- Email: [email protected]
Y
Y Y Single letter code for tyrosine. Y chromosome Chromosome found only in the heterogametic sex. In mammals the male has one Y chromosome and one X chromosome. One region of the Y chromosome, the pseudoautosomal region, is homologous to and pairs with the X chromosome. The primary determinant of male sexual development (sry) is found on the unpaired, differentiated segment of the Y chromosome.
yaba virus A genus of double-stranded DNA viruses (in the Poxviridae) isolated from African monkeys that cause focal (benign) histiocytomas in primates. The yatapoxvirus genus contains three members: tanapox virus (TPV), yaba-like disease virus (YLDV) and yaba monkey tumour virus (YMTV). Tanapox virus (TPV) encodes and expresses a secreted TNFα-binding protein, TPV-2L or gp38, that has inhibitory properties. Yaba monkey tumour virus encodes a variant of the orthopoxvirus IL-18 binding proteins. Yaba-like disease virus secretes a glycoprotein, related to protein B18 from Vaccinia virus, that binds to and inhibits both type I and type III IFNs.
YAC See yeast artificial chromosome. yaws framboesia A contagious tropical disease caused by infection with Treponema pertenue. There are characteristic raspberry-like papules on the skin.
yeast A colloquial and non-systematic name for fungi that tend to be unicellular for the greater part of their life cycle. They may be from various fungal families (Ascomycota, Basidiomycotina or Deuteromycotina). Commercially important yeasts include Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast); pathogenic yeasts include the genus Candida. See also Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
yeast artificial chromosome YAC A vector system that has telomeric, centromeric, and replication origin sequences needed for replication and preservation in yeast and allows very large segments (.100 kbp 3000 kbp) of DNA to be cloned. Useful in chromosome mapping; contiguous YACs covering the whole Drosophila genome and certain human chromosomes are available. They are less stable than bacterial artificial chromosomes but proteins encoded by the inserts are post-translationally modified in a eukaryotic manner. Web resource: http:// openwetware.org/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosomes
yeast elicitor A compound that mimicks the effect of pathogens in eliciting immune responses in plants.
Purified elicitor consists of cell wall polysaccharides composed entirely of mannose. Abstract: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15605242
yeast two-hybrid screening A method used to screen for proteins that interact. A cDNA library is constructed such that candidate proteins are expressed as translational fusions with part of (typically) the GAL4 gene. Yeast cells are then cotransfected with a “bait” construct consisting of the cDNA of interest fused in-frame to the other part of the GAL4 gene. Only if both expressed proteins physically interact will the two parts of the GAL4 protein come close enough to produce detectable beta-galactosidase activity. Similar systems have now been developed that tag bait and targets with heterodimeric proteins other than GAL4. Interactions identified in this way usually need to be confirmed by independent methods (e.g. pull-down assays).
yellow fever virus A positive-sense, singlestranded, encapsulated RNA virus of the Flaviviridae that causes yellow fever, the symptoms of which include fever and haemorrhage. Transmitted by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Haemagogus sp. Only one antigenic type of the virus known.
Yersinia Genus of Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae; all are parasites or pathogens. Y. pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) was probably the cause of plague (Black Death) a disease of rodents where humans are accidental hosts. Yersinia enterocolitica causes an enterocolitis that is most common in children and is self-limiting.
yes An oncogene originally identified in Yamaguchi avian sarcoma, encodes p62yes, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Yes (EC 2.7.10.2, 543aa), contained within EBP50 protein complexes by association with yes-associated protein.
Yes-associated protein A transcriptional coactivator (YAP65, 454aa) that interacts with and enhances p73-dependent apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Contains WW domains that bind to the PPPPY motif of p73.
YidC Translocase (548aa) found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In association with SecYEG is involved in the insertion of proteins into the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Has sequence and functional homology with Oxa1 in mitochondria and Albino3 in chloroplasts.
YMRF-amide FMRFamide-like neuropeptide from Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal leech).
The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384931-1.00025-8 r 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
yolk cells
720
YY1
yolk cells Cells lying between the endoderm and
YPD Yeast Proteome Database (YPDTM): contains
mesoderm, formed by cleavage of yolk-rich regions of embryos in which the yolk is restricted in distribution (telolecithal eggs). They probably give rise to the endothelium of vitelline vessels.
information about the proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A subsection of a larger collection of curated databases. Link: http://www.proteome.com/YPDhome. html Not freely available without subscription.
yolk sac One of the set of extra-embryonic mem-
YY transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1, 414aa)
branes, growing out from the gut over the yolk surface, in birds formed from the splanchnopleure, an outer layer of splanchnic mesoderm and an inner layer of extra-embryonic endoderm. The yolk sac in mammals is the site of early haematopoiesis.
is a multifunctional transcription factor involved in development, differentiation, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. It can act as a transcriptional repressor, an activator, or an initiator element binding protein that directs and initiates transcription of numerous cellular and viral genes. Yin Yang 2 (YY2, 372aa) may antagonize YY1 and function in development and differentiation. Full paper: http://www.jbc.org/content/ 279/24/25927.long
yorkie In Drosophila a transcriptional coactivator (418aa) which is the critical downstream regulatory target in the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. Activity is regulated by multiple phosphorylation events. The human homologue (65 kDa Yes-associated protein, 504aa) is upregulated in some liver and prostate carcinomas.
YY1 A multifunctional transcription factor (414aa) that exerts positive and negative control on a range of cellular and viral genes.
yaba virus A genus of double-stranded DNA viruses (in the Poxviridae) isolated from African monkeys that cause focal (benign) histiocytomas in primates. The yatapoxvirus genus contains three members: tanapox virus (TPV), yaba-like disease virus (YLDV) and yaba monkey tumour virus (YMTV). Tanapox virus (TPV) encodes and expresses a secreted TNFα-binding protein, TPV-2L or gp38, that has inhibitory properties. Yaba monkey tumour virus encodes a variant of the orthopoxvirus IL-18 binding proteins. Yaba-like disease virus secretes a glycoprotein, related to protein B18 from Vaccinia virus, that binds to and inhibits both type I and type III IFNs.
YAC See yeast artificial chromosome. yaws framboesia A contagious tropical disease caused by infection with Treponema pertenue. There are characteristic raspberry-like papules on the skin.
yeast A colloquial and non-systematic name for fungi that tend to be unicellular for the greater part of their life cycle. They may be from various fungal families (Ascomycota, Basidiomycotina or Deuteromycotina). Commercially important yeasts include Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast); pathogenic yeasts include the genus Candida. See also Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
yeast artificial chromosome YAC A vector system that has telomeric, centromeric, and replication origin sequences needed for replication and preservation in yeast and allows very large segments (.100 kbp 3000 kbp) of DNA to be cloned. Useful in chromosome mapping; contiguous YACs covering the whole Drosophila genome and certain human chromosomes are available. They are less stable than bacterial artificial chromosomes but proteins encoded by the inserts are post-translationally modified in a eukaryotic manner. Web resource: http:// openwetware.org/wiki/Yeast_artificial_chromosomes
yeast elicitor A compound that mimicks the effect of pathogens in eliciting immune responses in plants.
Purified elicitor consists of cell wall polysaccharides composed entirely of mannose. Abstract: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15605242
yeast two-hybrid screening A method used to screen for proteins that interact. A cDNA library is constructed such that candidate proteins are expressed as translational fusions with part of (typically) the GAL4 gene. Yeast cells are then cotransfected with a “bait” construct consisting of the cDNA of interest fused in-frame to the other part of the GAL4 gene. Only if both expressed proteins physically interact will the two parts of the GAL4 protein come close enough to produce detectable beta-galactosidase activity. Similar systems have now been developed that tag bait and targets with heterodimeric proteins other than GAL4. Interactions identified in this way usually need to be confirmed by independent methods (e.g. pull-down assays).
yellow fever virus A positive-sense, singlestranded, encapsulated RNA virus of the Flaviviridae that causes yellow fever, the symptoms of which include fever and haemorrhage. Transmitted by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Haemagogus sp. Only one antigenic type of the virus known.
Yersinia Genus of Gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae; all are parasites or pathogens. Y. pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) was probably the cause of plague (Black Death) a disease of rodents where humans are accidental hosts. Yersinia enterocolitica causes an enterocolitis that is most common in children and is self-limiting.
yes An oncogene originally identified in Yamaguchi avian sarcoma, encodes p62yes, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Yes (EC 2.7.10.2, 543aa), contained within EBP50 protein complexes by association with yes-associated protein.
Yes-associated protein A transcriptional coactivator (YAP65, 454aa) that interacts with and enhances p73-dependent apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Contains WW domains that bind to the PPPPY motif of p73.
YidC Translocase (548aa) found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In association with SecYEG is involved in the insertion of proteins into the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Has sequence and functional homology with Oxa1 in mitochondria and Albino3 in chloroplasts.
YMRF-amide FMRFamide-like neuropeptide from Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal leech).
The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384931-1.00025-8 r 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
yolk cells
720
YY1
yolk cells Cells lying between the endoderm and
YPD Yeast Proteome Database (YPDTM): contains
mesoderm, formed by cleavage of yolk-rich regions of embryos in which the yolk is restricted in distribution (telolecithal eggs). They probably give rise to the endothelium of vitelline vessels.
information about the proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A subsection of a larger collection of curated databases. Link: http://www.proteome.com/YPDhome. html Not freely available without subscription.
yolk sac One of the set of extra-embryonic mem-
YY transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1, 414aa)
branes, growing out from the gut over the yolk surface, in birds formed from the splanchnopleure, an outer layer of splanchnic mesoderm and an inner layer of extra-embryonic endoderm. The yolk sac in mammals is the site of early haematopoiesis.
is a multifunctional transcription factor involved in development, differentiation, cellular proliferation and apoptosis. It can act as a transcriptional repressor, an activator, or an initiator element binding protein that directs and initiates transcription of numerous cellular and viral genes. Yin Yang 2 (YY2, 372aa) may antagonize YY1 and function in development and differentiation. Full paper: http://www.jbc.org/content/ 279/24/25927.long
yorkie In Drosophila a transcriptional coactivator (418aa) which is the critical downstream regulatory target in the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. Activity is regulated by multiple phosphorylation events. The human homologue (65 kDa Yes-associated protein, 504aa) is upregulated in some liver and prostate carcinomas.
YY1 A multifunctional transcription factor (414aa) that exerts positive and negative control on a range of cellular and viral genes.