H a c T o a m a a CTaTBJ~ npec~tej~yeT j~Be t~e~H. Bo-rIepBblX, -- OTKpblTHe nya'e~ x< nOHaMaamo CMLICaOBOia qbyHrm~oHanr~HOCTa opaTopcxKeHHeM ~HCKyCCHHO CMblC~e H 3HaqHMOCTH KOHKpCTHOFO CTttXOTBOpeHV~ 'He Bept, ce6e', KOTOpOe, HeCOMHeHHO, ~IBJI~ICTCJt IIIe~eBpOM opaTopcKoro CTrtna. 3~ecb noJIeMH3HpOBaTB npH~eTc~ c B. Ba~ypo, qLH CTaTBH 0 ]IepMOHTOBe 5BIJIH He~aBHO oIIy6nttKOBaHBI B HaCTO~IIL~eM)KypHa~e. BoprIc ~t/xeH6ayM 1-toRpa3~eJLqeT nrIpnry JIepMOHTOBa, HanHcaHnym rtoc~e ~e3ypr~l 1835 roaa, T. e. ero 3pestyio nrIpHry, Ha: 1. CTIaXOTBOpeHna opaTopcI
260
MaT'r~ac ~pe~ce
060cTpeHHBIe 3I]HTeTBI, KOTOpbIe HHqeMy He cHy>KaT, IIOMI~IMO~gTOl~ CaMOH ~gMOIIHOHaYlBHOCTH.l'Io MHeHttIO .~gHxeH6ayMa, B Hr~pr~Ke YlepMOHTOBa npeo6Ha;~;aeT H e H o r r m e c ~ CIDTaB FOTOBBIXqbOpMyH I~ CeHTeH~H~. HeBLICO~O oaeHnBaeT r~ Ylr~na FnH36ypr CTrlXOTBOpeHH.q opaTOpCKOI~ HHpHI~ IIOgTa. KCTaTH, FHH36ypr IIpOBO~HT rpaHaHy Me>K~Iy paHHHM H 3pCHBIMTBOpqeCTBOMJ-J[epMOHTOBaHe KaK o6meIIpHHJtTO, B 1835, a B 1839 roz:¢. 1 ~ o oworo rosa, KaK curITaev FHHa6ypr, YlepMOHTOB e m e ~a~erc OT :~e~aeMo~ "Haroi~ IIpOCTOTBI", nOCKOHBKyOH nce eme cTpeMrITCa H3B~eHB H3 nO3TaaecKoro czoBa Bce ero ~KcrIpecCHBHBIe BO3MO:hrK~aHCKOl~" TeMBI, T. e. ov opaTopcKoro CTH~JL Bepo~THO, II03TOMy FHH36ypr HCKY~toqaeT 60HBm3rIO tIaCTb opaTopcK0~ ~HprtKH, HanHCaHHO~ nocHe 1835 r o s a ' Y M n p a m m r ~ rHa~r~aTop', 'CMepr~ no3Ta', "He cMe~ca Ha)I r~oe~ npopo~ecKoi~ TOCZOm", '~yMa' r~ 'II03T' - n~ 3pe~o~ H~pr~r.~ no~Ta. ~e~cTBr~re~HO nr~ pHTOpHqeCKa~ 9KClIpeCCHBHOCTBycTpaHHeT HHH CHH~aeT ~ npe~eHax opaTopcKoro CTH~Ia YlepMOHTOBa CMr~C~OBO~t IIOTeHKrIa~ C~OBeCHoro MaTepHa~a? ~e~CTS~Te~BHO ~H :~TOT CTH.rIb -- IIOTOK yC~7OBHB]XIIpHeMOB, CBJ~3aHHBIXHHmB Hanp~>KeHHO~ 9KClIpeCCHBHOCTMO? H~H KaK 9CTeTHqeCKH HeO6XO~HMBII~, Ha Bcex ypOBH~X yIIpaBH~eT CMBICJ-IOM CTHXOTBOpeHH~ opaTOpCKoro THHa? Ka>KeTC~, qTO Hpe~CTaB~eHHfiIe HayqHb~e H03H~rtH rio noBo~:y pHTOpHqecKHX nprleMOB opaTOpCKOrO CTH~ J-[epMOHTOBa Hey)~aqHo KOM6HHHpy~oT "CTH~HCTOIIOFHqeCKHI~"IIO):I~O~ CTpOFOFO c~opMa~H3Ma, T.e. BHemH1OIO OKeHK'y OT)IeHBHI~X I/pHCMOB, C HenpaBoMepHh~ Tpe6oBaHHeM OT J-IepMOHTOBa TaKoi~ >Ke TOqHOI~ ~eHOTaTHBHO~ JIOrrHKeHHe. CBJ/3B :krKeHtleM H C~TyaHge~t He ~orn~ec~aa, IIOTOMy H B Hel~ HeT HylUKHHCKOJ7TOqHOCTH, Fpa>~aHcKa~ ~HpHKa ~eKa6p~CTOn, C KOTOpOt~ opaTopcKa~ HHp ~ a JIepMOHTOBa nopo~ OTOkK~CCTBJL~IeTCH, on~paeTc~ Ha ~aKTB~ )IaHHO~ pea~HOCTrI (I~a~omero ce6z cy6~e~Ta. PaTopr~ecKa~ CTnanCTnKa qbopMnpyeT S rrpoaecce Hr~pr/~ecr~oro repoz KaK co~or~ynnocTs BB~pa~enr~.
'He ~ep,r, c e 6 e ' - a KOMy ~ e B~pHTb?
261
KynoqeBy~o ~yHK~HIO BMpaY,r~eHne, qTO e~j~HCTBO nHpHqecKoro TeKCTa 6 0 n L m e r{e rapanTr~pyeTcz e r o MeCTOM B aKaHpoBLIX rpaHH~ -- cYte)ICTBHe He HCqepIIaHH0CTH :>KaHp0BblX penepTyapoB, a yTpaTLI HX apXrITeKTOHH,4eci(oi~, W. e. dp0pMHpymmet~ qe~oBeKa cHnt,I. 0 6 ~ i 4 a BCeM np0I~aBe~eHHStM O~HOrO ) r a H p a CMBICJI,qeyioBeqecKa~ '~cyI~HOCTB" >Kaapa, y>re He StBYLqeTC~[ocyLT~eCTBHMBIMKaK 06nlHfi 3aKOH IIOBe~eHH~. CoI~HaY[BHS~e MaCKH n a ~ a m L ~ O~HOBpeMeHHO a c q e 3 a ~ a COOTBeTCTByIO~aS[ opHegTaRHg >KaHpoB. I/Ix CMeHH~a MO~eY[b BceoxBaThlBalOmei~ ~H'tHOCTr~. IIOTOMy-To "nocw>raHpoBoe" e~HCT~O TeKCTa -- He KOHrJIOMepaT paaHopo~HS~X IIpHeMOB, a o 6 p a a B~pa>~ammef[ c e 6 a ~r[qHOCTr[ r~ noHr~MaHne em c B o e r o no~oaKaHpOBBII~ p e n e p T y a p o;~]~, 3aHMCTBOBaHHBIfflHM B "rpa>K~aHCKOt~ nr~pnKe" ~eKa6pHCTOB? TeXHHKa HCHO~HeHHn -- aJ]nHTepar~HH H 3ByKOBBIC HOBTOpBI B ~yHKLI~HH yCHneHH~I I4 qneHeHH~ HHTOHaRHH -- e m e COOTBeTCTByeT JIOMOHOCOBCKOffl Teopm~ r[ I'[paKTHKe 07Ua~. t~opMaYthHO TpaHcdpopMa~Ha MaTepHa~a o~j~ B~]pa>KaeTca s TOM, qTO opaTopcKa~ n n p n K a He n c a e p m , m a e T c a CTr~nHCTnaecraM npr~B~,mHS~M MOHOTeM6pOM Top>KeCTBeHHOrO o 6 p a m e H n a ; B He~t y ~ e He c o 6 n m ~ a e T c a r m ~ecTKa~t 3aKOH MeTpHaecKoro COOTBeTCT~na, m [ CTHnHCTHqecKa~ yC~IOBHOCTB. YIO cYmecT~y YIHpHqecKHE[ r e p o ~ OTHblne CaM " y n p a BJI~IeT" aY[~[HTepaI/~H~[MH H 3ByKOBBIMtt IIOBTOpaMH, HOCKOYIBKy OHH cny>raT eMy ~-[a 9CTeTHqecKoFo CaMOB~,~pa>KeHrt~[. HH~HBH~yaEIBHa.q HHTOHa~H~I 6epeT Bepx Ha~ "o6%eKTHBHBIM pHTMOM" CTHXOTBOpHOFO Te~CTa. YIpH 9TOM pHTM He H a p y m a e T c a , a IIO~qHHHeTC.q pHTOpH~ecr~o~ r~HTOHar~m~. CTa~], - y~Ke He CBO~CTBO TeKCTa, a 3a~aaa z;aa a a p a a e c K o r o r e p o a , q~opMr~pyeTca o6pa3 cy6~eKTa, o ~ e p ~ M o r o KaKO~-TO oqeHh Ba>KHOI~ BeCTMO. Bce, qTO CO~e~CTByeT qbOpMHpOBaHHIO TaKOFO o6pa3a, CBO60~HO H eCTeCTBeHHO BKJ-HoqaeTc~[ B apXHTeKTOHHKy CTHXOTBOpeHH~[.I/I3 BHemHero HeCrlen;HdpHqecKoro yCHnHTeZa pHTOpHKa r l p e o 6 p a 3 y e T c z B apXnTCKTOH~4tlCCKylO HCO6XO,~nMOCTI,. I"I XOTa >~aHpossm HOpM],~ He c06moz;a~oTca, TeM He MeHee, n o c p a B H e a m o C ~o~epMOaTOBC~O~t O~OY[, 3~ec]~ ~OCTr~raeTcz ~qbqbeKT 6 o m , m o ~ o p a T o p c K o ~ Cr~s~. J-[epMOHTOB n p e o ~ ; o z e ~ TaK>KC "I-ly6Y~HqHOCTB" O~B~, T. e. o r p a HHqeHHe ee HH~HBH~yaJ-IBHOCTH,CBOfiCTBeHHOeeY[ c BpeMeH Fopan;r~[
262
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H I(~OIIIIITOKa. OH OTKa3anc~ 0T Top~KCCTBCHHO~BO3BbIILICHHOCTHcnjambcmcnts. Pa3MepeHHOCTB pHTMa nOMOHOCOBCKOI~ Tpa~HIDtH CMeHI~nacb "py6aTO" peqeBoro rloToKa c cHnlhttBIM aKI~eHTOM Ha ~ByX c n o r a x CTpOKI4. TaKttM 06pa3oM, BOCripotI3BO~I2ITC~t "6apa6aH~n" p~rrM: - / - - - / , - / - - - / . I I o c K o ~ k ' ~ y~apeH~e B noc~e~He~i cTone CTpOKII HeripeMeHHO peaJiti3yeTcg, TO BO3HHKIIIHI~ 9~i3eKT arJKeHH~ y;~ep~ttBaeTc~I ~0 KOH/~a CTpOI~I, a ~qbqbe~cr ~l,IXaHII~ ripeTBOp~ieTCSl CaMIIMH CTpOKaMH. HenL3~, O~HaKO, 3a6biBaTh, qTO a ~ I T e p a R H H H 3ByKoBB~e1]OBTOp~I y YlepMOHTOBa c n y ~ a T tie TonI~KO O~O~i pHTOpHKe, HO ~I HecyT CMbICnOByIO Harpy3k'T riO Mepe iix ceMaHTttqecKtIX COOTHOIIIeHHI~. HCCJIe~OBaTenH, KpHTHKymnI~e opaTopcK~/l CTH~BJIepMOHTOBa, R a ~ e Bcero CCbI~IaIOTCSt Ha CTHXOTBOpeHHe 'J~yMa', KOTOpOe ~ei~cTBHTent~HO Heperpy>~eno cpaBHeHH~MtI tI MeTaqbopaMH, Hop0i~ norliqecKH He CBg3aHHI~IMII, a 3aCTblBIIIHMtt IIIa6nOHHI~IMtt qbopMy~aMH r p a ~ I a H c K o r o HeFO~OBaHH~I. OIDITh-TaKH HaS,By peMttHtICRetIII~Itt ~eKa6pncTcKoi~ nHpHr~, r~e riOJ~O6Hl~Ieo6pa3bi TaK ~ e He ~ttHaMtt~I HI~I. '~yMa', 6e3ycnOBHO, He ~r~meHa rI y~aq. K I~paMepy, C noxBa~oi~ ripo~rrrHpoBaHH~,le ]~eYlI4HCKHM CTpOKH "t~OFaTBI MIni, e ~ a H3 Kozn,i6e~H / OmH6KaMH OTI~OBH II03~HHM HX yMOM', KOTOpBIe, riO MHe-
nrno 9~xeH6ayMa (1941: 51), o6o6mamT OTHOmeHr~e nepMOHTOBc•oro rroKonenHs~ K "HpaBCTBeHH0 oqHILIeHHr~IM"6BIBIIIHM~eKa6pHCTaM. ~TH CTpOKH Mo~eYlHpylOT CB~3I, IIOKOJIeHHlYl, XOT~I H He 6e3 r~pormqecKoro ripenoMneHI~J~. TaKHM 06pa3oM, 3acTr~iBri_~a,qMeTaqbopa "HeMaTepHan~Horo 60raTCTBa" o6peTaeT HOByIO )KH3HB 6naronapa riapa~oicca~,noMy TpaKTOBaHrriO ee CM~mna. KpoMe TOFO, qboHeTH,~eci(aa rmcTpyMeHTOBKa c 6 n H ~ a e T aTH CTpOKH C napo;~Hb1MH riocnoBHI];aMH: xrla3Mitqeci
xen6ayM) ~0 HpOHH~eCKHB~IpamenHoil ~imSBr~K He~ (BpmCOB,YCOI<, ovqaCTH Fpr~rop~zH). B CTHXOTBOpeHHI~ Haxo;~HZr~ pa3p~,m c 06L[IeCTBOM, HapO~HOCTh, ~nnTapHOCT~, ripo3aHqHOCT~, ~eMOHH3M, paBHO~yri.IHe tt KpHTHK'y~gIIHFOHCTBa.
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263
I I o Kpa~HC~ Mepe TpH TeH~CH~HH iipeo6~a~aIOT B TO~KOBaHHH 3TOrO CTHXOTBOpCHHJt. 1-IcpBa~ - n p H c y m a TeM, KTO IIOHHMaeT n p ~ 3BIB H BeCTB o p a T o p a B 6yKBaJIBHOM CMBICJIe. TaKHM 06pa3oM, CqIITaIOT OHH, o p a T o p n n 6 0 OTBepFaeT IIOO3HIO, n p e ~ n o ~ n T a ~ e~ Iipo3y, n n 6 o nonpocTy KJ'Iel~MHT 5e3~apHBIX ~nnroHcKnx HO~TOB. I'JIaBHBII~ apryMeHT IIpOTHB TaKOrO H3~o>xenag -- ayTeHTHHHOCTB nO3TH~ecKoro MBIIIIneHH~I, n p e ~ c T a B n e H n a a BO BTOpO~ CTpO0pe ("cJIyqHTC~I nit Te6e..."). 2 ~ npnBep>iKReHHe B~OXHOBeHH~I qepe3 e r o HpOHHq e c K o e OTpHt~aHHe. H e Mo>KeT II03T~ n o a a r a e T Bp~OCOB, CaM 0paKT B~OXHOBeHH~I IIOCTaBHTB IIO~ COMHeHHe. YCOMHHTBCH B ~TOM yTBep>K~eHHH BBIHyH~aIOT HOCne~HHe qeTBIpe CTpOICH, B KOTOpBIX "nna~", "yKop" H OC06CHHO "HaIIeB 3ayHeHHBI]~" II09Ta y)K CJIHIIIKOM y6e~aTeJIBHO pa3oGnaqa~oT "MOnO~oro MeHTaTeFI~I". H XOTH HpOHH~I IIOHTH Be3~e IIpoc~IIIHBaeTc~I, TeM a~ MeHee, KaK BBIpa3H~ICH G u s k i (1970: 115), B ' H e BcpB CC6C' MBÂ He Haxo~aM HH o ~ n o r o cyIIIeCTBeHHOFO yKa3anH~l Ha MHHMOCTB BI~ICKa3aHHBIX OTBeTOB H OIIHCaHHI~I. TpeT~H OTBepraIOT O~HOCTOpOHHee HOHHMaHHe Hp~I3MBa H, KaK TaKOByIO, ToHKy ~peHna opaTopa. ~ _ H HHX " n p O T a B O p e ~ e noJ~pHO IIpOTHBOIIOJIO~>KHBIX BBICKa3BIBaHHI~ HalO IIpHBeCTH K o 6 ~ e M y 3HaMeHaTeJIIO 'e~HHCTBa rio TeH~eH~HH'" (Guski 1970: 115-116). 3 HnrL ecnH 9TO OKa~B~BaeTc~ HeBO3MO:>KHBIM, TO l]paBOMepHO IIpHHHMaTB e r o (HpOTHBOpeqrle) KaK "MHOFOFOJIOCHOCTB,IIOJIH~OHHIO pa3H~,~X r o nOCOB, H~ KOTOp~x Ha o~trm He COBna;~aeT c a~TOpOM" f r o ~ 6 r m 1964: 21). H o ~ o 6 n o e Maenr~e B~,IcKa3~maeT H Bat~ypo, a p e ~ n a r a a HHTepnpeTr~poBaT~ 'He Bep~ ce6e' B paM~ax 6axTrmC~O~ KaTeropnr~ "~jaxaa TOqKa 3peHrI~ 3a~aeT a~BTepHaTHBHylO a~cHonornaec~oj~o mr~any (508) no OTnOtueHa~o ~ 6a~pOHn~eCKOia nO~TH~eCKOi~ Koa~{~II~HH. OCHOBBIBaSICBHa "O6I~elIpn~HaHHOe" rlOHHMaHHe ' H e Bepb ce6e' KaK yTBep)K;~eHae napHTeTHOCTH "TOan~" n " a o r T a " (510), Battypo r~poTrmOnOCTaBaaeT ~TO CTHXOTBOpeaHe ~;~a~crH~ecKo~ MOHOn o r n a e c K o ~ n o ~ a a H H3 I~HS~I4OTCICr'I ,iLrIa ".ITeHHa H MtlpOBO33peH,~ec~o~t I~porpaMMHOCTa me~nnHrHam~e~.
264
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HpOTHBOnOCTaB~eHHe, HpeJu~OHeHHoe Baaypo - 2~OCTaTOqHOapI3rMeHTHpOBaHO. O ~ n a K o n o OTHOILIeHHtO K IIHpHKe HeOIIpaB~aHHO IIpHMCHffTB 6aXTHHCKHC IIOHSITIISI, pa3pa6oTaHHL~e KOHKpCTHO ~/DI npozLi ~ naMepeHno npoTHBonocTasnenH~m BaxTIIH~IM CO6CTBeHHO