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Council adopts American Standard speed classifications for intraoral dental radiographic film: diagnostic grade
154/280 • THE JO U R N A L OF THE A M E R IC A N DENTAL A SSO C IA T IO N
o f rubber impression materials. ( Practical dental monographs, M ay 1962.) Chicago, Y ear Book M edical Publishers, 1962. 32 p.
R eich en b a ch , Erw in & B r ü c k l , H ans, ed. Neuere Erfahrungen mit der kieferortho pädischen Prophylaxe und Frühbehandlung; ein Round-Table-Gespräch anlässlich der Herbsttagung der Medizinisch-Wissenschaft lichen Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg am 23. Oktober 1959. Berlin, Volk und Gesundheit, 1961. 139 p. W . R . A manual o f oral surgery tech nics. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1962. 172 p. $6. S h a r r y , J. J., ed. Com plete denture prosthodontics. N ew Y ork, M cG raw -H ill, 1962. 343 p. $14.95. S ch ram ,
W
W
, F. T . Variations in the diam etric meas urements o f root canal files and correspond ing sizes o f silver root canal points. (M . S. thesis— University o f M ich igan .) [Ann A rbor] 1954. 47 p. Typewritten. O n m icro film only. i l l i a m s G o l d R e f i n i n g Co. T o o th carving manual. Buffalo [1961?] 44 p. $3.75.
a is
P E R IO D IC A L S T h e
E x p lo r e r
I n t e r n a t io n a l
(Flint, M ich .) Jou rn al
o f
O r t h o d o n t ic s
(Lakew ood, C a lif.) O d o n t o -S to m a t o lo g i D e r g is i
(Istanbul)
R e v is t a d e l C ir c u lo O d o n t o lo g ic o d e l S u r
(Bahia Blanca)
Council adopts American Standard speed classifications for intraoral dental radiographic film: diagnostic grade
C O U N C IL O N D E N T A L R E S E A R C H
The Council on Dental Research in March 1961 adopted the speed classifica tions developed by the American Stand ards Association Sectional Committee on radiographic film used for dental diag nostic purposes as the official American Dental Association standard. The Council action was taken after consideration of the recommendation of the Specifications Committee of the Den-' tal Materials Group (International Asso ciation for Dental Research) and of the American Standards Association Sec tional Committee PH6. During the period 1952 to 1955, the American Dental Association Research
Division at the National Bureau of Stand ards conducted a survey of methods used by dentists for exposing and processing dental roentgenographic films and of labeling and packaging practices of man ufacturers. This was followed by a labora tory study of properties such as sensitometric characteristics of the film, thickness of film backing and degree of water re sistivity of the individual wrapper. The survey showed that there was little or no relation between film designation in the trade and film characteristics deter mined in the laboratory. For example, the high-speed film of one manufacturer was slower than the medium-speed film
REPORTS O F C O U N C ILS A N D BUREAUS . . . VO LUM E 65, AUGUST 1962 • 155/281
of another. In other instances, practition ers were not obtaining optimum perform ance from the film being used because they were unaware of its correct charac teristics. The increasing public concern with exposure to ionizing radiation led the American Dental Association to promote the use of the best principles o f radiation hygiene in dental roentgenography. In the belief that the interest of the patient, dentist and film manufacturer would be furthered by well-formulated standards o f performance, markings and size, the Council on Dental Research asked the Dental Materials Group of the International Association for Dental Re search to cooperate with the Association in preparing such specifications. As the result of exploratory correspondence with interested groups, it was suggested that the new specification be developed through the American Standards Asso ciation which had already formulated standards and specifications in the photo graphic field. The specification would thereby enjoy the prestige of ASA ap
Name G. C. Paffenbarger (chairm an) A . F. Forziati (secretary) W . R . Baader Harry Brenner Douglas M . H. Chandler Margarete Ehrlich G . M . Fitzgerald Cary S. Giles Charles J. Glasser Samuel G oldberg Henry H ollm an R. L. H uber John F. K irby Richard F. M iller Larry M oriarty E. T . Nealon R obert J. Nelsen A. G. Richards S. A. Russell H . D . Spangenberg, Jr. Russell I. T o d d S. A. West A. H . W uehrmann Seymour H . Yale
proval. This would facilitate international as well as national acceptance of the pro posed standard. Accordingly, the American Standards Association initiated a project on the “ Nomenclature, standards and specifica tions for dental radiographic film includ ing sizes and methods of designation,” with the American Dental Association serving as administrative sponsor. One of the requirements of ASA pro cedure is that all interests be represented on the specifications committee. The present committee consists o f 11 consum ers, 7 producers and 6 members who have a general interest in dental roentgenographic film. T o expedite the work, it was decided to formulate four separate standards; the first standard would deal with film speeds only; the second, with film sizes; the third, with film packets (moisture penetration, film backing, and so on) ; and the fourth, with exposure systems (fractional, decimal or impulse). The Council wishes to acknowledge, with thanks, the work of the sectional committee members, who are :
R epresenting Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association General Electric Com pany T h e M inim ax Com pany T h e Rinn Corporation National Bureau o f Standards Am erican Academ y o f O ral Roentgenology T h e Plastic C oating Corp. International Film Industries D ental Manufacturers o f Am erica T h e S. S. W hite Dental M anufacturing Com pany ( X R M ) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Com pany, Inc. General Services Administration Eastman K odak Com pany T h e W eber Dental M fg. Com pany Arm ed Services M edical M ateriel Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association Revere C opper & Brass, Inc. Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association N orth Am erican Philips C o., Inc. Am erican Academ y of O ral Roentgenology Am erican D ental Association
156/282 • THE JO U R N A L OF THE A M E R IC A N DENTAL A SSO C IA TIO N
T a b le • Dental roentgenograp hic film speed— g ro u p ratings* (data furnished by the manufacturers)
Film brand
Manufacturer o r distributor
Sp e e d grou p (A.S.A. Ph 6.1-1961)
Sp eed gro u p (in reciprocal roentgens)
Periapical film Rinn D.C.
Rinn C orp .
A (slowest)
1.5-3.0
Du Pont “ D " K o d a k Radia-Tized IFI BH 1 Rinn M.F.
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o. Eastman Kod ak C o. International Film Industries Rinn C orp .
B
3.0-6.0
IFI SB H 1 Minim ax Intermediate Rinn E.F.
International Film Industries M inim ax C o. Rinn C orp .
C
6.0-12.0
Du Pont "LF" K o d a k U ltra-Speed Minim ax Extra Fast fRinn S.F.
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o. Eastman Kodak C o . M inim ax C o. Rinn C orp .
D
12.0-24.0
Rinn. H.F.
Rinn C orp.
E
None
>t
F (fastest)
24.0-48.0 48.0-96.0
Bitewing film Du Pont " B W " K o d a k Radia-Tized
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o . Eastman K od ak C o .
B
3.0-6.0
K o d a k U ltra-Speed
Eastman Kodak C o .
D
12.0-24 0
D
12.0-24.0
O cclusal film K o d a k U ltra-Speed
Eastman K od ak C o .
*The method of calculating film speeds has been described in T H E JO U R N A L 59:472 Sept. 1959. fM anufactured for governmental consumption only.
The Council particularly appreciates the excellent work of Subcommittee PH6.1 of the sectional committee. This subcommittee was primarily concerned with formulating the standard on speed and steering it through the sectional com mittee. The members of Subcommittee PH6.1 are R. L. Huber, chairman, Rich ard F. Miller, Margarete Ehrlich and A. H. Wuehrmann. The standard on film speeds has been completed by the Committee and has been approved by the American Stand ards Association. It is designated as “ American Standard Speed Classifica tions for Intraoral Dental Radiographic Film: Diagnostic Grade, PH6.1-1961” and appears on the following page. This standard establishes six speed
groups. There is a two-fold increase in speed between groups. This means that a dentist using film in one speed group may use film in the next higher speed group by simply halving the previously used exposure times. Furthermore, by asking for film in a definite speed group, the dentist is assured o f obtaining film o f the desired speed. The speed group ratings of the cur rently available dental roentgenographic films, according to data furnished by the manufacturer, are listed in the table. A SA STANDARD
The following American Standard Speed Classifications for Intraoral Dental R adi ographic Film: Diagnostic Grade, PH6.1-
REPORTS O F C O U N C IL S A N D B U R E A U S . . . V O L U M E 65, A U G U S T 1962 • 157/283
ASA STANDARD 1.
The upper limit of each speed range shall be excluded from that range.
SCOPE
This standard provides a method of classi fying films used with direct x-ray or gamma-ray exposure, or both, for intra oral dental radiography according to speed and specifies limits for each speed group. 2.
SP E E D G R O U PS
Diagnostic-grade intraoral dental radiographic film shall be classified for speed according to the following speed groups: Speed Range Speed Group (In Reciprocal Roentgens) A B C D E F
1.5— 3.0 3.0— 6.0 6.0— 12.0 12.0— 24.0 24.0— 48.0 48.0— 96.0
1961, was adopted as the official specifica tion o f the American Dental Association in M arch 1961. Film speeds increase from A to F; that is, A is the slowest
3.
SPE E D D E T E R M IN A T IO N
The speed of a film shall be determined as described in 4.1, Films Exposed Directly to X-rays, of American Standard Method for the Sensitometry of Medical X-ray Films, PH2.9-1956. 4.
R E V IS IO N O F A M E R IC A N STAN D A R D R E FE R RE D T O I N T H I S D O C U M E N T
When the following American Standard referred to in this document is superseded by a revision approved by the American Standards Association, Incorporated, the revision shall apply: American Standard Method for the Sensitometry of Medical X-ray Films, PH2.9-1956.
speed class and F is the fastest. Dentists are advised to inquire of the manufac turer of the films being used what speed group the films fall into.
o f rubber impression materials. ( Practical dental monographs, M ay 1962.) Chicago, Y ear Book M edical Publishers, 1962. 32 p.
R eich en b a ch , Erw in & B r ü c k l , H ans, ed. Neuere Erfahrungen mit der kieferortho pädischen Prophylaxe und Frühbehandlung; ein Round-Table-Gespräch anlässlich der Herbsttagung der Medizinisch-Wissenschaft lichen Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg am 23. Oktober 1959. Berlin, Volk und Gesundheit, 1961. 139 p. W . R . A manual o f oral surgery tech nics. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1962. 172 p. $6. S h a r r y , J. J., ed. Com plete denture prosthodontics. N ew Y ork, M cG raw -H ill, 1962. 343 p. $14.95. S ch ram ,
W
W
, F. T . Variations in the diam etric meas urements o f root canal files and correspond ing sizes o f silver root canal points. (M . S. thesis— University o f M ich igan .) [Ann A rbor] 1954. 47 p. Typewritten. O n m icro film only. i l l i a m s G o l d R e f i n i n g Co. T o o th carving manual. Buffalo [1961?] 44 p. $3.75.
a is
P E R IO D IC A L S T h e
E x p lo r e r
I n t e r n a t io n a l
(Flint, M ich .) Jou rn al
o f
O r t h o d o n t ic s
(Lakew ood, C a lif.) O d o n t o -S to m a t o lo g i D e r g is i
(Istanbul)
R e v is t a d e l C ir c u lo O d o n t o lo g ic o d e l S u r
(Bahia Blanca)
Council adopts American Standard speed classifications for intraoral dental radiographic film: diagnostic grade
C O U N C IL O N D E N T A L R E S E A R C H
The Council on Dental Research in March 1961 adopted the speed classifica tions developed by the American Stand ards Association Sectional Committee on radiographic film used for dental diag nostic purposes as the official American Dental Association standard. The Council action was taken after consideration of the recommendation of the Specifications Committee of the Den-' tal Materials Group (International Asso ciation for Dental Research) and of the American Standards Association Sec tional Committee PH6. During the period 1952 to 1955, the American Dental Association Research
Division at the National Bureau of Stand ards conducted a survey of methods used by dentists for exposing and processing dental roentgenographic films and of labeling and packaging practices of man ufacturers. This was followed by a labora tory study of properties such as sensitometric characteristics of the film, thickness of film backing and degree of water re sistivity of the individual wrapper. The survey showed that there was little or no relation between film designation in the trade and film characteristics deter mined in the laboratory. For example, the high-speed film of one manufacturer was slower than the medium-speed film
REPORTS O F C O U N C ILS A N D BUREAUS . . . VO LUM E 65, AUGUST 1962 • 155/281
of another. In other instances, practition ers were not obtaining optimum perform ance from the film being used because they were unaware of its correct charac teristics. The increasing public concern with exposure to ionizing radiation led the American Dental Association to promote the use of the best principles o f radiation hygiene in dental roentgenography. In the belief that the interest of the patient, dentist and film manufacturer would be furthered by well-formulated standards o f performance, markings and size, the Council on Dental Research asked the Dental Materials Group of the International Association for Dental Re search to cooperate with the Association in preparing such specifications. As the result of exploratory correspondence with interested groups, it was suggested that the new specification be developed through the American Standards Asso ciation which had already formulated standards and specifications in the photo graphic field. The specification would thereby enjoy the prestige of ASA ap
Name G. C. Paffenbarger (chairm an) A . F. Forziati (secretary) W . R . Baader Harry Brenner Douglas M . H. Chandler Margarete Ehrlich G . M . Fitzgerald Cary S. Giles Charles J. Glasser Samuel G oldberg Henry H ollm an R. L. H uber John F. K irby Richard F. M iller Larry M oriarty E. T . Nealon R obert J. Nelsen A. G. Richards S. A. Russell H . D . Spangenberg, Jr. Russell I. T o d d S. A. West A. H . W uehrmann Seymour H . Yale
proval. This would facilitate international as well as national acceptance of the pro posed standard. Accordingly, the American Standards Association initiated a project on the “ Nomenclature, standards and specifica tions for dental radiographic film includ ing sizes and methods of designation,” with the American Dental Association serving as administrative sponsor. One of the requirements of ASA pro cedure is that all interests be represented on the specifications committee. The present committee consists o f 11 consum ers, 7 producers and 6 members who have a general interest in dental roentgenographic film. T o expedite the work, it was decided to formulate four separate standards; the first standard would deal with film speeds only; the second, with film sizes; the third, with film packets (moisture penetration, film backing, and so on) ; and the fourth, with exposure systems (fractional, decimal or impulse). The Council wishes to acknowledge, with thanks, the work of the sectional committee members, who are :
R epresenting Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association General Electric Com pany T h e M inim ax Com pany T h e Rinn Corporation National Bureau o f Standards Am erican Academ y o f O ral Roentgenology T h e Plastic C oating Corp. International Film Industries D ental Manufacturers o f Am erica T h e S. S. W hite Dental M anufacturing Com pany ( X R M ) E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Com pany, Inc. General Services Administration Eastman K odak Com pany T h e W eber Dental M fg. Com pany Arm ed Services M edical M ateriel Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association Revere C opper & Brass, Inc. Am erican Dental Association Am erican Dental Association N orth Am erican Philips C o., Inc. Am erican Academ y of O ral Roentgenology Am erican D ental Association
156/282 • THE JO U R N A L OF THE A M E R IC A N DENTAL A SSO C IA TIO N
T a b le • Dental roentgenograp hic film speed— g ro u p ratings* (data furnished by the manufacturers)
Film brand
Manufacturer o r distributor
Sp e e d grou p (A.S.A. Ph 6.1-1961)
Sp eed gro u p (in reciprocal roentgens)
Periapical film Rinn D.C.
Rinn C orp .
A (slowest)
1.5-3.0
Du Pont “ D " K o d a k Radia-Tized IFI BH 1 Rinn M.F.
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o. Eastman Kod ak C o. International Film Industries Rinn C orp .
B
3.0-6.0
IFI SB H 1 Minim ax Intermediate Rinn E.F.
International Film Industries M inim ax C o. Rinn C orp .
C
6.0-12.0
Du Pont "LF" K o d a k U ltra-Speed Minim ax Extra Fast fRinn S.F.
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o. Eastman Kodak C o . M inim ax C o. Rinn C orp .
D
12.0-24.0
Rinn. H.F.
Rinn C orp.
E
None
>t
F (fastest)
24.0-48.0 48.0-96.0
Bitewing film Du Pont " B W " K o d a k Radia-Tized
E. 1. du Pont de N em ou rs & C o . Eastman K od ak C o .
B
3.0-6.0
K o d a k U ltra-Speed
Eastman Kodak C o .
D
12.0-24 0
D
12.0-24.0
O cclusal film K o d a k U ltra-Speed
Eastman K od ak C o .
*The method of calculating film speeds has been described in T H E JO U R N A L 59:472 Sept. 1959. fM anufactured for governmental consumption only.
The Council particularly appreciates the excellent work of Subcommittee PH6.1 of the sectional committee. This subcommittee was primarily concerned with formulating the standard on speed and steering it through the sectional com mittee. The members of Subcommittee PH6.1 are R. L. Huber, chairman, Rich ard F. Miller, Margarete Ehrlich and A. H. Wuehrmann. The standard on film speeds has been completed by the Committee and has been approved by the American Stand ards Association. It is designated as “ American Standard Speed Classifica tions for Intraoral Dental Radiographic Film: Diagnostic Grade, PH6.1-1961” and appears on the following page. This standard establishes six speed
groups. There is a two-fold increase in speed between groups. This means that a dentist using film in one speed group may use film in the next higher speed group by simply halving the previously used exposure times. Furthermore, by asking for film in a definite speed group, the dentist is assured o f obtaining film o f the desired speed. The speed group ratings of the cur rently available dental roentgenographic films, according to data furnished by the manufacturer, are listed in the table. A SA STANDARD
The following American Standard Speed Classifications for Intraoral Dental R adi ographic Film: Diagnostic Grade, PH6.1-
REPORTS O F C O U N C IL S A N D B U R E A U S . . . V O L U M E 65, A U G U S T 1962 • 157/283
ASA STANDARD 1.
The upper limit of each speed range shall be excluded from that range.
SCOPE
This standard provides a method of classi fying films used with direct x-ray or gamma-ray exposure, or both, for intra oral dental radiography according to speed and specifies limits for each speed group. 2.
SP E E D G R O U PS
Diagnostic-grade intraoral dental radiographic film shall be classified for speed according to the following speed groups: Speed Range Speed Group (In Reciprocal Roentgens) A B C D E F
1.5— 3.0 3.0— 6.0 6.0— 12.0 12.0— 24.0 24.0— 48.0 48.0— 96.0
1961, was adopted as the official specifica tion o f the American Dental Association in M arch 1961. Film speeds increase from A to F; that is, A is the slowest
3.
SPE E D D E T E R M IN A T IO N
The speed of a film shall be determined as described in 4.1, Films Exposed Directly to X-rays, of American Standard Method for the Sensitometry of Medical X-ray Films, PH2.9-1956. 4.
R E V IS IO N O F A M E R IC A N STAN D A R D R E FE R RE D T O I N T H I S D O C U M E N T
When the following American Standard referred to in this document is superseded by a revision approved by the American Standards Association, Incorporated, the revision shall apply: American Standard Method for the Sensitometry of Medical X-ray Films, PH2.9-1956.
speed class and F is the fastest. Dentists are advised to inquire of the manufac turer of the films being used what speed group the films fall into.