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Young driver involvement in severe car crashes
suggests that mandated short-term residential treatment may provide an effective intervention among repeat offender drunken drivers.
Truck Driver Performance in Personal Versus Commercial Vehicles. S. B. Geissinger, P F. Wailer, and J. R. Stewart, Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine Conference (3Oth), October 6-8, 1986, Monteral, Quebec, 1986. This study examined the relationship between a driver’s driving record while operating a private vehicle and his record while driving a commercial truck. Approximately 240,000 drivers licensed to operate tractor trailers, from the states of North Carolina and Washington, constituted the study populations. Data were collected from state driver files for the periods 1981-1982 and 1983-1984. A number of driver record variables from the first time period were found to be associated with crash involvement of drivers in commercial vehicles in the second time period.
Urban-rural Location and the Risk of Dying in a Pedestrian-Vehicle Collsion. B. A. Mueller, F. I? Rivara, and A. B. Bergman, The Journal of Trauma, 1988, 28(l), 91-94. Statewide data from two sources were used to compare the pedestrian-vehicle collision injury and fatality rates for urban and rural areas of Washington State from 1981 through 1983. Although the rates of pedestrian injuries are higher in urban areas, the pedestrian fatality rate in rural areas is higher for nearly all age groups, and at all posted speeds. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to measure the risk of dying once involved in a pedestrian-vehicle collision in rural areas compared to the risk for urban areas. This relative risk was seen to be elevated (RR=2.3; 95% CI=2.0-2.6) even after controlling for the effects of age and sex of the pedestrian and posted speed of the vehicle. When explored further, it was seen that a larger proportion of fatalities died out of the hospital and within the first hour af152
ter injury in rural areas than in urban areas. It is possible that emergency medical services care is less rapidly available and that accessibility to trauma centers is more limited in rural areas.
Young Driver Involvement in Severe Car crashes. L. Evans, Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 1987, 3(3-4), 63-78. One of the most dominant stable observations in traffic safety is substantially higher than average involvement in crashes by younger drivers. Elevated crash rates have been observed for young drivers in just about every country which collects traffic safety data, and such effects have been widely documented. One central question is the extent to which the elevated rates depend on two quite separate factors: first, lack of knowledge and skill (inexperience); and second, characteristics inexorably associated with youthful behavior. This question is important because the two factors imply different remedies. The problem of lack of knowledge and skill can be addressed by study, instruction, training, and supervised practice; driving problems linked to overall youthful behavior are probably in part related to questions of social norms, so that remedial steps would have to be of a broader, less specific nature.
Occupational
Safety
Epidemiological-Environmental Study of Diesel Bus Garage Workers: Chronic Effects of Diesel Exhaust on the Respiratory System. J. Gamble, W. Jones, and S. Minshall, Environmental Research, 1987,44(l), 6-17. Two hundred and eighty-three (283) male diesel bus garage workers from four garages in two cities were examined to determine if there was excess chronic respiratory morbidity related to diesel exposure. The dependent variables were respiratory symptoms, radiographic interpretation for pneumoconiosis, and pulmonary function (FVC, FEV,, and flow rates). Independent variaJournal of Safety Research
Truck Driver Performance in Personal Versus Commercial Vehicles. S. B. Geissinger, P F. Wailer, and J. R. Stewart, Proceedings of the American Association for Automotive Medicine Conference (3Oth), October 6-8, 1986, Monteral, Quebec, 1986. This study examined the relationship between a driver’s driving record while operating a private vehicle and his record while driving a commercial truck. Approximately 240,000 drivers licensed to operate tractor trailers, from the states of North Carolina and Washington, constituted the study populations. Data were collected from state driver files for the periods 1981-1982 and 1983-1984. A number of driver record variables from the first time period were found to be associated with crash involvement of drivers in commercial vehicles in the second time period.
Urban-rural Location and the Risk of Dying in a Pedestrian-Vehicle Collsion. B. A. Mueller, F. I? Rivara, and A. B. Bergman, The Journal of Trauma, 1988, 28(l), 91-94. Statewide data from two sources were used to compare the pedestrian-vehicle collision injury and fatality rates for urban and rural areas of Washington State from 1981 through 1983. Although the rates of pedestrian injuries are higher in urban areas, the pedestrian fatality rate in rural areas is higher for nearly all age groups, and at all posted speeds. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to measure the risk of dying once involved in a pedestrian-vehicle collision in rural areas compared to the risk for urban areas. This relative risk was seen to be elevated (RR=2.3; 95% CI=2.0-2.6) even after controlling for the effects of age and sex of the pedestrian and posted speed of the vehicle. When explored further, it was seen that a larger proportion of fatalities died out of the hospital and within the first hour af152
ter injury in rural areas than in urban areas. It is possible that emergency medical services care is less rapidly available and that accessibility to trauma centers is more limited in rural areas.
Young Driver Involvement in Severe Car crashes. L. Evans, Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 1987, 3(3-4), 63-78. One of the most dominant stable observations in traffic safety is substantially higher than average involvement in crashes by younger drivers. Elevated crash rates have been observed for young drivers in just about every country which collects traffic safety data, and such effects have been widely documented. One central question is the extent to which the elevated rates depend on two quite separate factors: first, lack of knowledge and skill (inexperience); and second, characteristics inexorably associated with youthful behavior. This question is important because the two factors imply different remedies. The problem of lack of knowledge and skill can be addressed by study, instruction, training, and supervised practice; driving problems linked to overall youthful behavior are probably in part related to questions of social norms, so that remedial steps would have to be of a broader, less specific nature.
Occupational
Safety
Epidemiological-Environmental Study of Diesel Bus Garage Workers: Chronic Effects of Diesel Exhaust on the Respiratory System. J. Gamble, W. Jones, and S. Minshall, Environmental Research, 1987,44(l), 6-17. Two hundred and eighty-three (283) male diesel bus garage workers from four garages in two cities were examined to determine if there was excess chronic respiratory morbidity related to diesel exposure. The dependent variables were respiratory symptoms, radiographic interpretation for pneumoconiosis, and pulmonary function (FVC, FEV,, and flow rates). Independent variaJournal of Safety Research