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02859 Double green energy from traditional coppicestands in the Netherlands
07 Altemative energy sources (bioconversion energy) for power production offers the advantage of a renewable and C O 2n e u t r a l fuel. Although the structural, proximate and ultimate analyses results of biomass and wastes differ considerably, some properties of the biomass samples such as the hydrogen content, the sulfur content and the ignition temperatures changed in a narrow interval.
appealing for forest owners to put their woodlands back into a coppice management regime. A number of practical problems related to harvesting and logistics still remain to be solved.
04/02856 Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for state of Punjab, India
Demirbas, A. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 803-815. In this work, the effects of initial moisture contents on the yields of total oily products from conventional pyrolysis of spruce wood, hazelnut shell and wheat straw were studied. The yields of total oily products of spruce wood (moisture content: 6.5%), hazelnut shell (moisture content: 6.0%) and wheat straw (moisture content: 7.0%) increase from 8.4, 6.7 and 6.2% to 33.7, 30.8 and 27.4%, respectively, with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 575 to 700 K. The yields of total oily products from spruce wood (moisture content: 60.5%) increase from 17.2 to 39.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 689 K while the yields of total oily products from spruce wood (moisture content: 0%) increase from 12.6 to 26.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 689 K in nitrogen medium. The yields of total oily products from hazelnut shell (moisture content: 30.7%) increase from 14.6 to 35.9% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 693 K while the yields of total oily products from hazelnut shell (moisture content: 0%) increase from 10.8 to 23.8% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 703 K in nitrogen medium. The yields of total oily products from wheat straw (moisture content: 34.7%) increase from 12.1 to 33.6% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 693 K while the yields of total oily products from wheat straw (moisture content: 0%) increase from 10.3 to 23.0% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 703 K in nitrogen medium. The results indicated that the presence of moisture influenced significantly the thermal degradation degrees of the biomass samples during pyrolysis.
Singh, K. J. and Sooch, S. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9-10), 1329-1341. Biogas, the end product of anaerobic digestion of cattle dung, can successfully supplement the cooking fuels in the countryside areas of India, where the raw material needed for its production is plentifully available. Because of the lack of awareness regarding selection of a suitable model and size of biogas plant, the full potential of the biogas producing material is not harnessed, and the economic viability of biogas technology is rendered doubtful. To facilitate this decision making, the economics of family size biogas plants, i.e. with capacity from 1 to 6 m 3, was studied, and three prevalent models, viz. KVIC, Janta and Deenbandu, were compared. Calculations for installation cost and annual operational cost were made for the state of Punjab, India, where the hydraulic retention time is 40 days, and current market prices were taken into account. Comparison of the economics revealed that the cost of installation and annual operational cost of each capacity were higher for the KVIC model, followed by the Janta and then the Deenbandhu model. Irrespective of the model, as the capacity of the biogas plant increases, the installation, as well as the annual operational cost increase proportionately. With increase in capacity, the payback period decreased exponentially with the exponential character being highest for the KVIC model, followed by the Janta and then the Deenbandhu model. However, on the basis of comparative economics, the Deenbandhu model was found to be the cheapest and most viable model of biogas plant.
04/02857 Development of highly efficient energy conversion technology of methanol like gas and liquid fuel by biomass high speed gasification method Kobayashi, Y. Taiyo Enerugi, 2003, 29, (l), 22 25. (In Japanese) A 50 kg/day pilot plant for biomass gasification methanol production was developed for realizing renewable energy utilization with zero CO2 emission. Synthesis gas was formed by partial oxidation of crushed biomass at 80-1100 ° was cooled, purified, pressurized, and converted to M e O H on Cu-Zn catalyst at 180-300 ° which can be further dehydrated to form di-Me ether.
04/02858 Dilute acid hydrolysis of presscakes from silage and grass to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars Neureiter, M. et al. Bioresouree Technology, 2004, 92, (1), 21-29. Grass and silage presscakes from various types of raw materials were hydrolysed with dilute acid at moderate conditions to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars. Extracting the material with cold water prior to hydrolysis significantly increased the yield. The poor performance without extraction was due to the high buffer capacity of the material. The best results were obtained with extracted grass and silage from a permanent pasture and extracted clover/grass silage. The highest observed sugar yield was 16.43 g/100 g dry-matter, which represents approximately 25% of the available sugars and 60% of the hemicellulose fraction. Including the soluble sugar oligomers, the yields were even higher (up to 20 g/100 g dry-matter). A statistical experiment design with extracted clover/grass silage was performed to estimate the effects of temperature, time, and dry-matter concentration. Acid and dry-matter concentration had the highest effect on sugar yield, whereas temperature and acid concentration were mainly responsible for forming sugar degradation products. These findings agree with recent kinetic theories. Yields in this experiment were comparable to those of other lignocellulosic materials.
04/02859 Double green energy from traditional coppice stands in the Netherlands Jansen, P. and Kuiper, L. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (4), 401402. Traditional oak and ash coppices are used to provide numerous useful products, including bark for tanneries and fire wood for bakeries. When these markets disappeared, most of the coppice stands have been replaced by high forests, at the costs of the specific natural values which coppices do provide. The emerging renewable energy market could create a new outlet for the woody biomass from coppices. The project's aim was to set up and demonstrate the validity of a 'double green' supply chain, including the harvest, logistics, cominution and delivery of the coppice biomass at the gate of a power plant. Double green refers to the green energy generated, and also to the positive ecological effects when coppice management is restored to a regular cutting cycle. A new Dutch subsidy programme makes it more
404
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
04/02860 Effect of initial moisture content on the yields of oily products from pyrolysis of biomass
04•02861 Effect of low pH on the activity of hydrogen utilizing methanogen in bio-hydrogen process Kim, I. S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (i1), 1133-1140. The pH is one of the most important parameters for producing hydrogen in biological processes. The major effect of low pH is the inhibition of the methanogenic activity in anaerobic biological processes for the production of hydrogen and, in general, it is considered that a pH below 5 can inhibit the methanogenic activity. In a semi-continuous reactor for the production of hydrogen, the pH was maintained at 4.5 =k 0.2 by fixing the influent alkalinity to 1000 rag/1 as CaCO3. The primary fermentation product in this pH range was butyrate. The rate of hydrogen production stabilized at 35 :t_ 5 ml/g Glu-day after 35 days. The yield efficiency of hydrogen was relatively low due to the methanogenic activity. The methanogenic activity originated from the hydrogen utilizing methanogen, and was inhibited by the addition of nitrate. At pH 4.3, the butyrate type of fermentation was changed to the butanol type and, simultaneously, the production of hydrogen stopped.
04/02862 Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment Kusdiana, D. and Saka, S. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 91, (3), 289295. In the conventional transesterification of fats/vegetable oils for biodiesel production, free fatty acids and water always produce negative effects, since the presence of free fatty acids and water causes soap formation, consumes catalyst and reduces catalyst effectiveness, all of which result in a low conversion. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of water on the yield of methyl esters in transesterification of triglycerides and methyl esterification of fatty acids as treated by catalyst-free supercritical methanol. The presence of water did not have a significant effect on the yield, as complete conversions were always achieved regardless of the content of water. In fact, the present of water at a certain amount could enhance the methyl esters formation. For the vegetable oil containing water, three types of reaction took place; transesterification and hydrolysis of triglycerides and methyl esterification of fatty acids proceeded simultaneously during the treatment to produce a high yield. These results were compared with those of methyl esters prepared by acid- and alkalinecatalysed methods. The finding demonstrated that, by a supercritical methanol approach, crude vegetable oil as well as its wastes could be readily used for biodiesel fuel production in a simple preparation.
04•02863 Ethanol recovery from corn fibre hydrolysate fermentations by pervaporation O'Brien, D. J. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 92, (1), 15-19. Corn fibre, a byproduct of corn wet milling, is an attractive feedstock for biomass ethanol production. Corn fibre was hydrolysed by dilute sulfuric acid and neutralized by one of two methods: conventional lime treatment or neutralization by strongly basic anion exchange. The
appealing for forest owners to put their woodlands back into a coppice management regime. A number of practical problems related to harvesting and logistics still remain to be solved.
04/02856 Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for state of Punjab, India
Demirbas, A. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 803-815. In this work, the effects of initial moisture contents on the yields of total oily products from conventional pyrolysis of spruce wood, hazelnut shell and wheat straw were studied. The yields of total oily products of spruce wood (moisture content: 6.5%), hazelnut shell (moisture content: 6.0%) and wheat straw (moisture content: 7.0%) increase from 8.4, 6.7 and 6.2% to 33.7, 30.8 and 27.4%, respectively, with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 575 to 700 K. The yields of total oily products from spruce wood (moisture content: 60.5%) increase from 17.2 to 39.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 689 K while the yields of total oily products from spruce wood (moisture content: 0%) increase from 12.6 to 26.7% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 689 K in nitrogen medium. The yields of total oily products from hazelnut shell (moisture content: 30.7%) increase from 14.6 to 35.9% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 693 K while the yields of total oily products from hazelnut shell (moisture content: 0%) increase from 10.8 to 23.8% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 703 K in nitrogen medium. The yields of total oily products from wheat straw (moisture content: 34.7%) increase from 12.1 to 33.6% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 693 K while the yields of total oily products from wheat straw (moisture content: 0%) increase from 10.3 to 23.0% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 600 to 703 K in nitrogen medium. The results indicated that the presence of moisture influenced significantly the thermal degradation degrees of the biomass samples during pyrolysis.
Singh, K. J. and Sooch, S. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9-10), 1329-1341. Biogas, the end product of anaerobic digestion of cattle dung, can successfully supplement the cooking fuels in the countryside areas of India, where the raw material needed for its production is plentifully available. Because of the lack of awareness regarding selection of a suitable model and size of biogas plant, the full potential of the biogas producing material is not harnessed, and the economic viability of biogas technology is rendered doubtful. To facilitate this decision making, the economics of family size biogas plants, i.e. with capacity from 1 to 6 m 3, was studied, and three prevalent models, viz. KVIC, Janta and Deenbandu, were compared. Calculations for installation cost and annual operational cost were made for the state of Punjab, India, where the hydraulic retention time is 40 days, and current market prices were taken into account. Comparison of the economics revealed that the cost of installation and annual operational cost of each capacity were higher for the KVIC model, followed by the Janta and then the Deenbandhu model. Irrespective of the model, as the capacity of the biogas plant increases, the installation, as well as the annual operational cost increase proportionately. With increase in capacity, the payback period decreased exponentially with the exponential character being highest for the KVIC model, followed by the Janta and then the Deenbandhu model. However, on the basis of comparative economics, the Deenbandhu model was found to be the cheapest and most viable model of biogas plant.
04/02857 Development of highly efficient energy conversion technology of methanol like gas and liquid fuel by biomass high speed gasification method Kobayashi, Y. Taiyo Enerugi, 2003, 29, (l), 22 25. (In Japanese) A 50 kg/day pilot plant for biomass gasification methanol production was developed for realizing renewable energy utilization with zero CO2 emission. Synthesis gas was formed by partial oxidation of crushed biomass at 80-1100 ° was cooled, purified, pressurized, and converted to M e O H on Cu-Zn catalyst at 180-300 ° which can be further dehydrated to form di-Me ether.
04/02858 Dilute acid hydrolysis of presscakes from silage and grass to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars Neureiter, M. et al. Bioresouree Technology, 2004, 92, (1), 21-29. Grass and silage presscakes from various types of raw materials were hydrolysed with dilute acid at moderate conditions to recover hemicellulose-derived sugars. Extracting the material with cold water prior to hydrolysis significantly increased the yield. The poor performance without extraction was due to the high buffer capacity of the material. The best results were obtained with extracted grass and silage from a permanent pasture and extracted clover/grass silage. The highest observed sugar yield was 16.43 g/100 g dry-matter, which represents approximately 25% of the available sugars and 60% of the hemicellulose fraction. Including the soluble sugar oligomers, the yields were even higher (up to 20 g/100 g dry-matter). A statistical experiment design with extracted clover/grass silage was performed to estimate the effects of temperature, time, and dry-matter concentration. Acid and dry-matter concentration had the highest effect on sugar yield, whereas temperature and acid concentration were mainly responsible for forming sugar degradation products. These findings agree with recent kinetic theories. Yields in this experiment were comparable to those of other lignocellulosic materials.
04/02859 Double green energy from traditional coppice stands in the Netherlands Jansen, P. and Kuiper, L. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (4), 401402. Traditional oak and ash coppices are used to provide numerous useful products, including bark for tanneries and fire wood for bakeries. When these markets disappeared, most of the coppice stands have been replaced by high forests, at the costs of the specific natural values which coppices do provide. The emerging renewable energy market could create a new outlet for the woody biomass from coppices. The project's aim was to set up and demonstrate the validity of a 'double green' supply chain, including the harvest, logistics, cominution and delivery of the coppice biomass at the gate of a power plant. Double green refers to the green energy generated, and also to the positive ecological effects when coppice management is restored to a regular cutting cycle. A new Dutch subsidy programme makes it more
404
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
04/02860 Effect of initial moisture content on the yields of oily products from pyrolysis of biomass
04•02861 Effect of low pH on the activity of hydrogen utilizing methanogen in bio-hydrogen process Kim, I. S. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (i1), 1133-1140. The pH is one of the most important parameters for producing hydrogen in biological processes. The major effect of low pH is the inhibition of the methanogenic activity in anaerobic biological processes for the production of hydrogen and, in general, it is considered that a pH below 5 can inhibit the methanogenic activity. In a semi-continuous reactor for the production of hydrogen, the pH was maintained at 4.5 =k 0.2 by fixing the influent alkalinity to 1000 rag/1 as CaCO3. The primary fermentation product in this pH range was butyrate. The rate of hydrogen production stabilized at 35 :t_ 5 ml/g Glu-day after 35 days. The yield efficiency of hydrogen was relatively low due to the methanogenic activity. The methanogenic activity originated from the hydrogen utilizing methanogen, and was inhibited by the addition of nitrate. At pH 4.3, the butyrate type of fermentation was changed to the butanol type and, simultaneously, the production of hydrogen stopped.
04/02862 Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment Kusdiana, D. and Saka, S. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 91, (3), 289295. In the conventional transesterification of fats/vegetable oils for biodiesel production, free fatty acids and water always produce negative effects, since the presence of free fatty acids and water causes soap formation, consumes catalyst and reduces catalyst effectiveness, all of which result in a low conversion. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of water on the yield of methyl esters in transesterification of triglycerides and methyl esterification of fatty acids as treated by catalyst-free supercritical methanol. The presence of water did not have a significant effect on the yield, as complete conversions were always achieved regardless of the content of water. In fact, the present of water at a certain amount could enhance the methyl esters formation. For the vegetable oil containing water, three types of reaction took place; transesterification and hydrolysis of triglycerides and methyl esterification of fatty acids proceeded simultaneously during the treatment to produce a high yield. These results were compared with those of methyl esters prepared by acid- and alkalinecatalysed methods. The finding demonstrated that, by a supercritical methanol approach, crude vegetable oil as well as its wastes could be readily used for biodiesel fuel production in a simple preparation.
04•02863 Ethanol recovery from corn fibre hydrolysate fermentations by pervaporation O'Brien, D. J. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 92, (1), 15-19. Corn fibre, a byproduct of corn wet milling, is an attractive feedstock for biomass ethanol production. Corn fibre was hydrolysed by dilute sulfuric acid and neutralized by one of two methods: conventional lime treatment or neutralization by strongly basic anion exchange. The