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A prospective study of heart rate and externalising behaviours in young children
180
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
prospective relation between, No-Go P3, a heritable neural marker of inhibitory control, and regular smoking in adolescents will be addressed. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.762
A prospective study of heart rate and externalising behaviours in young children Bram Dierckxa,b, Rianne Kokc, Joke H.M. Tulena, Vincent W. Jaddoea,b, Albert Hofmana, Frank C. Verhulsta,b, Marianne J. Bakermans-Kranenburgc, Marinus H. van Ijzendoornc,d, Henning Tiemeiera,b a Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands b Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands c Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands d School for Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Background: Low heart rate predicts externalising and delinquent behaviour in adults, adolescents and school-age children. In younger children the evidence is less clear. Moreover, the specificity of the relation between the autonomic nervous system and different forms of externalising behaviour is uncertain. We investigated the longitudinal relation between resting mean heart rate and different externalising behaviours. Methods: In 412 children of the Generation R Study, we measured resting mean heart rate at 14 months. At 3 years, child problem behaviour was assessed by the mother with the Child Behavior Checklist. In a gift delay task, we observed whether children were compliant and whether they lied about their non-compliance. The association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted to the effect of harsh parenting. Results: In our main analysis we examined the association between heart rate and reported and observed child behaviour. For comparison, the association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted to the effect of harsh parenting. Mean heart rate was positively associated with Anxious/Depressed scale scores (β = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.2, p = 0.04), but not with Aggressive Behaviour (β = 0.02; 95% CI = −0.1; 0.1, p = 0.8) nor Attention Problem scale scores (β = 0.08, 95% CI = −0.3; 0.5, p = 0.8). We could not demonstrate an association between mean heart rate and non-compliance during the gift delay task (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.9; 1.1, p = 0.2), but lower heart rate predicted higher odds of the child lying (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.3; 0.9, p = 0.03). In contrast, harsh parenting was associated with mother-reported Aggressive Behaviour (β = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4; 0.9, p b 0.001) and Attention Problems (β = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1; 0.3, p b 0.001), but not with observed lying (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.8; 1.4, p = 0.8). Discussion/Conclusion: Lower resting mean heart rate at age 14 months predicts low anxiety symptoms and higher odds of lying at age 3 years. Low resting mean heart rate may be less an indicator of early childhood aggression than of fearless behaviour. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.763
Alterations in HPA-axis and autonomic nervous system functioning in childhood anxiety disorders point to a chronic stress hypothesis Gwen Dielemana,b, Anja C. Huizinkc, Joke H.M. Tulend, Elisabeth M.W.J. Utensa,b, Hanneke Creemerse, Jan van der Endea,b, Frank C. Verhulsta,b
a
Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands c Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands e University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands b
Background: It is of debate whether or not childhood anxiety disorders (AD) can be captured by one taxonomic construct. This study examined whether perceived arousal (PA), autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis measures can distinguish children with different primary diagnoses of clinical anxiety disorders (AD) from each other, and from a general population reference group (GP). Methods: The study sample consisted of 154 AD children (comparing separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and specific phobia), aged 8 to 12 years, and 225 same-aged reference children. HPA-axis functioning was measured by a diurnal cortisol profile. ANS functioning was measured by continuous measures of skin conductance level in rest and during a mental arithmetic task and high frequency heart rate variability in rest. PA was assessed by a questionnaire. Results: The AD sample showed lower high frequency heart rate variability during rest, heightened anticipatory PA, higher basal and reactive skin conductance levels and lower basal HPA-axis functioning compared to the GP sample. The existence of 3 or more AD, i.e. a high anxiety ‘load’, was associated with lower basal HPA-axis functioning, higher skin conductance level and lower posttest PA. Specific phobia could be discerned from social phobia and separation anxiety disorder on higher skin conductance level. Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings indicated that children with AD have specific psychophysiological characteristics, which resemble the psychophysiological characteristics of chronic stress. A high anxiety ‘load’ is associated with an altered ANS and HPA-axis functioning. Overall, ANS and HPA-axis functioning relate to AD in general, accept for specific phobia.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.764
Temperament, character and QEEG in children with ADHD-C and ADHD-C + ODD Giuseppe A. Chiarenzaa, Jorge Bosch-Bayardb, Stefania Villac, Marco P. Chiarenzaa, Lidice Galanb, Eduardo Aubertb, Pedro Valdes Sosab a Centro Internazionale dei Disturbi di Apprendimento, Attenzione e Iperattività, (CIDAAI), Italy b Cuban Neuroscience Center, L'Avana, Cuba c Unità Operativa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Az. Osp. G. Salvini, Rho, Milano, Italy Low levels of harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (C) and high novelty seeking (NS) are the distinctive temperament and character traits of ADHD-C children when assessed with Junior Temperament Character Inventory (JTCI). Typical patterns of resting EEGs in ADHD children show abnormal values of absolute power in theta, alpha and beta bands while frontal hypercoherence in the theta and beta bands. ADHD is frequently associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) but no clear neurophysiological evidence exists that distinguishes the two groups. Aim of this study is to combine personality inventory and qEEG to identify biomarkers that could be used to discriminate between the two groups. 29 ADHD-C and 22 ADHD-C + ODD children participated in the study. All the subjects met the DSMV criteria for these disorders. JTCI and 2–5 min of artefactfree EEG were collected and analysed. Stability based Biomarkers
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
prospective relation between, No-Go P3, a heritable neural marker of inhibitory control, and regular smoking in adolescents will be addressed. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.762
A prospective study of heart rate and externalising behaviours in young children Bram Dierckxa,b, Rianne Kokc, Joke H.M. Tulena, Vincent W. Jaddoea,b, Albert Hofmana, Frank C. Verhulsta,b, Marianne J. Bakermans-Kranenburgc, Marinus H. van Ijzendoornc,d, Henning Tiemeiera,b a Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands b Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands c Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands d School for Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Background: Low heart rate predicts externalising and delinquent behaviour in adults, adolescents and school-age children. In younger children the evidence is less clear. Moreover, the specificity of the relation between the autonomic nervous system and different forms of externalising behaviour is uncertain. We investigated the longitudinal relation between resting mean heart rate and different externalising behaviours. Methods: In 412 children of the Generation R Study, we measured resting mean heart rate at 14 months. At 3 years, child problem behaviour was assessed by the mother with the Child Behavior Checklist. In a gift delay task, we observed whether children were compliant and whether they lied about their non-compliance. The association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted to the effect of harsh parenting. Results: In our main analysis we examined the association between heart rate and reported and observed child behaviour. For comparison, the association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted to the effect of harsh parenting. Mean heart rate was positively associated with Anxious/Depressed scale scores (β = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.2, p = 0.04), but not with Aggressive Behaviour (β = 0.02; 95% CI = −0.1; 0.1, p = 0.8) nor Attention Problem scale scores (β = 0.08, 95% CI = −0.3; 0.5, p = 0.8). We could not demonstrate an association between mean heart rate and non-compliance during the gift delay task (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.9; 1.1, p = 0.2), but lower heart rate predicted higher odds of the child lying (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.3; 0.9, p = 0.03). In contrast, harsh parenting was associated with mother-reported Aggressive Behaviour (β = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4; 0.9, p b 0.001) and Attention Problems (β = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1; 0.3, p b 0.001), but not with observed lying (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.8; 1.4, p = 0.8). Discussion/Conclusion: Lower resting mean heart rate at age 14 months predicts low anxiety symptoms and higher odds of lying at age 3 years. Low resting mean heart rate may be less an indicator of early childhood aggression than of fearless behaviour. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.763
Alterations in HPA-axis and autonomic nervous system functioning in childhood anxiety disorders point to a chronic stress hypothesis Gwen Dielemana,b, Anja C. Huizinkc, Joke H.M. Tulend, Elisabeth M.W.J. Utensa,b, Hanneke Creemerse, Jan van der Endea,b, Frank C. Verhulsta,b
a
Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands c Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands e University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands b
Background: It is of debate whether or not childhood anxiety disorders (AD) can be captured by one taxonomic construct. This study examined whether perceived arousal (PA), autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis measures can distinguish children with different primary diagnoses of clinical anxiety disorders (AD) from each other, and from a general population reference group (GP). Methods: The study sample consisted of 154 AD children (comparing separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and specific phobia), aged 8 to 12 years, and 225 same-aged reference children. HPA-axis functioning was measured by a diurnal cortisol profile. ANS functioning was measured by continuous measures of skin conductance level in rest and during a mental arithmetic task and high frequency heart rate variability in rest. PA was assessed by a questionnaire. Results: The AD sample showed lower high frequency heart rate variability during rest, heightened anticipatory PA, higher basal and reactive skin conductance levels and lower basal HPA-axis functioning compared to the GP sample. The existence of 3 or more AD, i.e. a high anxiety ‘load’, was associated with lower basal HPA-axis functioning, higher skin conductance level and lower posttest PA. Specific phobia could be discerned from social phobia and separation anxiety disorder on higher skin conductance level. Discussion/Conclusion: Our findings indicated that children with AD have specific psychophysiological characteristics, which resemble the psychophysiological characteristics of chronic stress. A high anxiety ‘load’ is associated with an altered ANS and HPA-axis functioning. Overall, ANS and HPA-axis functioning relate to AD in general, accept for specific phobia.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.764
Temperament, character and QEEG in children with ADHD-C and ADHD-C + ODD Giuseppe A. Chiarenzaa, Jorge Bosch-Bayardb, Stefania Villac, Marco P. Chiarenzaa, Lidice Galanb, Eduardo Aubertb, Pedro Valdes Sosab a Centro Internazionale dei Disturbi di Apprendimento, Attenzione e Iperattività, (CIDAAI), Italy b Cuban Neuroscience Center, L'Avana, Cuba c Unità Operativa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Az. Osp. G. Salvini, Rho, Milano, Italy Low levels of harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (C) and high novelty seeking (NS) are the distinctive temperament and character traits of ADHD-C children when assessed with Junior Temperament Character Inventory (JTCI). Typical patterns of resting EEGs in ADHD children show abnormal values of absolute power in theta, alpha and beta bands while frontal hypercoherence in the theta and beta bands. ADHD is frequently associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) but no clear neurophysiological evidence exists that distinguishes the two groups. Aim of this study is to combine personality inventory and qEEG to identify biomarkers that could be used to discriminate between the two groups. 29 ADHD-C and 22 ADHD-C + ODD children participated in the study. All the subjects met the DSMV criteria for these disorders. JTCI and 2–5 min of artefactfree EEG were collected and analysed. Stability based Biomarkers