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00584 Economic evaluation of small liquefaction plants for waste plastics
18 Energy 04100578 The energy subsidisation policies of Cyprus and their effect on renewable energy systems economics Kalogirou, S. A. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (ll), 1711-1728. In this paper, the energy subsidization policies that are in effect in Cyprus are investigated with respect to their effect on renewable energy systems economics. Two subsidization policies are investigated, those of renewable energy and fuels. These are contradictory, as one is in favour and the other is against the exploitation of renewable energies on the island, which is the declared Government policy. First, the policy measures are described and their effect on the economic viability of a solar system is investigated by means of an example. This concerns a solar industrial process heat system for which four types of collectors are considered. From the results presented it is clear that renewable energy subsidies create a positive impulse on renewable energies whereas the economic factors improve considerably when the subsidy for fuel is removed, as the expenditure made for the erection of a solar system replaces a more expensive fuel.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 04/00579 Apparatus and method for carbonization of organic waste to be carbonaceous materials for recovery Hori, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 138,270 (Cl. ClOB53/ 00), 14 May 2003, Appl. 2001/341,711. (In Japanese) The apparatus includes a carbonization furnace for carbonization of the waste to be carbonaceous materials and generate volatile gas, a circulating loop for withdrawing the volatile gas from one side of the furnace to other side of the furnace, a means for adjusting temperature of the volatile gas in the loop, and a means arranged in the loop for combustion of the volatile gas with heat storage. 04/00580 Apparatus for controlling dechlorination treatment of waste plastics in oil production Niiyama, M. Jpn. Kokai TO~~YO Koho JP 2003 105,124 (Cl. CO8J11/12), 9 Apr 2003, Appl. 20011303,520. (In Japanese) The claimed apparatus is equipped with a means for dechlorination by supplying plastic chips and kneading at predetected temperature (Tl), and electric heater for heating to Tl, a temperature sensor, and a means for controlling the heater to give Tl. The apparatus prevents solidification of impurities containing a generated Cl gas for stable operation. 04/00581 Assessment of waste resources and conversion potential into transportation fuels and energy in the Republic of Korea Jean, S. K. et al. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2003, 62, (l&2), 81-89. This study assesses the availability of waste chemical energy resources and the potential for conversion into fuels and energy in the Republic of Korea, using governmental statistic data, an average calorific value of wastes and estimates for the amount of synthetic diesel fuel and electricity produced. The percentage of synthetic diesel fuel (SDF) that could replace the usage of petroleum diesel fuel (PDF) was estimated. A realistic estimate for the ratio of SDF/PDF is 22.44%. Landfill waste was discovered to be main source for SDF because the realistic SDF/ PDF ratio from landfill waste is 15.7%, whereas, for agricultural waste and wastewater the ratios are 5.3 and 1.4% respectively. The study estimated the avoided waste treatment costs and the revenues from the sale of SDF and electricity to be $1,824.8 million/year ($98.4/t) from the conversion of landfill waste, and $704 million/year ($124/t) from the conversion of incineration waste. 04/00582 Auxiliary fuel material containing metal particles for steelmakina in electric furnace Ito, H. and Sug< M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 64,423 (Cl. C22B1/248), 5 Mar 2003, Appl. 20011253,837. (In Japanese) Wastes of automobiles, electric equipment, business machines, and the like are processed to remove recyilable parts, ground, processed to remove unnecessary metal components and to obtain a starting material for a plastic binder used to bind together fine metal particles and to produce an auxiliary fuel material for steel making in electric furnace. 04/00583 Co-generation system with manufacture of emulsion fuel from waste oil and water Sugioka, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 55,672 (Cl. ClOLl/OO), Feb 2003, Appl. 20011282,360. (In Japanese)
26
The system includes a waste-oil tank, an aid device, a frame integrated with a pre-mixing pump, a reserve tank for storing produced frame via pipeline, and an oil-supply pump pipeline for providing oil to the combustor heating without air pollution.
conversion
and recyciing
tank
and an emulsification tank and a circulating fuel by connecting to the arranged in the circulating for power generation and
04/00584 Economic evaluation of small liquefaction plants for waste plastics Ishihara, Y. et al. Journal of the Japan Petroleunz Institute, 2003, 46, (l), 77-83. (In Japanese) A review. In Japan, the recycling rate of waste plastics by conversion into oil is cl%, suggesting inadequate performance of available liquefaction plants in view of the current economic and political demands. The capacities and costs of plants developed between 19902000 were investigated. The reactors of most small plants are the batch type. Only a few flow type reactors are currently in operation. The capacity of each plant for converting waste plastics to oil is generally cl.5 ton/day. The treatment capacity of tank reactors is cl.0 is generally < 1.5 ton/day. The treatment capacity of tank reactors is < 1.0 ton/day. The plastic treatment cost of each plant and the plastic treatment capacity were calculated to evaluate corn. operation producing fuel oil from waste plastics. The estimates showed that operation by a flow reactor process would run at a profit (+)23.5 yen/ kg for a plant with a capacity of 2.4 ton/day (construction cost 50 million yen). In contrast, operation by a batch reactor process would result in a loss of (-)3&l yen/kg and (-)7.8 yen/kg in the cases of plant capacity of 1.0 ton/day (construction cost 70 million yen) and 1.5 ton/ day (construction cost 80 million yen), respectively. A small profit would result from running a batch reactor at 2.0 ton/day. These estimates of each rector process indicate the economic superiority of the flow reactor process, which has a larger treatment capacity and a higher yield of fuel oil with the mininum formation of carbon. 04/00585 Evidence for chlorine recycling - hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere - in a forested wet zone on the Canadian Shield Milton, G. M. et al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003. 18, (7), 1027-1042. The ability to measure environmental levels of 3”C1 by accelerator mass spectrometry and ‘H by 3He-ingrowth mass spectrometry has made it possible to use the pulses of these two isotopes released into the atmosphere during nuclear weapons testing as tracers of Cl and water movement in soils and groundwater. The authors have investigated the movement of these tracers below a forested wet zone, and have found that both are retarded to a differing extent in the near surface because of vegetative uptake and recycling. Adsorption by clay particles, followed by slow release to the groundwater, may also be significant. The data accumulated in this region of near vertical recharge have gone a considerable distance towards explaining the anomalously low concentrations of 36C1 measured in the five Laurentian Great Lakes, as well as indicating possible mechanisms for large scale Cl- recycling in the atmosphere and biosphere. Identification of the near-term nonconservative behaviour of the Clis significant, since such a phenomenon could introduce errors in many watershed calculations, e.g. water residence times, evaporation rates, and mixing calculations. 04/00586 Fischer-Tropsch process for the production of hvdrocarbons with use of tail-aas recvclina Abbott, P. and Edward, J. PCT. Int.-Appl. GO 03‘i6,250 (Cl. CO7C271 06), 27 Feb 2003, GB Appl. 2001120,071. Synthesis gas for a Fischer-Tropsch process is obtained bv primary steam reforming a hydrocarbon feeds&k in tubes in a heatlexchangk reformer, subjecting the primary reformed gas to secondary reforming and using the hot secondary reformed gas to heat the tubes in the heat exchange reformer. The resultant reformed gas in then cooled, dewatered, and used to form hydrocarbons in the Fischer-Tropsch process. At least a part of the tail gas from the Fischer-Tropsch process is recycled by adding it to the primary reformed gas before secondary reforming. A process flow diagram is presented. 04/00587 Fluidized-bed gasification of waste tire powders Leung, D. Y. C. and Wang, C. L. Fuel Processing Technology; 2003, 84, (l-3), 175-196. A laboratory-scale fluidized-bed gasifier was used to investigate the characteristics of tyre powder gasification. Granulated tyre powders were gasified with air at a temperature range of 350-900°C. Results showed that the operational parameters [i.e. equivalence ratio (ER) and tyre feed rate] and tyre particle size have significant effects on various gasification results, including the bed temperature, secondary reaction temperature, product gas composition, gas yield, gas heating value, product (i.e. gas, tar and char) distribution, volatile release ratio, fiied carbon conversion ratio, and energy recovery ratio. An optimum ER may exist for a fixed tyre feed rate and tyre particle size at which higher product gas yield, gas heating value, and energy recovery ratio can be achieved. A gaseous product, mainly containing CO; HZ, CHI, Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
69
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 04/00579 Apparatus and method for carbonization of organic waste to be carbonaceous materials for recovery Hori, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 138,270 (Cl. ClOB53/ 00), 14 May 2003, Appl. 2001/341,711. (In Japanese) The apparatus includes a carbonization furnace for carbonization of the waste to be carbonaceous materials and generate volatile gas, a circulating loop for withdrawing the volatile gas from one side of the furnace to other side of the furnace, a means for adjusting temperature of the volatile gas in the loop, and a means arranged in the loop for combustion of the volatile gas with heat storage. 04/00580 Apparatus for controlling dechlorination treatment of waste plastics in oil production Niiyama, M. Jpn. Kokai TO~~YO Koho JP 2003 105,124 (Cl. CO8J11/12), 9 Apr 2003, Appl. 20011303,520. (In Japanese) The claimed apparatus is equipped with a means for dechlorination by supplying plastic chips and kneading at predetected temperature (Tl), and electric heater for heating to Tl, a temperature sensor, and a means for controlling the heater to give Tl. The apparatus prevents solidification of impurities containing a generated Cl gas for stable operation. 04/00581 Assessment of waste resources and conversion potential into transportation fuels and energy in the Republic of Korea Jean, S. K. et al. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 2003, 62, (l&2), 81-89. This study assesses the availability of waste chemical energy resources and the potential for conversion into fuels and energy in the Republic of Korea, using governmental statistic data, an average calorific value of wastes and estimates for the amount of synthetic diesel fuel and electricity produced. The percentage of synthetic diesel fuel (SDF) that could replace the usage of petroleum diesel fuel (PDF) was estimated. A realistic estimate for the ratio of SDF/PDF is 22.44%. Landfill waste was discovered to be main source for SDF because the realistic SDF/ PDF ratio from landfill waste is 15.7%, whereas, for agricultural waste and wastewater the ratios are 5.3 and 1.4% respectively. The study estimated the avoided waste treatment costs and the revenues from the sale of SDF and electricity to be $1,824.8 million/year ($98.4/t) from the conversion of landfill waste, and $704 million/year ($124/t) from the conversion of incineration waste. 04/00582 Auxiliary fuel material containing metal particles for steelmakina in electric furnace Ito, H. and Sug< M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 64,423 (Cl. C22B1/248), 5 Mar 2003, Appl. 20011253,837. (In Japanese) Wastes of automobiles, electric equipment, business machines, and the like are processed to remove recyilable parts, ground, processed to remove unnecessary metal components and to obtain a starting material for a plastic binder used to bind together fine metal particles and to produce an auxiliary fuel material for steel making in electric furnace. 04/00583 Co-generation system with manufacture of emulsion fuel from waste oil and water Sugioka, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 55,672 (Cl. ClOLl/OO), Feb 2003, Appl. 20011282,360. (In Japanese)
26
The system includes a waste-oil tank, an aid device, a frame integrated with a pre-mixing pump, a reserve tank for storing produced frame via pipeline, and an oil-supply pump pipeline for providing oil to the combustor heating without air pollution.
conversion
and recyciing
tank
and an emulsification tank and a circulating fuel by connecting to the arranged in the circulating for power generation and
04/00584 Economic evaluation of small liquefaction plants for waste plastics Ishihara, Y. et al. Journal of the Japan Petroleunz Institute, 2003, 46, (l), 77-83. (In Japanese) A review. In Japan, the recycling rate of waste plastics by conversion into oil is cl%, suggesting inadequate performance of available liquefaction plants in view of the current economic and political demands. The capacities and costs of plants developed between 19902000 were investigated. The reactors of most small plants are the batch type. Only a few flow type reactors are currently in operation. The capacity of each plant for converting waste plastics to oil is generally cl.5 ton/day. The treatment capacity of tank reactors is cl.0 is generally < 1.5 ton/day. The treatment capacity of tank reactors is < 1.0 ton/day. The plastic treatment cost of each plant and the plastic treatment capacity were calculated to evaluate corn. operation producing fuel oil from waste plastics. The estimates showed that operation by a flow reactor process would run at a profit (+)23.5 yen/ kg for a plant with a capacity of 2.4 ton/day (construction cost 50 million yen). In contrast, operation by a batch reactor process would result in a loss of (-)3&l yen/kg and (-)7.8 yen/kg in the cases of plant capacity of 1.0 ton/day (construction cost 70 million yen) and 1.5 ton/ day (construction cost 80 million yen), respectively. A small profit would result from running a batch reactor at 2.0 ton/day. These estimates of each rector process indicate the economic superiority of the flow reactor process, which has a larger treatment capacity and a higher yield of fuel oil with the mininum formation of carbon. 04/00585 Evidence for chlorine recycling - hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere - in a forested wet zone on the Canadian Shield Milton, G. M. et al. Applied Geochemistry, 2003. 18, (7), 1027-1042. The ability to measure environmental levels of 3”C1 by accelerator mass spectrometry and ‘H by 3He-ingrowth mass spectrometry has made it possible to use the pulses of these two isotopes released into the atmosphere during nuclear weapons testing as tracers of Cl and water movement in soils and groundwater. The authors have investigated the movement of these tracers below a forested wet zone, and have found that both are retarded to a differing extent in the near surface because of vegetative uptake and recycling. Adsorption by clay particles, followed by slow release to the groundwater, may also be significant. The data accumulated in this region of near vertical recharge have gone a considerable distance towards explaining the anomalously low concentrations of 36C1 measured in the five Laurentian Great Lakes, as well as indicating possible mechanisms for large scale Cl- recycling in the atmosphere and biosphere. Identification of the near-term nonconservative behaviour of the Clis significant, since such a phenomenon could introduce errors in many watershed calculations, e.g. water residence times, evaporation rates, and mixing calculations. 04/00586 Fischer-Tropsch process for the production of hvdrocarbons with use of tail-aas recvclina Abbott, P. and Edward, J. PCT. Int.-Appl. GO 03‘i6,250 (Cl. CO7C271 06), 27 Feb 2003, GB Appl. 2001120,071. Synthesis gas for a Fischer-Tropsch process is obtained bv primary steam reforming a hydrocarbon feeds&k in tubes in a heatlexchangk reformer, subjecting the primary reformed gas to secondary reforming and using the hot secondary reformed gas to heat the tubes in the heat exchange reformer. The resultant reformed gas in then cooled, dewatered, and used to form hydrocarbons in the Fischer-Tropsch process. At least a part of the tail gas from the Fischer-Tropsch process is recycled by adding it to the primary reformed gas before secondary reforming. A process flow diagram is presented. 04/00587 Fluidized-bed gasification of waste tire powders Leung, D. Y. C. and Wang, C. L. Fuel Processing Technology; 2003, 84, (l-3), 175-196. A laboratory-scale fluidized-bed gasifier was used to investigate the characteristics of tyre powder gasification. Granulated tyre powders were gasified with air at a temperature range of 350-900°C. Results showed that the operational parameters [i.e. equivalence ratio (ER) and tyre feed rate] and tyre particle size have significant effects on various gasification results, including the bed temperature, secondary reaction temperature, product gas composition, gas yield, gas heating value, product (i.e. gas, tar and char) distribution, volatile release ratio, fiied carbon conversion ratio, and energy recovery ratio. An optimum ER may exist for a fixed tyre feed rate and tyre particle size at which higher product gas yield, gas heating value, and energy recovery ratio can be achieved. A gaseous product, mainly containing CO; HZ, CHI, Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
69