office, Univ. of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. 84:6206 Baker, J.R., 1984. Mortality and morbidity in grey seal pups (HMichoems grypus). Studies on its causes, effects of environment, the nature and sources of infectious agents and the immunological status of pups. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 203(1):23-48.
Pup mortality on inland breeding sites (Outer Hebrides) was primarily from starvation and infection (Streptococcus and Corynebacterium spp.); on beach sites, washing off and starvation were the dominant causes. Overall mortality rates on all 3 islands studied were similar. Adult seals carried the pathogens responsible for infection and pups were 'found to be immunologically deficient.' Univ. of Liverpool, Dept. of Vet. Pathol., Leahurst, Neston, Wirral L64 7TE, UK. (ahm)
887
84:6209 Leatherwood, Stephen, R.R. Reeves, A.E. Bowles, B.S. Stewart and K.R. Goodrich, 1984. Distribution, seasonal movements, and abundance of Pacific white-sided dolphins in the eastern North Pacific. Scient. Repts Whales Res. Inst., 35:129157.
Data available through 1979 show that NE Pacific Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (1) inhabit shelf and offshore waters from 20°N-61°N east of 180°; (2) occur in the mouth of the Gulf of California and in Washington State, British Columbian, and SE Alaskan inland marine waters; (3) 'appear to be continuously distributed across the temperate North Pacific'; and (4) have peak numbers in southern California's inshore waters November-April. Aerial surveys reveal 1300 herds (ave. 88 individuals), a peak frequency of 1.42 individuals/linear mile in the Southern California Bight, and larger herds existing north and south of 30°-55°N. Hubbs-Sea World Res. Inst., 1700 So. Shores Rd., San Diego, Calif. 92109, USA. (ihz) 84:6210 Lowry, L.F. and K.J. Frost, 1984. Foods and feeding of bowbead whales in western and northern Alaska. Scient. Repts Whales Res. Inst., 35:1-16.
Analyses of the stomach contents of 20 bowheads revealed 56 prey species: 50 crustaceans, 3 fish and 3 molluscs. Although gammarids represented the most species (23), Thysanoessa raschii (euphausiid), Calanus hyperboreus (copepod), and Parathemisto libellula (hyperiid) occurred most frequently. Prey typically ranged 3-30 mm in length. Two feeding areas were identified: Barter Island to the U.S.Canadian border, and Point Barrow to Pitt Point. Prey densities, seasonality of feeding, and Balaena mysticetus 'overall feeding strategy' are considered. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 1300 College Rd., Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA. (ihz)
84:6207 Condit, Richard and B.J. Le Boeuf, 1984. Feeding habits and feeding grounds of the northern elephant seal. J. Mammal., 65(2):281-290. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. 95064, USA.
84:6211 Martin, A.R., S.K. Katona, D. Matilla, D. Hembree and T.D. Waters, 1984. Migration of humpback whales between the Caribbean and Iceland. J. Mammal., 65(2):330-333.
84:6208 Doidge, D.W., J.P. Croxall and C. Ricketts, 1984. Growth rates of Antarctic fur seal ArctocephMus ga~//a pups at South Geor~a. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond~ 203(1):87-93. British Antarctic Survey, Natl. Environ. Res. Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
Use of the unique pigmentation patterns found on the underside of tail flukes to identify individual whales indicates that the different groups of whales seen in the summer off Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia all use common wintering grounds in the Caribbean, and thus may interbreed. Hunting of whales in the Caribbean may affect these mixed populations less than would hunting in one of the summering areas, where one