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Work accidents and their effect on the czechoslovakian economy
Journal of Occupational Accidents, 4 (1982) 205-223 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed
WORK ACCIDENTS
205 in The Netherlands
AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CZECHOSLOVAKIAN ECONOMY
Miroslav Bailer OccupdtiOnal Safety Research Institute Jeruzalemska 9, 116 52 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
ABSTRACT The trend in the work accident rate during 1969-1979 was characterized by a decrease in the accident frequency. In spite of this, however, the economic losses due to accidents have been increasing every year since 1975. The existing statistics system in Czechoslovakia, which is based on the "source-cause" principle, does not provide enough information needed for effective accident prevention control. Analyses were therefore carried out in order to investigate the hazardous acts typical of the activities of different professional groups, the most relevant causes of accidents in connection with concrete activities, the relationships between activity and accident, etc. The results of analyses which eliminated the considerable anomaly in the existing accident rate structure were used in 1979 to establish a work accident databank. INTRODUCTION The development of the process of civilization combined with the development of the technology cannot, in itself, ensure that these are a balance of requirements in the field of design and protection of the environment in which man works and creates valuable goods. on the contrary, this development gives rise to new problems and risks which can negate the results of work and the structure of which is considerably heterogeneous according to the type and level of the production. The relations between man and his working environment are strongly influenced by the safety level of the job which man carries out. The index used to characterize safety level development is the development of the work injury rate. The indices used in statistically recording and evaluating the injury rate in individual countries are nevertheless not quite identical. Therefore I would first like to present some introductory explanations before informing you about the accident rate development in Czechoslovakia:
0376.6349/82/0000-0000/$02.75
0
1982Elsevier Scientific
Publishing
Company
a work which
injury occurs
profession
or with
or disability which
is regarded
is under
the accident,
injury
corrective
injury
recording
rate
send
them
WORK
INJURY
Data Czech period
serves
least
record"
death
within
about
as the basis
negotiations
injury
for further
analyses
which
of absolute
IN THE YEARS
the development
reports
and to out
indices.
1969-1979
injury
and Moravia)
rate
during
in the the
are as follows:
number
the total
-
the number
of fatalities
-
the
frequency
of injuries
decreased
decreased
rate decreased
frequency
by:
35.5 %
by:
29.7 %
by:
rate formula
used
34.0 % in Czechoslovakia
is as follows: number number
-
of injuries x 100 of employees
.)
the daily
average
incapable
of work decreased
(the decrease
number
the average
disability
-
the average
length
More
of persons
was apparent
-
increased
the injury expect
27.4 %
percentage
of disability
1975)
decreased per
by:
38.3 8
injury 10.9 %
data
are presented
It can thus be summarized -
by: up until
by:
detailed
frequency
that
for
and for
are carried
and relative
of the work
(i.e. in Bohemia
-
injury
This
for indemnity
summary
system
Republic
(The injury
up, at
"Injury
to compile
DEVELOPMENT
in question
to draw
place.
measures,
a year
characterizing
Socialist
causes
the day on
and evaluation;
to a fixed
RATE
and which
1 day not counting
a standardized
takes
is obliged
twice
according
of the person’s
for a profession,
the obligation
which
determining
the employer
person,
to any employed
occurred;
2 days
work
injury
the performance
for at least
the employer after
with
training
lasting
the injury
every
as every
in connection
rate exhibits
the injury
in Tables
l-4.
that a decreasing
rate evaluation If the existing
frequency
rate of 3.02.
frequency
rate of 2.86 can be expected
trend.
for 1980 will trend
show a
continues,
in 1981;
We can a
207 -
the relatively
favourable
contrasts
the index development
with
disability fact
per
that
injury.
development
This
started
in technological
result
was
established
to operate
with
discipline,
sis put on the inspection
have
contradiction
in 1970 the newly
Inspection
then
less
can be explained
the result
elimination
severe
of disorders,
with
of by the
State
that there
Safety
was a rise
more
empha-
etc. The overall
of such hazardous injuries
rate
length
Professional
task of the supervisor,
the elimination
been causing
in the frequency of the average
situations
a smaller
degree
which of
disability.
Table
1. Total
injury
frequency
rate.
Year
Frequency rate
5.21
1975
3.90
5.17
1976
3.76
1971
5.01
1977
3.57
1972
4.59
1978
3.18
1973
4.35
1979
3.26
1974
4.10
Year
Frequency rate
1969 1970
PROCESSING
OF STATISTICAL
processing
In Czechoslovakia, is done
according
ACCIDENT
INFORMATION
of statistical
to the classification
accident
information
scheme
source-cause. According Statistics means
etc.),
an accident contact
with
According
material,
energy,
of a sudden
an employee,
Instruction
a source
Authority,
of transport,
vapour, means
to the valid
man,
external
having during
been some
18 of the Czechoslovak
is regarded etc.),
animal action
the
No.
or natural directly
imminent
activity
as any object
substance
(machine,
(chemicals, element,
or indirectly
initiation
of the employee
gas,
whichcausesby an injury
of the occurrence or coming
into
the employee. to Instruction
No.
18 accident
sources
are classified
into 11 groups: 1.
Means
2.
Lifting
of transport devices
and conveyers,
lifting
and transport
facilities
to of
208 Table 2. Injury frequency rate in the main branches of activity Czech Socialist Republic (Bohemia and Moravia) - 1977.
in the
Education
1.10
Local industry
4.97
Trade
1.10
Chemical
5.27
1.42
Production of rubber and asbestos
5.37
City transport
5.61
Cellulose industry
6.03
Clothing
industry
Health service
1.90
Culture, physical training
1.99
Communications
2.39
Leather industry, boot-and-shoe industry, furrier industry
2.63
Printing
3.27
Textile
industry industry
and paper
Route construction and maintenance
6.10
Ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy
6.23
Metalware
6.30
production
3.39
El. power and heat production
3.76
Water
3.88
service
industry
Glass, china and stoneware manufacturing
6.45
Distilleries,
6.57
Engineering Communal
services
4.12
Railway
4.21
Production cooperative association
4.26
Communal
4.27
feeding
industry
6.58
4.05
Precision mechanics and optics industry stations
canneries
Agric. cooperatives
6.63
Manufacture of means of transport
6.88
Building
6.89
production
Railway ind. building production
6.98
Wood-working
7.57
industry
Coal and crude oil processing
4.49
State farms
7.67
Electrical
4.53
Dairy production
7.78
Car transport
7.93
State railway workshops
8.00
Sugar factories
8.05
Forestry
9.55
industry
Open-cast coal mining, oil and gas exploitation Construction material manufacturing Stone and gravel sand exploitation and processing Machine and tractor stations
4.80
8.43
8.61 8.79
Beer and malt production
10.08
Deep coal mining
11.56
Meat production, sausage skin production
13.13
209
3.
Machines
4.
Working
(driving
5.
Material,
6.
Tools
7.
Industrial
8.
Boilers,
9.
Electricity
loads,
working
machines,
or transport
areas
machines
as sources
and machine-tools)
of persons
falling
objects
(implements), harmful
hand-operated substances,
machines
and instruments
hot substances
and objects,
fire
and explosives
10. People, 11. Other Each detailed
Table
vessels
animals
and piping
and natural
under pressure
elements
sources
of these
groups
is then
further
divided
into several
subgroups.
3. Fatality
frequency
rate
(converted
to 10.000
employees).
Year
Frequency rate
Year
Frequency rate
1969
1.26
1975
0.96
1970
1.21
1976
1.20
1971
1.14
1977
1.00
1972
1.15
1978
0.90
1973
1.08
1979
0.83
1974
1.01
Table
more
4. Average
length
of disability
per
injury.
Year
Number of days charged
Year
Number of days charqed
1969
23.00
1975
22.74
1970
22.40
1976
23.46
1971
21.34
1977
24.21
1972
21.52
1978
24.80
1973
21.82
1979
25.54
1974
22.36
210 According
to the Instruction
NO.
18 accident
causes
are classified
into 14 groups: 1.
Defective
OK unfavourable
state
of the accident
source
(not of the-
work place) 2.
Protection
3.
Personal
devices
and guarding
protective
equipment
insufficient
or missing
insufficient,
improper
or missing
(not provided) 4.
Unfavourable
state
communications
or defective
arrangement
(even if the work place
of the work
is the source
place
or of
of the
accident) 5.
Defects
in lighting
contaminated Ignorance
7.
Use of hazardous
of safe working
(theoretical
without
knowledge,
8.
Improper Obligatory
organisation safety
effects
of noise
and of
(or on communications)
conditions
procedures
authorization,
9.
harmful
air on the workplace
6.
needed
and visibility,
and lack of qualification
ability,
or work
prohibited
training,
methods
presence
adaptation,
including
etc.)
acting
in hazardous
area
of work
equipment
and protection
guarding
removed
or
not used 10. Personal
protective
11. Danger jokes, other 12. back
equipment
caused
by other
quarrels
preconditions qualities
and
caused
14. Causes
not discovered.
order
above
according cannot
prevention
for right work
lacking,
sensory
at work,
behaviour
of
performance
deficiency,
unfavourable
psychophysiological
and natural
states)
elements
to the "source-cause"
provide
control.
sufficient
Therefore,
out at the Occupational
of accidents
Safety
the accident
and sectors,
for the activities sources
attention
or hazardous
instantaneous
by animals
to determine
branches
by regulations
RATE STRUCTURE
Data processed
carried
(distracting
incorrect
preconditions
13. Danger
accident
persons
and other
of personal
(physical
mentioned
ordered
persons)
personal
ACCIDENT
(facilities),
not used or misused
and provided,
the most
of various
information
Research
hazardous professional
rate
Institute
operations
groups,
with concrete
were
in Prague
in different
specific
scheme
for effective
in the 7Os, analyses
frequency
in connection
statistical
the most
activities,
in
industrial typical serious etc. Data
211 included
in stanaardized
mentioned ation
"Injury
1, were
in Section
records",
which
I have already
used as the starting
point
for elabor-
of the analyses.
The
results
eliminated
of these
to a great
analyses
extent
provided
some new information
the existing
anomaly
and
in the accident
structure. EXAMPLE Injury industry
A rate analysis is its most
distribution in Table
Table
in the food
hazardous
in the individual
industry
branch
showed
in this
branches
field.
of the food
that the meat The injury industry
rate
is shown
5.
5. Injury
rate distribution
in individual
branches
of the food
industry.
Branch
Number of injuries %
Injury frequency rate
Number of days charged per injury
Number of employees 8
Meat
31.65
12.72
17.5
14.93
7.58
5.74
34.8
7.92
15.53
6.28
25.6
14.84
2.53
6.34
21.2
2.39
5.11
6.22
18.2
4.93
11.25
4.82
24.6
14.00
4.71
4.88
22.5
5.79
9.20
4.50
24.4
12.27
0.96
3.58
24.3
1.60
1.01
3.38
27.2
1.79
4.63
3.48
22.4
7.98
2.74
3.40
22.6
4.83
3.06
2.78
21.6
6.60
0.05
0.68
10.0
0.46
100.00
6.00
22.5
100.00
industry
Sugar
factories
Breweries and malt-houses Cooling
plants
Packaging Dairy
technique
plants
Fats Canning plants distilleries
and
Tobacco Starch
production
Poultry Mills
farms
and bakeries
Chocolate Design
plants
works
Total The Tables
results 6-10.
of injury
analysis
in this branch
are presented
in
212 Table
6. Injury
rate distribution
in the meat
Profession
% of the numbers injuries
Butcher
17.3 - driver's
help
9.6
Apprentice Non
6.9
specified
Auxiliary
5.3
worker
Engineering
4.5
professions
Technical-economics Maintenance Man
of
44.5
Worker Driver
industry.
handling
3.7
employee
2.9
man
2.7
animals
2.4
Total
100.0
Table 7. Injury distribution the type of activity
in the meat
industry
according
Activity
% of the nos. of injuries
Activity
Evisceration
17.1
Scalding
4.0
Deboning
11.2
Animals
3.5
Dispatch
10.7
Arrangement of the working process 3.5
Handling
8.3
Walking
6.1
Machining
6.1
Transport
5.9
Skinning
5.1
Dressing
4.3
% of the nos. of injuries
Cutting
2.1
Maintenance
2.1
Cleaning
2.1
Miscellaneous
2.7
Carrying
1.9
Bleeding
1.3
Slaughtering
0.5
to
213 Table 8. Injury rate distribution in the meat to activity in individual professions.
12.G
0.5
2
1.5
8
1.6
8.3
'Dispatch
0.h
1.3
Handling
4.5
1.9
Walking
1.6
1.9
Machlnlng
1.1
1.9
Transport
0.5
3.7
Sklnnlng
4.3
0.5
Dressing
2.4
1.1
Scalding
3.2
0.3 0.5
Animals
0.5
1.1
cutting
1.6
0.6
1.3 0.6 0
0.3
0.3 1.1
Bleeding
0.8
0.3
0.3 0
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
carrying
0.6
2.4 0.3
6
0.3 0.5
Slaughterlnq
1.1 0.5
1.6
Maintenance
Total
0.3
0.5
6.9
1.9
0.3
1.9
0.5 0.3
3.5
5.3
4.5
0
0.5 44.5
17.3
according
0.5
Debonlng
Arrangement or working process
0.3
industry
9.6
6 9
3.7
2.9
1.6
214 Table
9. Relationship
between
the kind
of activity
and accident.
% of injuries Evisceration 1. Slipping 2. Pricked
12.27
of the knife
2.40
by a bone
1.07
3. Slipping 4. Cut
through
5. Fall
0.53
with a knife
0.27
of a hook
6. An animal
falling
off the track
0.53
Deboning 1. Slipping 2. Pricked 3. Cut
8.27
of the knife
1.60
by a bone
through
4. Injured
with
1.07
a knife
0.27
by a chip
Dispatch 4.80
1. Slipping 2. Pricked 3. Fall
of a hook
4. Hand
injury
5. Injury 6. Leg
0.80
Other
handling
0.80
by striking
when making
injury
Note:
2.13
by a bone
0.53
the car ready
0.53
by striking
activities
(8.3 %), machine
were
analysed
processing
in the same way:
of meat
(6.1 %), transport
(5.8 %), etc.
EXAMPLE As
B
shown
hazardous injuries
The
resulting
individual vertical
of their
results
of group safety
from their
milling
machines
24.30
belong
- MACHINES
therefore
of injury
incurred
machines
and surface
proportion
showed,
planers,
group
to the most
% of the severe
and an analysis
use, have
in the whole
for a decisive
machines
3 of sources
level
of wood-working
81 % of the injuries
(Table 12).
causing
of the analysis
types
responsible
11, wood-working
of machines,
in the whole
An analysis injuries
in Table
groups
and fatal
(see Section
of severe
3).
and fatal
been made. during
the use of
that circular
which
caused
of wood-working
of the severe
saws,
more
machines,
and fatal
than are
injuries
215 10. Injury
Table
rate
of the professions,
type of activity
and accidents
Profession
Type of activity
,x Accident
Profession 44.53 EVISCERATION Sllpping knife
12.00
1.87
8.27
1.60
Y/60
6.93
5.33
4.53
2.13
0.27
0.27
1.87
0.53
3.73
2.93
2.61
2.40
100.00
17.07
of the
Pricked
by a bone
Slipping
12.27 0.27
0.27
1.60 0.80
Cut through a knife Fall
17.33
total
2.40
0.27
1.07
0.27
with
of a hook
0.53
0.53
0.27
0.27
An animal falling off the track
0.53
DEBONING
8.27
1.60
0.80
0.53
11.20
5.33
1.60
0.80
0.53
8.27
Slipping Knife Pricked
of the
by a bone
Cut through a knife Inlury
0.53
1.60
1.60
1.07
1.07
with
by a chip
0.27
0.27
DISPATCH
0.80
1.33
6.93
0.53
1.07
10.67
Slipping
0.27
0.27
3.20
0.27
0.80
4.80
0.53
0.27
1.33
2.13
0.80
0.80
Pricked Fall
by a bone
of a hook
Hand injury strlklng Making ready
0.53
0.27
0.80
the car
Leg injury striking
Note:
by
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
by
Accidents
at handling,
machining,
transfer,
etc.
were
analyzed
in the same
way.
216 Table
11.
Accident rate with injuries.
and fatal
machines
(group 3 of sources)
Group
Total
Wood-working Forming
machines
Textile
17.33
machines
Metal-working
14.74
machines
13.11
machines
Construction
7.33
and earthwork
Machines in the chemical, and rubber industry Machines
in the food
machines
7.26
leather 4.30
industry
4.07
Paper
machines
3.78
Other
machines
3.78
Total
100.00
Table 12. Accident rate according to specific machines - severe and fatal injuries
Type of machine
Circular
saws
Vertical machines
milling
Proportion of injuries 8
Type of machine
14.15
Cutting Chain
Power
machines
planers
mortisers
saws
saws
i3and saws
Tables
according
0.15
Wood-turning
lathes
0.15
Wood-slicing
machines
0.15
0.52 0.37
Universal machines
0.22
Peelinq
machines,
the injury
according
joiner's 0.15 machines
0.07
rate distribution
for the use of
to the type of specific
operation
and
to the kind of injury.
latter rate
Similar
machines
1.33
13 and 14 show
wood-working
injury
0.15
1.93
applicators
The
0.22
4.59
chain
Frame
type of wood-working
Proportion of injuries %
Splitting Surface
Glue
%
24.30
machines
Agricultural
- severe
injury
analysis
presented
for the use of highly analyses
have
indicated
dangerous
also been made
the structure
circular
for other
saws
kinds
of the
(Table 15).
of machines.
217 Table 13. Accident distribution wood-working machines - severe
according to specific and fatal injuries.
Specific operation
%
96.3
Holding, guiding the material in cutting
35.2
1.2 Holding, guiding the material in milling
28.6
1.3 Waste and chips removal when the machine is running
6.6
1.4 Holding, guiding the material in grinding
2.5
1.5 Handling workpieces on the machine during cutting 1.6 Adjustment, replacement of the machine part 1.7 The rest
2.2 2.2 19.0
2. Manual loading and material handling 3. A passing person present in the proximity of the source
1.4 1.4 0.9
4. Miscellaneous
100.0
Total
Table 14. Accident rate distribution to the type of accident.
for wood-working
Accident
%
1.1 A person cut by a rotating tool
71.3 56.9
1.2 A person cut by a straight moving tool
2.5
1.3 A person ground by a rotating tool
1.4
1.4 A person struck by a rotating tool
1.4
1.5 Miscellaneous
9.1
2. A person hit by objects flying off the machine
2.2 Eye injury by chip or workpiece fragment 2.3 Hit by chip or workpiece fragment 2.4 Hit by a tool 2.5 Miscellaneous
machines
%
1. A person cut, struck, caught by the machine
2.1 Hit by the workpiece flying off the machine
20.5 9.6 4.8
2.5 1.5 2.1
3. Injury by a chip, pricked by a sharp object
2.9
4. Miscellaneous
5.3
Total
with
%
1. Specific operations with machines 1.1
operations
100.0
according
218 Table 15. Accident analysis for the most machines - circular saw benches.
hazardous
Accidents:
%
A person cut by a rotating of the saw
accidents
occur
70
31 16 7 7 3 3 2 1
in the following
specific
operations:
- holding, guiaing the material in cutting - removal of waste, sawdust, chips, while the machine is running - handling workpieces when cutting on the machine and similar activities - additional adjustment of the position of the material in cutting
54 10 4 2
A person hit by a board (4 %), by a balk (3 %), by a rod, by a batten (3 %), by off cuts, wooden waste, a slot pushed out of the hand (3 %) - when caught too1
and thrown
This
occurs
accident
away
13 specific
- holding, guiding the material by hand - serviceable klresence at a place where danger of flying particles A person hit by sawdust, chips, workpiece, of the object flies
Eye injury ooject
by sawdust,
caused
accidents
operation:
in cutting there is
12 1
knot of the
off at the bit 5
- when the particle bites These
13
by a rotating
in the following
- when a particle of the machine
flies
occur
%
disk
- struck after a slip of the hand on the object held - when putting a limb into the danger area - struck after the tool held had been knocked away - during the penetration of the tool through the material - accidental touch - on the fall of the person - struck after the destruction of the object held in the hand - catching the object held by the tool These
wood-working
knot of the workpiece,
off as the tool 2
in the following
specific
operations:
- holding, guiding the material by hand in cutting - presence of a passing person in the proximity of the source
6 1
219 ESTABLISHMENT
OF A WORK
The experiences were
used
ACCIDENT
gained
from
in establishing
standardized
"Injury
DATABANK
the analysis
a work
records"
accident
of accident
databank
containing
structure
(on the base of the
the required
information
needed). In the establishment represent source, moment
the main
a part
of the source
the following
of an injury,
and specific
factors,
which
were chosen:
operation
carried
accident,
out at the
of the injury.
Inserting
the criterion
cally
the sources
which
persons
considered crete
of the databank
characteristics
of injury
agents,
construction materials,
the source
they create
a concrete
knocking
down,
on a person,
fall of a person with
escaping
part
objects,
and risks which
being
fall of an object
or from an object,
of the object,
attack,
to
(i.e.
of the machine,
shocks,
an object
some part
from objects,
works,
tools,
It is then not necessary
electrical
over
by objects
(machines,
etc.)
are
as con-
to the kind of function
by a moving
burns,
is injured
artificial
in
If sources
unambiguously
elements,
according
caused
particle,
sources.
function
formations,
as accidents.
object
of persons
is expressed
natural
unequivo-
at the same time the way
by individual
anticipated
natural
animals,
catching
hit by a flying
substances
scheme
are expressed
classify
us to include
at the time a person
to their
elements, persons,
collision
acting
according
enabled
and to derive
can be affected
as objects
classified
"accident"
etc.)
inhalation
in various
of
groups
of
sources. Keys
for the source
injury
(a part
object
kicked
are used
of the machine back,
a piece
even
for labelling
or of the object,
of material
the factors
a clamped
machined,
causing
tool,
a leaking
an
substance,
etc.). A specific sidered
to be only
accident
at the time of the injury
such an operation
for a group
introduction
and uniform
out,
the part
of the source.
logical
necessary
relation
operation
not only permits
to the must
a class
the injury
is classified
act
of the correctness
involves
to identify
a correct
of the accident
control
kind of accident
If the source
is con-
).
"accident"
allows
Every
of sources, 'it being
has a direct (a specific
of all characteristics
but also
of the classification.
which
source;
of operations
of the aspect
classification
to be carried
group
executed
and to its correspondent
not be taken The
operation
or a
source
accurately
and
into a
220 class
or group,
of specific Besides scanned,
the main
origin.
Aspects
expressing
Other aspects
what part
aspects
scanned
associated
the organisation
of day
aspects
are also
organisation
shift
response namely
that
included
mation,
relation
of the injured
person
on which
occurred,
injury
of death.
proposed
are also
and
scanned:
chosen
must
of the injury
permit
by a numerical
since
the with
designed
technical
to and
databank,
and the application and output
one precondition
description
the time
In connection
measures
to
some
occurred,
in the accident
the bank
of the aspects
moreover
measures.
the choice
and that they will
person;
the time elapsed
and the date
between
the codes
represented
of birth,
to be placed
but also
in the verbal
to be coded,
i.e. sex, date
the date
. For such a system
mode
can also be
type of injury
person,
and educational
the relationships
had to be assumed,
of
injured.
of the injured
of the injury
of data
causes
the injury
of the accident
of the injury,
the accidents,
measures
In the choice
with
are
are a< the injured
the injury
the causes
aspects
the 3 main
in connection
class
be located.
complementary
of the body has been
scanned:
of the work
in which
will
occurred,
the consequences
in the plant,
characterizing
eliminate
disobeyed
and profession
(hour) when
beginning
only
with
of employment
time data
the injury
i.e. severity
accurately,
operation
of an accident,
where
aspects,
determination,
length
aspects
and the regulations
to these
also
the corresponding
i.e. the place
the injury
added
it can then be decided,
operations
programs
in the requesthad to be fulfilled, enable
the information
in the "Injury
the conversion
code,
not
of this
into the original
record"
infor-
information,
free of reaundance.
Establishment
and maintenance
The databank by an injury letter
K
updated
of the databank
was established
analysis
of persons
in 1978 out of a single whose
(13.45 % of the population yearly
and a periodic
family
of Czechoslovakia).
data
base obtained
name begins
innovation
will
with
the
The databank
be done
is
in the
future. The user of the databank individually wants
or in optional
and in what
system
library,
module
library
has the possibility parts.
form. A number
and a number serve
Be must
only
of auxiliary
of application
this purpose.
of extracting state
which
programs
programs
the data data
contained
contained
he in the
in the
221 The databank response
Combinea aspects coded,
is designed
as an open
system
enabling
a request-
linkage. responses
readable
to the requests
from the injury
e.g.
the sub-branch,
"locksmith",
his sex, age,
operation
being
done
of the accident,
body,
the kind of measures
not only
to requests
by the data
responses
category
of the injured
source
adopted,
and
has been
its parts,
the
took place,
the injured
part
(e.g.
the
of the
etc. by the computer
in word
form,
code. examples
from
of combined
the databank
requests
(selected
that can be
from the wide
variety
variants).
The databank took place
information
the accident
are presented
in a numerical
of possible
the accident
from all the
to which
the type of injury,
I shall give several satisfied
professional
at the time when
cause
Responses
can be obtained
reports
can provide
in specific about
use of specific
responses
concerning
technological
the structure groups
processes
e.g. accidents and working
of the accident
rate associated
in the erection
of machines,
that
operations, with
the
of scaffoldings,
etc. Example
1. Request
to the databank:
TO find all the cases when
a specific
part
of the machine;
place,
which
the accidents Example
where
type of machine
parts
to find
and in which
2. Request
of industry.
of the injured
the accident
to improve
all cases
of birth,
To find
took place
by a specific
the accident
what
of industry
were
these
which
took
the causes cases
took place
the administrative
person,
types
and their causes
of
took place.
territory,
of injuries,
detailed
in a specific
injured
parts,
of the accident,
the parts
operations measures
of
in adopted
the most
To find
to persons
the length
the sex of the injured
4. Request
sources,
to the databank: of accidents
(e.g. "turner").
accident
To find
took place,
To find
Example
caused
took place
safety. 3. Request
the year
branches
sources
Example
group
used,
operation
injured,
of injuries
sub-branch
accidents
type of accident
to the databank:
profession
which
was being
in which
of the body were
To find all the cases
the body,
a specific
in a specific
of employment
professional
in the factory,
person.
to the databank:
frequent the most
(at the specified
kinds
of accidents,
frequent
operations
significance
the most in which
level).
frequent the accidents
222 We hope further
that
the databank,
increasing
We also
believe
injury
prevention. provided
safety
inspection
by the databank
and at the most Analyses
authorities hazardous
carried
effectiveness
of preventive
economic
OF WORK
and losses
trend
3 million
KES. When
choosing
Institute),
costs
from
accidents
and the year
the simple
individual
and losses prices,
medical
treatment
widow's
and orphan's
the of
from the work 1974.
the year
the work costs,
accident
pensions
and
the losses
indemnity
invalid
and costs,
was developed
of national
treatment
or partial
social
income
loss
in current
invalid
costs
pensions.
costs
54.71
prices
5.71
compensation medical
treatment
costs
1.18
Hospital
medical
treatment
costs
2.08
Widow's
and orphan's
Invalid
and partial
pension invalid
costs pension
2.89 33.43
costs
100.00
Total
Average
costs
In 1979
and losses
they
reached
per work
injury
the sum of over
also
at
the ambulant costs,
Ambulant
trend.
at our
we can see that
compensation,
medical
(in this
%
income
Indemnity
the sum of
of 1.8. The main
cOSt
National
the
rate show a
reached
losses
period,
the value
the hospital
REPUBLIC
1974 as the base period
1979 as the current
16) include
rate,
accident
In 1979 they
of the main
reached
SOCIALIST
Table 16. Proportion of individual types of costs in social losses resulting from the work injury rate in 1979.
Of
procedures.
the effectiveness
frequency
in the organisations,
index
(Table
current
Type
problems
also enable
IN THE CZECH
in the injury
for the investigation
from work
of the
safety
and working should
including
ACCIDENTS
arising
increasing
a method
of technology
measures,
continuous
derived
at the main
and
of the infor-
the activities
of the databank
to the decrease
costs
the application
enable
will
in accident
to be evaluated.
CONSEQUENCES
In contrast
that
will
factors
described,
the effectiveness
to be aimed
out by means
inspection,
ECONOMIC
year
I have briefly
towards
mation
safety
which
contribute
show an increasing
18.5 thousand
K8S.
The
and
of
223 simple
individual
2.35. More
Table
index
detailed
17. Social
for the period
data
costs
are shown
and losses
1974-1979
in Table
resulting
from work
Social costs and losses in mill. KZs
1974
1,681
1975
1,600
7,874
1976
2,188
11,130
1977
2,215
11,795
1978
2,193
13,319
1979
3,222
18,519
injury
rate.
losses
economic
in the
caused
by the injury
rate can
as follows:
-
the average
-
the value
-
the value
length
of disability
of the national
increasing
there
of
7,881
increase
be explained
the value
Costs per work injury in K??s
Year
The
reached
17.
is increasing
income
produced
(see Table
by one employee
4); is
(1979/1974:1,26); of labour
productivity
is an increase
in losses
is increasing, caused
by work
and for this reason absenteeism
(1979/1974:1,23);
-
the sum paid
for individual
Nevertheless, tioned
above,
because
the losses
represent
the real costs
the time being, carry
out an estimation causes,
of costs
spent
pensions
on damage
amount
on health
concerning
of proceedings, recovery,
etc.
economy,
of the social
services
at our disposal
of the costs
of costs
is rising.
in the national
only a minimum expended
we do not have
accident
invalid
and costs
are much
enough
men-
losses, higher.
information
to
the investigation
of
of allowance
payment
For
costs,
WORK ACCIDENTS
205 in The Netherlands
AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CZECHOSLOVAKIAN ECONOMY
Miroslav Bailer OccupdtiOnal Safety Research Institute Jeruzalemska 9, 116 52 Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
ABSTRACT The trend in the work accident rate during 1969-1979 was characterized by a decrease in the accident frequency. In spite of this, however, the economic losses due to accidents have been increasing every year since 1975. The existing statistics system in Czechoslovakia, which is based on the "source-cause" principle, does not provide enough information needed for effective accident prevention control. Analyses were therefore carried out in order to investigate the hazardous acts typical of the activities of different professional groups, the most relevant causes of accidents in connection with concrete activities, the relationships between activity and accident, etc. The results of analyses which eliminated the considerable anomaly in the existing accident rate structure were used in 1979 to establish a work accident databank. INTRODUCTION The development of the process of civilization combined with the development of the technology cannot, in itself, ensure that these are a balance of requirements in the field of design and protection of the environment in which man works and creates valuable goods. on the contrary, this development gives rise to new problems and risks which can negate the results of work and the structure of which is considerably heterogeneous according to the type and level of the production. The relations between man and his working environment are strongly influenced by the safety level of the job which man carries out. The index used to characterize safety level development is the development of the work injury rate. The indices used in statistically recording and evaluating the injury rate in individual countries are nevertheless not quite identical. Therefore I would first like to present some introductory explanations before informing you about the accident rate development in Czechoslovakia:
0376.6349/82/0000-0000/$02.75
0
1982Elsevier Scientific
Publishing
Company
a work which
injury occurs
profession
or with
or disability which
is regarded
is under
the accident,
injury
corrective
injury
recording
rate
send
them
WORK
INJURY
Data Czech period
serves
least
record"
death
within
about
as the basis
negotiations
injury
for further
analyses
which
of absolute
IN THE YEARS
the development
reports
and to out
indices.
1969-1979
injury
and Moravia)
rate
during
in the the
are as follows:
number
the total
-
the number
of fatalities
-
the
frequency
of injuries
decreased
decreased
rate decreased
frequency
by:
35.5 %
by:
29.7 %
by:
rate formula
used
34.0 % in Czechoslovakia
is as follows: number number
-
of injuries x 100 of employees
.)
the daily
average
incapable
of work decreased
(the decrease
number
the average
disability
-
the average
length
More
of persons
was apparent
-
increased
the injury expect
27.4 %
percentage
of disability
1975)
decreased per
by:
38.3 8
injury 10.9 %
data
are presented
It can thus be summarized -
by: up until
by:
detailed
frequency
that
for
and for
are carried
and relative
of the work
(i.e. in Bohemia
-
injury
This
for indemnity
summary
system
Republic
(The injury
up, at
"Injury
to compile
DEVELOPMENT
in question
to draw
place.
measures,
a year
characterizing
Socialist
causes
the day on
and evaluation;
to a fixed
RATE
and which
1 day not counting
a standardized
takes
is obliged
twice
according
of the person’s
for a profession,
the obligation
which
determining
the employer
person,
to any employed
occurred;
2 days
work
injury
the performance
for at least
the employer after
with
training
lasting
the injury
every
as every
in connection
rate exhibits
the injury
in Tables
l-4.
that a decreasing
rate evaluation If the existing
frequency
rate of 3.02.
frequency
rate of 2.86 can be expected
trend.
for 1980 will trend
show a
continues,
in 1981;
We can a
207 -
the relatively
favourable
contrasts
the index development
with
disability fact
per
that
injury.
development
This
started
in technological
result
was
established
to operate
with
discipline,
sis put on the inspection
have
contradiction
in 1970 the newly
Inspection
then
less
can be explained
the result
elimination
severe
of disorders,
with
of by the
State
that there
Safety
was a rise
more
empha-
etc. The overall
of such hazardous injuries
rate
length
Professional
task of the supervisor,
the elimination
been causing
in the frequency of the average
situations
a smaller
degree
which of
disability.
Table
1. Total
injury
frequency
rate.
Year
Frequency rate
5.21
1975
3.90
5.17
1976
3.76
1971
5.01
1977
3.57
1972
4.59
1978
3.18
1973
4.35
1979
3.26
1974
4.10
Year
Frequency rate
1969 1970
PROCESSING
OF STATISTICAL
processing
In Czechoslovakia, is done
according
ACCIDENT
INFORMATION
of statistical
to the classification
accident
information
scheme
source-cause. According Statistics means
etc.),
an accident contact
with
According
material,
energy,
of a sudden
an employee,
Instruction
a source
Authority,
of transport,
vapour, means
to the valid
man,
external
having during
been some
18 of the Czechoslovak
is regarded etc.),
animal action
the
No.
or natural directly
imminent
activity
as any object
substance
(machine,
(chemicals, element,
or indirectly
initiation
of the employee
gas,
whichcausesby an injury
of the occurrence or coming
into
the employee. to Instruction
No.
18 accident
sources
are classified
into 11 groups: 1.
Means
2.
Lifting
of transport devices
and conveyers,
lifting
and transport
facilities
to of
208 Table 2. Injury frequency rate in the main branches of activity Czech Socialist Republic (Bohemia and Moravia) - 1977.
in the
Education
1.10
Local industry
4.97
Trade
1.10
Chemical
5.27
1.42
Production of rubber and asbestos
5.37
City transport
5.61
Cellulose industry
6.03
Clothing
industry
Health service
1.90
Culture, physical training
1.99
Communications
2.39
Leather industry, boot-and-shoe industry, furrier industry
2.63
Printing
3.27
Textile
industry industry
and paper
Route construction and maintenance
6.10
Ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy
6.23
Metalware
6.30
production
3.39
El. power and heat production
3.76
Water
3.88
service
industry
Glass, china and stoneware manufacturing
6.45
Distilleries,
6.57
Engineering Communal
services
4.12
Railway
4.21
Production cooperative association
4.26
Communal
4.27
feeding
industry
6.58
4.05
Precision mechanics and optics industry stations
canneries
Agric. cooperatives
6.63
Manufacture of means of transport
6.88
Building
6.89
production
Railway ind. building production
6.98
Wood-working
7.57
industry
Coal and crude oil processing
4.49
State farms
7.67
Electrical
4.53
Dairy production
7.78
Car transport
7.93
State railway workshops
8.00
Sugar factories
8.05
Forestry
9.55
industry
Open-cast coal mining, oil and gas exploitation Construction material manufacturing Stone and gravel sand exploitation and processing Machine and tractor stations
4.80
8.43
8.61 8.79
Beer and malt production
10.08
Deep coal mining
11.56
Meat production, sausage skin production
13.13
209
3.
Machines
4.
Working
(driving
5.
Material,
6.
Tools
7.
Industrial
8.
Boilers,
9.
Electricity
loads,
working
machines,
or transport
areas
machines
as sources
and machine-tools)
of persons
falling
objects
(implements), harmful
hand-operated substances,
machines
and instruments
hot substances
and objects,
fire
and explosives
10. People, 11. Other Each detailed
Table
vessels
animals
and piping
and natural
under pressure
elements
sources
of these
groups
is then
further
divided
into several
subgroups.
3. Fatality
frequency
rate
(converted
to 10.000
employees).
Year
Frequency rate
Year
Frequency rate
1969
1.26
1975
0.96
1970
1.21
1976
1.20
1971
1.14
1977
1.00
1972
1.15
1978
0.90
1973
1.08
1979
0.83
1974
1.01
Table
more
4. Average
length
of disability
per
injury.
Year
Number of days charged
Year
Number of days charqed
1969
23.00
1975
22.74
1970
22.40
1976
23.46
1971
21.34
1977
24.21
1972
21.52
1978
24.80
1973
21.82
1979
25.54
1974
22.36
210 According
to the Instruction
NO.
18 accident
causes
are classified
into 14 groups: 1.
Defective
OK unfavourable
state
of the accident
source
(not of the-
work place) 2.
Protection
3.
Personal
devices
and guarding
protective
equipment
insufficient
or missing
insufficient,
improper
or missing
(not provided) 4.
Unfavourable
state
communications
or defective
arrangement
(even if the work place
of the work
is the source
place
or of
of the
accident) 5.
Defects
in lighting
contaminated Ignorance
7.
Use of hazardous
of safe working
(theoretical
without
knowledge,
8.
Improper Obligatory
organisation safety
effects
of noise
and of
(or on communications)
conditions
procedures
authorization,
9.
harmful
air on the workplace
6.
needed
and visibility,
and lack of qualification
ability,
or work
prohibited
training,
methods
presence
adaptation,
including
etc.)
acting
in hazardous
area
of work
equipment
and protection
guarding
removed
or
not used 10. Personal
protective
11. Danger jokes, other 12. back
equipment
caused
by other
quarrels
preconditions qualities
and
caused
14. Causes
not discovered.
order
above
according cannot
prevention
for right work
lacking,
sensory
at work,
behaviour
of
performance
deficiency,
unfavourable
psychophysiological
and natural
states)
elements
to the "source-cause"
provide
control.
sufficient
Therefore,
out at the Occupational
of accidents
Safety
the accident
and sectors,
for the activities sources
attention
or hazardous
instantaneous
by animals
to determine
branches
by regulations
RATE STRUCTURE
Data processed
carried
(distracting
incorrect
preconditions
13. Danger
accident
persons
and other
of personal
(physical
mentioned
ordered
persons)
personal
ACCIDENT
(facilities),
not used or misused
and provided,
the most
of various
information
Research
hazardous professional
rate
Institute
operations
groups,
with concrete
were
in Prague
in different
specific
scheme
for effective
in the 7Os, analyses
frequency
in connection
statistical
the most
activities,
in
industrial typical serious etc. Data
211 included
in stanaardized
mentioned ation
"Injury
1, were
in Section
records",
which
I have already
used as the starting
point
for elabor-
of the analyses.
The
results
eliminated
of these
to a great
analyses
extent
provided
some new information
the existing
anomaly
and
in the accident
structure. EXAMPLE Injury industry
A rate analysis is its most
distribution in Table
Table
in the food
hazardous
in the individual
industry
branch
showed
in this
branches
field.
of the food
that the meat The injury industry
rate
is shown
5.
5. Injury
rate distribution
in individual
branches
of the food
industry.
Branch
Number of injuries %
Injury frequency rate
Number of days charged per injury
Number of employees 8
Meat
31.65
12.72
17.5
14.93
7.58
5.74
34.8
7.92
15.53
6.28
25.6
14.84
2.53
6.34
21.2
2.39
5.11
6.22
18.2
4.93
11.25
4.82
24.6
14.00
4.71
4.88
22.5
5.79
9.20
4.50
24.4
12.27
0.96
3.58
24.3
1.60
1.01
3.38
27.2
1.79
4.63
3.48
22.4
7.98
2.74
3.40
22.6
4.83
3.06
2.78
21.6
6.60
0.05
0.68
10.0
0.46
100.00
6.00
22.5
100.00
industry
Sugar
factories
Breweries and malt-houses Cooling
plants
Packaging Dairy
technique
plants
Fats Canning plants distilleries
and
Tobacco Starch
production
Poultry Mills
farms
and bakeries
Chocolate Design
plants
works
Total The Tables
results 6-10.
of injury
analysis
in this branch
are presented
in
212 Table
6. Injury
rate distribution
in the meat
Profession
% of the numbers injuries
Butcher
17.3 - driver's
help
9.6
Apprentice Non
6.9
specified
Auxiliary
5.3
worker
Engineering
4.5
professions
Technical-economics Maintenance Man
of
44.5
Worker Driver
industry.
handling
3.7
employee
2.9
man
2.7
animals
2.4
Total
100.0
Table 7. Injury distribution the type of activity
in the meat
industry
according
Activity
% of the nos. of injuries
Activity
Evisceration
17.1
Scalding
4.0
Deboning
11.2
Animals
3.5
Dispatch
10.7
Arrangement of the working process 3.5
Handling
8.3
Walking
6.1
Machining
6.1
Transport
5.9
Skinning
5.1
Dressing
4.3
% of the nos. of injuries
Cutting
2.1
Maintenance
2.1
Cleaning
2.1
Miscellaneous
2.7
Carrying
1.9
Bleeding
1.3
Slaughtering
0.5
to
213 Table 8. Injury rate distribution in the meat to activity in individual professions.
12.G
0.5
2
1.5
8
1.6
8.3
'Dispatch
0.h
1.3
Handling
4.5
1.9
Walking
1.6
1.9
Machlnlng
1.1
1.9
Transport
0.5
3.7
Sklnnlng
4.3
0.5
Dressing
2.4
1.1
Scalding
3.2
0.3 0.5
Animals
0.5
1.1
cutting
1.6
0.6
1.3 0.6 0
0.3
0.3 1.1
Bleeding
0.8
0.3
0.3 0
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
carrying
0.6
2.4 0.3
6
0.3 0.5
Slaughterlnq
1.1 0.5
1.6
Maintenance
Total
0.3
0.5
6.9
1.9
0.3
1.9
0.5 0.3
3.5
5.3
4.5
0
0.5 44.5
17.3
according
0.5
Debonlng
Arrangement or working process
0.3
industry
9.6
6 9
3.7
2.9
1.6
214 Table
9. Relationship
between
the kind
of activity
and accident.
% of injuries Evisceration 1. Slipping 2. Pricked
12.27
of the knife
2.40
by a bone
1.07
3. Slipping 4. Cut
through
5. Fall
0.53
with a knife
0.27
of a hook
6. An animal
falling
off the track
0.53
Deboning 1. Slipping 2. Pricked 3. Cut
8.27
of the knife
1.60
by a bone
through
4. Injured
with
1.07
a knife
0.27
by a chip
Dispatch 4.80
1. Slipping 2. Pricked 3. Fall
of a hook
4. Hand
injury
5. Injury 6. Leg
0.80
Other
handling
0.80
by striking
when making
injury
Note:
2.13
by a bone
0.53
the car ready
0.53
by striking
activities
(8.3 %), machine
were
analysed
processing
in the same way:
of meat
(6.1 %), transport
(5.8 %), etc.
EXAMPLE As
B
shown
hazardous injuries
The
resulting
individual vertical
of their
results
of group safety
from their
milling
machines
24.30
belong
- MACHINES
therefore
of injury
incurred
machines
and surface
proportion
showed,
planers,
group
to the most
% of the severe
and an analysis
use, have
in the whole
for a decisive
machines
3 of sources
level
of wood-working
81 % of the injuries
(Table 12).
causing
of the analysis
types
responsible
11, wood-working
of machines,
in the whole
An analysis injuries
in Table
groups
and fatal
(see Section
of severe
3).
and fatal
been made. during
the use of
that circular
which
caused
of wood-working
of the severe
saws,
more
machines,
and fatal
than are
injuries
215 10. Injury
Table
rate
of the professions,
type of activity
and accidents
Profession
Type of activity
,x Accident
Profession 44.53 EVISCERATION Sllpping knife
12.00
1.87
8.27
1.60
Y/60
6.93
5.33
4.53
2.13
0.27
0.27
1.87
0.53
3.73
2.93
2.61
2.40
100.00
17.07
of the
Pricked
by a bone
Slipping
12.27 0.27
0.27
1.60 0.80
Cut through a knife Fall
17.33
total
2.40
0.27
1.07
0.27
with
of a hook
0.53
0.53
0.27
0.27
An animal falling off the track
0.53
DEBONING
8.27
1.60
0.80
0.53
11.20
5.33
1.60
0.80
0.53
8.27
Slipping Knife Pricked
of the
by a bone
Cut through a knife Inlury
0.53
1.60
1.60
1.07
1.07
with
by a chip
0.27
0.27
DISPATCH
0.80
1.33
6.93
0.53
1.07
10.67
Slipping
0.27
0.27
3.20
0.27
0.80
4.80
0.53
0.27
1.33
2.13
0.80
0.80
Pricked Fall
by a bone
of a hook
Hand injury strlklng Making ready
0.53
0.27
0.80
the car
Leg injury striking
Note:
by
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
by
Accidents
at handling,
machining,
transfer,
etc.
were
analyzed
in the same
way.
216 Table
11.
Accident rate with injuries.
and fatal
machines
(group 3 of sources)
Group
Total
Wood-working Forming
machines
Textile
17.33
machines
Metal-working
14.74
machines
13.11
machines
Construction
7.33
and earthwork
Machines in the chemical, and rubber industry Machines
in the food
machines
7.26
leather 4.30
industry
4.07
Paper
machines
3.78
Other
machines
3.78
Total
100.00
Table 12. Accident rate according to specific machines - severe and fatal injuries
Type of machine
Circular
saws
Vertical machines
milling
Proportion of injuries 8
Type of machine
14.15
Cutting Chain
Power
machines
planers
mortisers
saws
saws
i3and saws
Tables
according
0.15
Wood-turning
lathes
0.15
Wood-slicing
machines
0.15
0.52 0.37
Universal machines
0.22
Peelinq
machines,
the injury
according
joiner's 0.15 machines
0.07
rate distribution
for the use of
to the type of specific
operation
and
to the kind of injury.
latter rate
Similar
machines
1.33
13 and 14 show
wood-working
injury
0.15
1.93
applicators
The
0.22
4.59
chain
Frame
type of wood-working
Proportion of injuries %
Splitting Surface
Glue
%
24.30
machines
Agricultural
- severe
injury
analysis
presented
for the use of highly analyses
have
indicated
dangerous
also been made
the structure
circular
for other
saws
kinds
of the
(Table 15).
of machines.
217 Table 13. Accident distribution wood-working machines - severe
according to specific and fatal injuries.
Specific operation
%
96.3
Holding, guiding the material in cutting
35.2
1.2 Holding, guiding the material in milling
28.6
1.3 Waste and chips removal when the machine is running
6.6
1.4 Holding, guiding the material in grinding
2.5
1.5 Handling workpieces on the machine during cutting 1.6 Adjustment, replacement of the machine part 1.7 The rest
2.2 2.2 19.0
2. Manual loading and material handling 3. A passing person present in the proximity of the source
1.4 1.4 0.9
4. Miscellaneous
100.0
Total
Table 14. Accident rate distribution to the type of accident.
for wood-working
Accident
%
1.1 A person cut by a rotating tool
71.3 56.9
1.2 A person cut by a straight moving tool
2.5
1.3 A person ground by a rotating tool
1.4
1.4 A person struck by a rotating tool
1.4
1.5 Miscellaneous
9.1
2. A person hit by objects flying off the machine
2.2 Eye injury by chip or workpiece fragment 2.3 Hit by chip or workpiece fragment 2.4 Hit by a tool 2.5 Miscellaneous
machines
%
1. A person cut, struck, caught by the machine
2.1 Hit by the workpiece flying off the machine
20.5 9.6 4.8
2.5 1.5 2.1
3. Injury by a chip, pricked by a sharp object
2.9
4. Miscellaneous
5.3
Total
with
%
1. Specific operations with machines 1.1
operations
100.0
according
218 Table 15. Accident analysis for the most machines - circular saw benches.
hazardous
Accidents:
%
A person cut by a rotating of the saw
accidents
occur
70
31 16 7 7 3 3 2 1
in the following
specific
operations:
- holding, guiaing the material in cutting - removal of waste, sawdust, chips, while the machine is running - handling workpieces when cutting on the machine and similar activities - additional adjustment of the position of the material in cutting
54 10 4 2
A person hit by a board (4 %), by a balk (3 %), by a rod, by a batten (3 %), by off cuts, wooden waste, a slot pushed out of the hand (3 %) - when caught too1
and thrown
This
occurs
accident
away
13 specific
- holding, guiding the material by hand - serviceable klresence at a place where danger of flying particles A person hit by sawdust, chips, workpiece, of the object flies
Eye injury ooject
by sawdust,
caused
accidents
operation:
in cutting there is
12 1
knot of the
off at the bit 5
- when the particle bites These
13
by a rotating
in the following
- when a particle of the machine
flies
occur
%
disk
- struck after a slip of the hand on the object held - when putting a limb into the danger area - struck after the tool held had been knocked away - during the penetration of the tool through the material - accidental touch - on the fall of the person - struck after the destruction of the object held in the hand - catching the object held by the tool These
wood-working
knot of the workpiece,
off as the tool 2
in the following
specific
operations:
- holding, guiding the material by hand in cutting - presence of a passing person in the proximity of the source
6 1
219 ESTABLISHMENT
OF A WORK
The experiences were
used
ACCIDENT
gained
from
in establishing
standardized
"Injury
DATABANK
the analysis
a work
records"
accident
of accident
databank
containing
structure
(on the base of the
the required
information
needed). In the establishment represent source, moment
the main
a part
of the source
the following
of an injury,
and specific
factors,
which
were chosen:
operation
carried
accident,
out at the
of the injury.
Inserting
the criterion
cally
the sources
which
persons
considered crete
of the databank
characteristics
of injury
agents,
construction materials,
the source
they create
a concrete
knocking
down,
on a person,
fall of a person with
escaping
part
objects,
and risks which
being
fall of an object
or from an object,
of the object,
attack,
to
(i.e.
of the machine,
shocks,
an object
some part
from objects,
works,
tools,
It is then not necessary
electrical
over
by objects
(machines,
etc.)
are
as con-
to the kind of function
by a moving
burns,
is injured
artificial
in
If sources
unambiguously
elements,
according
caused
particle,
sources.
function
formations,
as accidents.
object
of persons
is expressed
natural
unequivo-
at the same time the way
by individual
anticipated
natural
animals,
catching
hit by a flying
substances
scheme
are expressed
classify
us to include
at the time a person
to their
elements, persons,
collision
acting
according
enabled
and to derive
can be affected
as objects
classified
"accident"
etc.)
inhalation
in various
of
groups
of
sources. Keys
for the source
injury
(a part
object
kicked
are used
of the machine back,
a piece
even
for labelling
or of the object,
of material
the factors
a clamped
machined,
causing
tool,
a leaking
an
substance,
etc.). A specific sidered
to be only
accident
at the time of the injury
such an operation
for a group
introduction
and uniform
out,
the part
of the source.
logical
necessary
relation
operation
not only permits
to the must
a class
the injury
is classified
act
of the correctness
involves
to identify
a correct
of the accident
control
kind of accident
If the source
is con-
).
"accident"
allows
Every
of sources, 'it being
has a direct (a specific
of all characteristics
but also
of the classification.
which
source;
of operations
of the aspect
classification
to be carried
group
executed
and to its correspondent
not be taken The
operation
or a
source
accurately
and
into a
220 class
or group,
of specific Besides scanned,
the main
origin.
Aspects
expressing
Other aspects
what part
aspects
scanned
associated
the organisation
of day
aspects
are also
organisation
shift
response namely
that
included
mation,
relation
of the injured
person
on which
occurred,
injury
of death.
proposed
are also
and
scanned:
chosen
must
of the injury
permit
by a numerical
since
the with
designed
technical
to and
databank,
and the application and output
one precondition
description
the time
In connection
measures
to
some
occurred,
in the accident
the bank
of the aspects
moreover
measures.
the choice
and that they will
person;
the time elapsed
and the date
between
the codes
represented
of birth,
to be placed
but also
in the verbal
to be coded,
i.e. sex, date
the date
. For such a system
mode
can also be
type of injury
person,
and educational
the relationships
had to be assumed,
of
injured.
of the injured
of the injury
of data
causes
the injury
of the accident
of the injury,
the accidents,
measures
In the choice
with
are
are a< the injured
the injury
the causes
aspects
the 3 main
in connection
class
be located.
complementary
of the body has been
scanned:
of the work
in which
will
occurred,
the consequences
in the plant,
characterizing
eliminate
disobeyed
and profession
(hour) when
beginning
only
with
of employment
time data
the injury
i.e. severity
accurately,
operation
of an accident,
where
aspects,
determination,
length
aspects
and the regulations
to these
also
the corresponding
i.e. the place
the injury
added
it can then be decided,
operations
programs
in the requesthad to be fulfilled, enable
the information
in the "Injury
the conversion
code,
not
of this
into the original
record"
infor-
information,
free of reaundance.
Establishment
and maintenance
The databank by an injury letter
K
updated
of the databank
was established
analysis
of persons
in 1978 out of a single whose
(13.45 % of the population yearly
and a periodic
family
of Czechoslovakia).
data
base obtained
name begins
innovation
will
with
the
The databank
be done
is
in the
future. The user of the databank individually wants
or in optional
and in what
system
library,
module
library
has the possibility parts.
form. A number
and a number serve
Be must
only
of auxiliary
of application
this purpose.
of extracting state
which
programs
programs
the data data
contained
contained
he in the
in the
221 The databank response
Combinea aspects coded,
is designed
as an open
system
enabling
a request-
linkage. responses
readable
to the requests
from the injury
e.g.
the sub-branch,
"locksmith",
his sex, age,
operation
being
done
of the accident,
body,
the kind of measures
not only
to requests
by the data
responses
category
of the injured
source
adopted,
and
has been
its parts,
the
took place,
the injured
part
(e.g.
the
of the
etc. by the computer
in word
form,
code. examples
from
of combined
the databank
requests
(selected
that can be
from the wide
variety
variants).
The databank took place
information
the accident
are presented
in a numerical
of possible
the accident
from all the
to which
the type of injury,
I shall give several satisfied
professional
at the time when
cause
Responses
can be obtained
reports
can provide
in specific about
use of specific
responses
concerning
technological
the structure groups
processes
e.g. accidents and working
of the accident
rate associated
in the erection
of machines,
that
operations, with
the
of scaffoldings,
etc. Example
1. Request
to the databank:
TO find all the cases when
a specific
part
of the machine;
place,
which
the accidents Example
where
type of machine
parts
to find
and in which
2. Request
of industry.
of the injured
the accident
to improve
all cases
of birth,
To find
took place
by a specific
the accident
what
of industry
were
these
which
took
the causes cases
took place
the administrative
person,
types
and their causes
of
took place.
territory,
of injuries,
detailed
in a specific
injured
parts,
of the accident,
the parts
operations measures
of
in adopted
the most
To find
to persons
the length
the sex of the injured
4. Request
sources,
to the databank: of accidents
(e.g. "turner").
accident
To find
took place,
To find
Example
caused
took place
safety. 3. Request
the year
branches
sources
Example
group
used,
operation
injured,
of injuries
sub-branch
accidents
type of accident
to the databank:
profession
which
was being
in which
of the body were
To find all the cases
the body,
a specific
in a specific
of employment
professional
in the factory,
person.
to the databank:
frequent the most
(at the specified
kinds
of accidents,
frequent
operations
significance
the most in which
level).
frequent the accidents
222 We hope further
that
the databank,
increasing
We also
believe
injury
prevention. provided
safety
inspection
by the databank
and at the most Analyses
authorities hazardous
carried
effectiveness
of preventive
economic
OF WORK
and losses
trend
3 million
KES. When
choosing
Institute),
costs
from
accidents
and the year
the simple
individual
and losses prices,
medical
treatment
widow's
and orphan's
the of
from the work 1974.
the year
the work costs,
accident
pensions
and
the losses
indemnity
invalid
and costs,
was developed
of national
treatment
or partial
social
income
loss
in current
invalid
costs
pensions.
costs
54.71
prices
5.71
compensation medical
treatment
costs
1.18
Hospital
medical
treatment
costs
2.08
Widow's
and orphan's
Invalid
and partial
pension invalid
costs pension
2.89 33.43
costs
100.00
Total
Average
costs
In 1979
and losses
they
reached
per work
injury
the sum of over
also
at
the ambulant costs,
Ambulant
trend.
at our
we can see that
compensation,
medical
(in this
%
income
Indemnity
the sum of
of 1.8. The main
cOSt
National
the
rate show a
reached
losses
period,
the value
the hospital
REPUBLIC
1974 as the base period
1979 as the current
16) include
rate,
accident
In 1979 they
of the main
reached
SOCIALIST
Table 16. Proportion of individual types of costs in social losses resulting from the work injury rate in 1979.
Of
procedures.
the effectiveness
frequency
in the organisations,
index
(Table
current
Type
problems
also enable
IN THE CZECH
in the injury
for the investigation
from work
of the
safety
and working should
including
ACCIDENTS
arising
increasing
a method
of technology
measures,
continuous
derived
at the main
and
of the infor-
the activities
of the databank
to the decrease
costs
the application
enable
will
in accident
to be evaluated.
CONSEQUENCES
In contrast
that
will
factors
described,
the effectiveness
to be aimed
out by means
inspection,
ECONOMIC
year
I have briefly
towards
mation
safety
which
contribute
show an increasing
18.5 thousand
K8S.
The
and
of
223 simple
individual
2.35. More
Table
index
detailed
17. Social
for the period
data
costs
are shown
and losses
1974-1979
in Table
resulting
from work
Social costs and losses in mill. KZs
1974
1,681
1975
1,600
7,874
1976
2,188
11,130
1977
2,215
11,795
1978
2,193
13,319
1979
3,222
18,519
injury
rate.
losses
economic
in the
caused
by the injury
rate can
as follows:
-
the average
-
the value
-
the value
length
of disability
of the national
increasing
there
of
7,881
increase
be explained
the value
Costs per work injury in K??s
Year
The
reached
17.
is increasing
income
produced
(see Table
by one employee
4); is
(1979/1974:1,26); of labour
productivity
is an increase
in losses
is increasing, caused
by work
and for this reason absenteeism
(1979/1974:1,23);
-
the sum paid
for individual
Nevertheless, tioned
above,
because
the losses
represent
the real costs
the time being, carry
out an estimation causes,
of costs
spent
pensions
on damage
amount
on health
concerning
of proceedings, recovery,
etc.
economy,
of the social
services
at our disposal
of the costs
of costs
is rising.
in the national
only a minimum expended
we do not have
accident
invalid
and costs
are much
enough
men-
losses, higher.
information
to
the investigation
of
of allowance
payment
For
costs,