Data Tables and Conversion Factors

E n g l b h to Metric Conversion of Unils

(Courtesy FieldingOgburn, ConsullanO

% q. m

ft

IO ~

~

~

~

I.O

t0

I00

I00

tO00

I0~000

9

--

30

-0.9

9

90

gO

9OO gO00 --~

8o

coo

eooo ~

"to

?00

7000 -.~

-- 8

0.8

8

80

0,7

7

70

O,6

6 SO

60

6OO

6OO0

0.5

5

50-

50

5OO

5OOO

0.4

4

40

40

400

4000

0.3

3 30

30 300

0.2

~ 20

20

ZOO

20OO

~0

iO

I00

lO00

0

0

2G

T-

ZO

6-

--

t5

E

2--

3000--~

5

0,1

O

0

o

I

o

o--

O~

753

2

DETERMINING TANK CAPACITY

The two graphs shown offer visual guidelines %r orientation and quick approximation of the quantity of solution in circular and rectangular containers. The grapb "Circular Tank" shows, for round containers, the given diameter in feet at the lower scale. For convenience, the corresponding approximate metric diameter (cm) is shown opposite at the upper scale. Following the direction of the heavy arrows, shown for the Example, D = 4 ft (118 cm), one reads, at the height of the intersection of the corresponding vertical and the diagonal line, the solution volume per unit height (v/h) at the left ordinate, for example 95 gal/ft, corresponding to about 11.2 liters per centimeter shown at the right ordinate. The graph "Rectangular Tank" shows the given breadth and length of the tank at the lower scale and at the diagonals, for example, B = 5 ft and L = 4 ft. At the intersection of the corresponding vertical and diagonal line. one reads 150 gal/ft at the left ordinate, or about 19 liters per centimeter at the right ordinate. The solution level (height) is measured either by reading fixed height markings at the inside tank wall or from a ruler dipped to the bottom of the tank. The total solution volume, V (gal), is then equal to the solution height, h (ft), multiplied by V/h (gal/ft). Note: The preferred number sequences, shown on the graphs, represent simplified evenly-divided log scales involving inaccuracies up to about 3 per cent. In most practices this

30

--.-TANK DIAMETER (cm) 42.5 6 0 85 118 170 2 5 6

335

475

1500

180 90

CIRCULAR TANK

u 0

J=

3 7 5 - --

-I-45

m

~° 190

22.4

~: lxJ :E

I-

~ I.-.

95

t-11.2

"4

• • 5.6

:~ 4 7 . 5 . - K G.

EX. If D : 4 f t . then v / h ~r 9 5 g a l . / f t . = I I .2 Z/cm

W

w 23.6--=£ .J

o

"t

•

2.8

"-1.4

11.8-

e- L

•

1.4

754

z Ixl (.!

Z

4 5.6 2 2.8 --~ TAN K DIAMETER,

8 11.2 D (ft.)

16

0.71

co a:

bJ I.-

t

60

75

8ooI.....

95

,

'....

V.T&,i.~B

v

•- * T A N K L E N G T H , cm ,B 150 190 2.56

,

I

c~,./,6

500--

i

I~

..4" ~a-*'~

I

1 /"

300

~_//~,oo

..*"..-'1" I~"

1ti

/

/" "~

...<

•

F

63

25 "

g 50

63

~"/";~ ~"/"

0_J

< t

2o 2

// 2.5

3.15

R[ICTANGULAR TANK

CAPACITYI PERUNiTDEPTHI

i

4 --* T A N K

"°"°';....... 5

&3

LENGTH,

8

I0

12.5

z.5 16

L (ft.)

may be considered as inconsequential For nmnerical exact results, the use of the equation at the upper left of the corresponding graph is recommended.

ESTIMATING

PLATING TIME

This homograph is for the practical plater fi}r convenient orientation and approximation of the plating time required to produce a specified plate thickness. The main factors involved are: the kind of metal, its valency in the bath (electrochemical equivalent), density of electroplate, and current denshy employed. For using |he diagram, one starts from the given ph~ting bath at tile upper left ordinate, as illustrated ti)r nickel by the heavy arrows as an example, and goes horizontally to the rigN to the diagonal indicating the desired plate thickness, lbr example 1.6 mils. Flora the point of interception one goes vertically down to the diagonal indicating the applied current density, for example 16 amp./sq, fL Following the an'ow direction to the left. the approximate plating time can then be read from the ordinate, and is for the example somewhat larger than I(X) nlinates. In orde~ to obtain numerically exact values, the lbrmulu shown in the lower left corner of *he diagram should be used. The factor I:: at the upper right ordinate is equal to the amp.

755

hr./sq, ft. to deposit 0.001 inch of electroplate thickness. The computation using F(Ni) = 19, t = 1.6 mils, c.d. = 16 amp.lsq. It. results in 114 minutes required plating time. The diagram and the formula are based on 100% cathode efficiency. If the efficiency is less. for example 95% = 0.95, the theoretical plating time must be divided by this value, that is, 114/0.95 - 120 minutes = 2 hours.

(vl

Od Zn Fe

1600

"--

'

'

.=1ooo

I

[

~

~

J

~

Ioo-

~

,

/

~

=

I

,

,e ~ J - - L . . [ - V o o . - ~ ' . ~ ' ~ - >

~"

4

t ;

~

I

I

"~J~-~_~%'~l ",_~ ~q~ .~.~-~1

63,

-=

756

__

.

630]--L~-~L

.-= 250 L ,60 --

".,

,

~ 1

MAKING ADDITIONS TO PLATING SOLUTIONS

The directions of the heavy arrows show the problem solution for the example: if the required addition is 1,6 oz/ga/(lower abscissa) for a 400 gal bath (diagonal) then 40 tbs of chemicals mtlst be added (left ordinate). Numerically accurate solutions are obtained by using the inserted equation, For convenience, approximately corresponding metric values are shown at the upper abscissa and right ordinate.

4..75

•..-i,. REQUIRED CORRECTION, g / ¢ 7.5 11.8 19 30 47.5

75

!18

1600 ADDI

~.630 z

,;ol

TO

£A TI ,I

'

SOLUTION

/ "1

e

asol

Q

p-

.~.,o~ ~/.-'//" .-'/iI a .,°

.J 0 .J

.:d;

~oo

~."'-" ~

"~ 45<

0

la. Z

o_

IE

E~


bJ

t

t,./-~...-

~...:/ I//

.~.12

l

~

0,5 0.63

_

t

.......

I

L6

2,5

4.

63

IO

16

REQUIRED CORRECTION, C(ozJool.) 757

English to Metric Conversion of Units

(Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsultanO

m~

I000 gal

liter

gol

I00

g/liter

oz / gal

I00-~

13

kg

Ib

~m

mil

mm

in

I00

I0--

- 25 90

BO

90 ~

~2

80 -~

II

9-

20

90

3,5

80

20 70

?0

~o

9 2.5 60 -~-

60

60

8

t5

5O

5 0 . ~- - 7

.5-

50 -- IO

40

,o-

30

30 ~"

4

3C

20.~ -

3

2£

20

4C 1,5

0.5 IO-

I0 _~-

o-

758

o

0

English to Metric Conversion of Units

(Courtesy FieldingOgburn, ConsultanO % m

ft

I0 ~

~ <

< E

~" <

<(

1.0 I0 I00

x(

<

IOQ tO00 I0,000 9 6

30 9

-0.9

9

90

90

tOO

~)OO"

6

OAf

8

80

6Q I O 0

ilO005

Z5

o,7

7

70--

70

700

7000-

o,6

6

60-

60

600

6000

0.5

5

50

50

~

6000

4

20

3 4

3

I0

2m

0.4

4

4.O-

O.3

3

30

O.Z

2

0.1

I

40

400

4000

30

300

3000--~

ZO -

20

ZOO

2000

I0 -

I0

I00

0

0

"

6

I

0 - -

0

0

0

O - -

I000 -

0 - - 0

759

METAL CONTENTS OF COMMON PLATING SALTS (Note: Technical products usually vary slightly from stated percentages. Actual metal contents of precious metal salts are usually marked on package.)

Technical Name of Salt

Chemical Formula

A l u m i n u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . A l u m i n u m chloride (anhydrous) . . . . A l u m i n u m sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antimony trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenic trioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C a d m i u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . C a d m i u m cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . C a d m i u m oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C a d m i u m sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloroplatinic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cobalt chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cobalt sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . Copper chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . Copper fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . Copper pyrophosphate . . . . . . . . . . Copper sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . Copper sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric chloride (anhydrous) . . . . . . . Ferric chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferric sulfate (anhydrous) . . . . . . . . Ferrous a m m o n i u m sulfate . . . . . . . . Ferrous chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferrous sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . . Gold sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . Indium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indium fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.aad carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . . Lead fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AICI3.6H20 AICI 3 Al2(SO4)3" 1 8 H 2 0 SbCI3

Nickel acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . Nickel carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . Nickel chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ni (C2H3Oa)2-4H20 NiSO4"(NH~)zSO4"6H20 2NiCOs'3Ni (OH)2"4H20

Nickel cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel fluob(wa~ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

As203 CdCI221,~H20 Cd(CN)2 CdO 3CdSO4.SH20 H2PtCI6.6H20 CrO 3 COC12"6H20

COSO4.7H20 C u (C2H302)2.HnO C u C O 3 . C u (OH)2 CuCI2-2H20 CuCN C u (BF4) 2 K 2 C u (CN)s Cu2P20 ?

Na2Cu (C'N)3 CuSO4.5H20 FeC13 FeCI3-6H=,O Fe2 (SO4)3 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H20 FeC12.4H20 FESO4"71420 AuCI3.2H20 AuCN KAu(CN)2 N a A u (CN) 2 InCl~ In (CN)3

In (BF4)3

n%fso,)3 Pb (O1"1)2"~

PbfBF4)2

NiCI2"6H20 Ni (CN)2"4H2.O

NifnF4)2

(Continued on next page)

760

Per Cent Metal 11.1 20.3 8.1 53.4 75.9 49.3 68.3 87.5 43.3 37.7 52.0 24.8 21.0 31.8 57.5 37.3 71.0

26.8 28.9 42.3 33.9 25.5 34.5 20.6 27:9 14.2 28.1 20.1 58.0 88.3 68.3 72.5 51.8 59.4 30,6 44.3 80.1 54.4 23.6 14.9 50.0 24.7 32.1 25,3

T e c h n i c a l N a m e of Salt

Chemical Formula

Nickel s u l f a m a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P a l l a d i u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Palladium diaminodinitrite (P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P l a t i n u m c h l o r i d e (Commercial salt is often c h l o r o p l a t i n i c acid) Platinum diaminodinitrite (P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium stannate R h o d i u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . R h o d i u m sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver p o t a s s i u m cyanide . . . . . . . Silver s o d i u m cyanide . . . . . . . . Silver sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium stannate ............. S o d i u m tungstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . T i n chloride (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . T i n fluoborate (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . T i n sulfate (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T u n g s t i c acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tungstic oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc carbonate ............... Z i n c chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z i n c cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc fluoborate ............... Z i n c oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc pyrophosphate ........... Z i n c sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z i n c sulfate ( a n h y d r o u s ) . . . . . . Z i n c sulfate (exsiccated) . . . . . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Per Cent Metal

Ni ( N H 2 S O 3) 2 NiSO4"6HzO PdCI 2

23.4 22.3 60.0

Pd (NH~) z (NO2) 2

45.8

PtCI,'SH20

45.7

Pt (N H.~) z (NOz) z K~SnO~'3HzO RhCI~'3HzO Rh,, (SO I) .~ AgC1 AgCN AgNO~ Ag20 KAg(CN) ~ NaAg (CN), Ag2SO 4 Na,SnO,~'3HzO N a ~ W O ,-2HOO SnCI2"2HeO Sn (BF~) 2 SnSO 4 H2WO ~ WO:, ZnCO~ ZnC12 Z n (CN) ,, Z n (BF~) 2 ZnO Zn~_P,.O r ZnSO,-7H~.O ZnSO 4 ZnSO4-H._,O

60.8 39.6 39,1 20.8 75.2 80.5 63.5 93.3 54.2 59.0 34.6 44.5 55.8 52.6 40.6 55.3 73.6 79.3 52.2 48.0 55.7 27.3 80.3 42.9 22.7

40.4 36.5

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PLATING CALCULATIONS Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.134 = avoirdul~is ounces per gallon (oz./gal.), Avoirdupois ounces per gallon (oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.5 = grams per liter (g./L). G r a m s per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.122 = troy ounces per gallon (tr. oz./gal.). Troy ounces per gallon (tr. ozJgal.) multiplied by 8.2 = grams per liter (g./L.). G r a m s per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 2.44 = pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.). Pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.) multiplied by 0.41 = grams per liter (g./L.). Amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm. ~) multiplied by 9.29 = amperes per sq. ft. (amp./ft?). Amperes per square foot (amp./ft. 2) multiplied by 0.108 - amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm.Z). Fluid ounces per gallon (fl. oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.81 = cubic centimeters per liter (cc./L.).

761

EQUIVALENTS FOR CONVERTING UNITS OF WEIGHT & MEASURE

Carat (c) (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centimeter (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic Centimeter (cc.) . . . . . . . . . .

3.08647 grains; 0.2 gram. 0.3937 inch; 0.03281 ft.; 0.01 meter. 0.03381 oz. (fluid); 0.061023 cubic inch; 0.001 liter.

Cubic Foot (tt. 3 or cu. ft.) . . . . . . . .

7.481 gallons; 1728 cubic inches; 28.317 liters; 28.317 cubic centimeters. 0.004329 gallon; 0.5541 ounce (fluid); 16.3872 cubic centimeters.

Cubic Inch (in.' or cu. in.) . . . . . . . . Foot (ft.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gallon (gal.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.3048 meter; 30.48 centimeters. weighs 8.337 lb. at 62°F.; 0.13368 cubic foot; 128 oz. (fluid); 231 cubic inches; 3.7853 liters; 3785.4 cubic centimeters.

Gram(g;) ....................

0.03215 oz. (troy); 0.035274 oz. (avoirdupois); 0.643 pennyweight. 2.540 centimeters. 2.2046 lb. (avoirdupois); 1000 grams. 0.2642 gal.; 0.03532 cu. ft.; 1.0567 quart (liquid); 61.025 cu. in.; 1000 cubic centimeters.

Inch (in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilogram (kg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liter (L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micrometer ~ m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micron ~ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milligram (mg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millimeter (ram.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (fluid) (ft. oz.) . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (avoirdupois) (oz.) . . . . . . . .

same as micron. .000039 inch. 0.001 inch; 0.00254 centimeter; 25.4 microns. 0.001 gram. 0.03937 inch; 0.1201 meter; 1000 microns. 0.0078125 gallon; 0.03 i 25 quart (liquid); !.80469 cubic inches; 29.5737 cubic centimeters. 0.0625 lb. (avoir.); 0.911458 oz. (troy); 18.2292 pennyweights; 437.5 grains; 28.3495 grams.

O u n c e (troy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennyweight (dwt.) (troy) . . . . . . . . Pint (pt.) (liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 pennyweights; 31.10348 grams. 1/20 oz. (troy); 1,552 grams. 16 oz. (fluid); 28.875 cu. in.; 473.18 cubic centimeters.

P o u n d (avoirdupois) (lb.) . . . . . . . .

1.2153 lb. (troy); 14.583 oz. (troy); 16 oz, (avoir.); 291.667 pennyweights; 7000 grains; 453.592 grams.

P o u n d (troy) (lb. tr.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.82286 lb. (avoir.); 12 oz. (troy); 13.166 oz. (avoir.); 240 pennyweights; 5760 grains; 373.24 grams.

Quart (qt.) (liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.03342 cubic foot; 0.25 gallon; 32 oz. (fluid); 57.749 cubic inches; 946.358 cubic centimeters.

Square Square Square Square

0.0010764 sq. ft.; O. 155 sq. in. 15.50 sq. in.; 0.01 sq. meter; IO0 sq. centimeters. 144 sq. in.; 9.29 sq. decimeters. .007 sq. ft., 6,45 sq. cm.

762

Centimeter (cm?) . . . . . . . . Decimeter (dm.~) . . . . . . . . . Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C E N T I G R A D E m F A H R E N H E I T TEMPERATURE C O N V E R S I O N l,ook up known temperature in center (bold face type) column. Its equivalent in either F or C can then be found in the appropriate column at left or right. °F. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

32.0 35.6 39.2 42.8 46.4 50.0 53.6 57.2 60.8 64.4 68.0 7t.6 75.2 78.8 82.4 86.0 89.6 93.2 96.8 100.4 t04.0 107.6 tlt.2 114.8 118.4 122.0 125,6 129.2 132,8 136.4 140.0 143,6 147.2 150.8 154.4 158.0 t61.6 165.2 168.8 t72.4 176.0 179.6 1832 t86.8 190.4 194.0 197.6 201.2 204.8 208.4 212.0 215.6 219.2 222.8 226.4

°C. ± 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 +18 +20 +22 +24 +26 +28 +30 +3 2 +3 4 +36 +38 +4 0 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 !00 102 104 106 108

-17.78 - 16.67 - 15.56 - 14.44 - 13.33 - 12.22

- I1.11 - 10.00 - 8.89 - 7,78 - 6.67 - 5.56 - 4.44 - 3.33 -

2.22

± + + + +

1.11 0.00 I.I1 2.22 3.33 4.44 5.56 6.67 7.78 8.89 10.00 11.11 1222 13.33 14,44 15.56 16.67 17.78 t8~89 20.00 21.11 22.22 23.33 24.44 25,56 26.67 27.78 28.89 30.00 31.11 32.22 33.33 34.44 35.56 36.67 37.78 38.89 40.00 4l.ll 42.22

°F. 230.0 233.6 237.2

240.8 244.4 248.0 251,6 255.2 258.8 262.4 266.0 269.6 273.2

276.8 280.4 284.0 287.6 291.2 294.8 298.4 302.0 305.6 3092 312.8 316.4 320.0 323.6 327.2 330.8 334.4 338.0 341.6 345.2 348.8 352.4 356.0 359.6 363.2 366.8 370.4 374.0 377.6 381.2 384.8 388.4 392.0 395.6 399.2 402.8 406.4 410.0 413.6 417.2 420.8 424.4

°C. 110 !12 114 il6 !18 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218

43.33 44.44 45.56 46.67 47.78 48.89 50.00 51.11 52.22 53.33 54.44 55.56 56.67 57.78 58.89 60.00 61.11 62.22

63.33 64.44 65.56 66.67 67.78 68.89 70.00 71.11 72.22 73.33 74.44 75.56 76.67 77.78 78.89 80.00 81.11 82.22

83.33 84.44 85.56 86.67 87.78 88.89 90.00 9t.ll 92.22

93.33 94.44 95.56 96.67 97.78 98.89 I00.00 101.1t 102.22 103.33

°F. 428.0 431.6 435.2 438.8 442.4 446.0 449.6 453.2 456.8 460,4 464.0 467.6 471.2 474.8 478.4 482.0 485.6 489.2 492.8 496.4 500.0 503.6 507.2 510,8 514.4 518:0 521.6 525.2 528.8 532.4 536.0 539.6 543.2 546.8 550.4 554.0 557.6 561.2 564.8 568.4 572.0 590,0 608.0 626.0 644.0 662.0 680.0 698.0 716.0 734.0 752.0 770.0 788.0 806.0 824.0

°C. 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440

104.44 105.56 106.67 107.78 t08.89 10.00 11,I1 12.22 1333 14.44 15.56 16.67 17.78 118.89 120.00 121.11 122.22

123.33 124.44 125.56 126.67 127.78 128.89 130.00 131.11 132.22

133.33 134.44 135.56 136.67 137.78 138.89 140.00 14t.ll 142.22 143.33 144.44 145.56 146.67 147.78 148,89 154.44 160.00 165.56 171.tl t76.67 182.22

I87.78 193.33 198.89 204.44 210.00

215.5b 22t.ll 226,67

763

ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight Aluminum .... Antimony .... Argon ........ Arsenic ....... Barium . . . . . . . Beryllium ..... Bismuth ...... Boron . . . . . . . . Bromine ...... Cadmium ..... Calcium ...... Carbon ....... Cerium ....... Cesium ....... Chlorine ...... Chromium .... Cobalt ....... Columbium ,.. Copper ....... Dysprosium .,. Erbium ....... Europium .... Fluorine ...... Gadolinium .,. Gallium ...... Germanium ... G;.)ld . . . . . . . . . Hafnium ..... Helium . . . . . . . Holmium ..... Hydrogen ..... Indium ....... lodine ...... Iridium . . . . . . Iron ......... Krypton ...... I,anthanum .., Lead ......... Lithium ....... Lutecium ..... Magnesium ,,. Manganese .... Mercury . . . . . .

AI Sb A As Ba Be Bi B Br

Cd Ca C Ce Cs CI Cr Co Cb Cu Dy Er Eu F Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Pb Li l,u Mg Mn Hg

t3 51 18 33 56 4 83 5 35 48 20 6 58 55 17 24 27 41 29 66 68 63 9 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 I 49 53 77 26 56 57 82 3 71 12 25 80

For most calculations employed.

764

26.97 121,76 39.944 74.91 13736 9.02 209.00 10.82 79.916 112.41 40.08 12.010 140.13 132.91 35.457 52.01 58.94 92.9t 63.57 162.46 167.2 152.0 19.00 156.9 69.72 72.60 197.2 178.6 4.003 164.94 1.0080 1t4.76 126,92 193.1 55,85 83.7 138.92 20721 6.940 174.99 2 4 . 3 2

54.93 200.61

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight Molybdenum .. Neodymium .,, Neon ......... Nickel ........ Nitrogen ..... Osmium ...... Oxygen ...... Palladium .... Phosphorus ... Platinum ..... Potassimn .... Praseodymium. Protactinium .. Radium ...... Radon . . . . . . . Rhenium ..... Rhodium ..... Rubidium . . . . Ruthenium ,.. Samarium .... Scandium ..... Selenium ..... Silicon ....... Silver ........ Sodium ...... Strontium .... Sulfur ........ Ttmtalum .... ~ Tellurium . . . . Terbium ...... Thallium ..... Thorium ..... Thulium ...... Tin .......... Titanium ..... Tungsten ..... Uranium ...... Vanadium .... Xenon ....... Ytterbium .... Yttrium ...... Zinc ......... Zirconium ....

in e l e c t r o p l a t i n g

Mo Nd Ne Ni N Os O Pd P Pt K Pr Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Tb TI Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

42 60 10 28 7 76 8 46 15 78 19 59 91 88 86 75 45, 37 44 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

the nearest whOle numbers

95.95 144.27 20.183 58.69 14.008 190.2 16.0000 106.7 30.98 195.23 39.096 140.92 231 226.05 222 186.31 t02.91 85.48 101.7 150,43 45.10 78.96 2 8 . 0 6

107.880 22.997 87.63 32.066 180.88 127.61 159.2 204,39 232.12 169.4 118.70 47.90 183.92 238.07 50.95 131.3 173.04 88.92 65,38 91.22 may be

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