- Email: [email protected]
Dr Ian Murray Mackerras
Internafional Journal for Parasitoloy. Vol. 10, pp. 329-336. Pergamon Press Ltd. 1980. Printed in Grrat Britain. 0 Australinn Society for Parasitology.
0020-7519/80/1201-0329/$02.00!0
OBITUARY Dr Tan Murray Mackerras MURRAYMACKERRAS, medical and veterinary parasitologist, entomologist, medical microbiologist, respected colleague and philosopher-friend of scientists of all ages died in Canberra, Australia, March 21st, 1980. His passing brings to a close the remarkable Bancroft-Mackerras era of medical, veterinary, zoological and botanical science in Australia. . . an era spanning 113 years (1866-l 979) of scientific contributions totalling more than 350 published papers. Ian Mackerras was born in Balclutha, New Zealand on 19th September 1898, crossed the Tasman Sea as an infant, and was educated in Sydney, Australia. In 1915 he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served initially as a laboratory attendant on the hospital ship Karoola, where he received his first exposure to and developed his lasting interest in pathology. Later, he served as a gunner in the Field Artillery in France. Following demobilisation, he returned to Sydney, where the population was masked against the influenza epidemic of 1919, and enrolled in the University of Sydney. He graduated in 1924 in medicine and with a degree in zoology (First-class honours), the University Medal in zoology and the John Coutts Scholarship (shared). During 1925-26 he was Linnean Macleay Fellow in Zoology at the University of Sydney where, as he maintained later, he had the good fortune to come under the stimulating and enthusiastic influence of Professor Lancelot Harrison. He married fellow medical graduate and zoologist, Mabel Josephine Bancroft on April 5th, 1924, after being forbidden an April Fool’s Day wedding. Formalization of what was to become a long and rich personal and, for Australian science, productive collaboration was conducted on the banks of the Burdekin River after Ian and Jo had sold one of their two microscopes to finance transport from Sydney to the Bancroft home at Eidsvold, Queensland. Josephine was the daughter of Thomas Lane Bancroft and granddaughter of Joseph Bancroft. Both were renowned medical naturalists perhaps best known to parasitologists for their contribution to knowledge of the filarioid nematode causing disease in man, Wuchereria IAN
bancrojti.
After two years of postgraduate work at the University of Sydney, Ian Mackerras joined the New South Wales Department of Health as a microbiologist. In 1928, he was appointed to the recently formed Division of Economic Entomology in the CSIR, in Canberra (now the Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization). This appointment thrust him into what was to remain one of his numerous areas of research interest, the field of veterinary entomology and parasitology. Pests and diseases were causing losses amounting to millions of dollars annually to the pastoral industries in Australia and he not only spearheaded research but made lasting contributions to knowledge of the biology and control of sheep blowfly (principally Calliphoridae), buffalo-fly (Haematobia exigua), tick fever caused by species of Babesia transmitted by the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and bovine ephemeral fever, now known to be a rhabdovirus and suspected of being transmitted by biting midges. His contributions in these four areas are recognized by current investigators who, until the time of his death, continued to seek his advice and criticism. A strong patriot, Ian Mackerras enrolled voluntarily at the outbreak of World War II and sailed for the Middle East in the first convoy to leave Australia, in January, 1940. He served as pathologist (Major) in the First Australian General Hospital and later as Director of Entomology (Lieutenant-Colonel) at Land Headquarters, Melbourne. During the early phase of the war in New Guinea crippling casualties resulted from malaria and by June 1943, some 25,000 Australian soldiers had suffered from the disease. At this time the Land Headquarters Medical Research Unit was established at Cairns under the direction of Brigadier Neil Hamilton Fairley to investigate the pharmacological suppression and treatment of malaria. The entomological work of this unit was planned by Ian Mackerras and much of the research was done in collaboration with Major Josephine Mackerras. The contributions of this unit were of fundamental importance to the war effort in the Tropics and in the subsequent understanding of malaria. Entomological aspects of this research are increasingly appreciated as the importance of insect vectors in the transmission of human and animal disease gains further recognition. 329
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In 1946, Dr Mackerras returned to the CSIRO and moved to Brisbane where he was engaged in studies on the control of cattle tick. In 1947, he was appointed first Director of the recently founded Queensland Institute of Medical Research, in Brisbane. Here, his major emphasis was on the zoonoses; parasitic diseases, normally found in animals but which may be transmitted to humans, frequently by haemophagous and other arthropods. Once again, he was joined by his wife, and here their scientific collaboration reached its zenith with the publication of 18 of their 24 joint research papers. Their interests focused on entomological and parasitological problems in Australia and major contributions included the role of cockroaches in the transmission of Sdmonellu infection, particularly to children ; a comprehensive series of studies on the taxonomy and life histories of Australian Simuliidae (Diptera); and what remain the definitive works on the haematozoan parasites of Australian birds, frogs and fishes. The latter work complemented the activities of Jo and Ian’s courting days during the last years of their medical course in Sydney when they studied the Haematozoa of .4ustralian marine Teleostei (1925) and also Jo’s treatment of the Haematozoa of Australian mammals (1959). The effort, personality, scrupulous integrity and wide-ranging interest of Ian Murray Mackerras are reflected in the international reputation for research excellence enjoyed by the QIMR today. After 14 years as Director of the Institute, Ian Mackerras resigned and returned to the Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, as a research fellow. At what might be considered by many as retirement age, he undertook the extraordinary task of editing and producing the monumental volume entitled, The Inserrs sf’ Ausrrafia, published in 1970, and later the substantial Supplement to that production, published in 1974. As well, he continued his longterm studies of the Tabanoidea (Diptera), with emphasis on the predominantly blood-feeding family of importance in parasite and disease transmission, the Tabanidae. At the time of his death he was concluding the revisionary work on the Tabanidae of Australia-the taxonomy of the old, indigenous and probably predominantly marsupial-feeding tribe, the Diachlorini. One of his fundamental interests lay in problems of evolution and zoogeography. From his time with Professor Harrison in 1925-26 he held steadfastly to a belief in Wegener’s theory of continental drift, for it provided the only plausible explanation of the distribution of several groups of Diptera in which he was particularly interested. In recent times he followed enthusiastically the accumulation of evidence in support of this theory and, to the end, he remained keenly interested in the latest developments in plate tectonics. He recognized that sound taxonomic foundations are essential for evolutionary studies and was at great pains to ensure, particularly in the Tabsnoidea, that the building blocks were laid as firmly and undisputedly as practicable. Throughout his long scientific career, the research of Ian Mackerras oscillated between zoology (mainly parasitology and entomology) and medicine (mainly microbiology), yet he carried during most of that time, a predominantly administrative load. Such was his personality, wisdom and broad outlook that he managed both research and administration exceptionally well. The consequences of his wide-ranging scientific interests and abilities are reflected in his publications (some 130 papers), in the numerous services he performed on scientific bodies and committees, and in the lengthy list of awards and honours bestowed upon him. Among the latter were Fellowship of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science and the Royal Entomological Society. He was also a foundation member and Fellow of the Australian Society for Parasitology. In 1971, he was admitted to the degree of D.Sc. (Honovis causa) of the Llniversity of Sydney. Ian Murray Mackerras leaves his son, Dr David Mackerras, Reader in Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland. In addition, he leaves a family of scientists, distributed around the world, who sought his advice on a myriad of topics and in so doing had the enormous good fortune to discover a knowledgeable, sympathetic, stimulating and critical scientist. Despite his administrative responsibilities he found time to talk or correspond at length with colleagues young and old, and to fight fairly but unrelentlessly for the promulgation and propagation of scientific excellence. ‘Dr Mac’, or simply ‘Mac’ as he was affectionately but respectfully known, could not have gained the achievements which mark his long and productive career had it not been for the atmosphere of trust, goodwill, interest and genuine pleasure in learning and discovery that radiated from him wherever he worked. He took enormous pride in the scientific achievements of the Bancroft family, although never including himself in that realm. However, his
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own contribution to the remarkable Bancroft-Mackerras era was succinctly expressed by Dr Harry Wharton, on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the Entomological Society of Bancroft, when she married Ian Mackerras Queensland, when he stated, “. . . Josephine brought into the Bancroft family the greatest scientist of them all.” Ian Murray Mackerras, “He was an honest
1893-1983 man” D. M. SPRATT, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, A.C.T. 2602, Australia.
PUBLICATIONS
OF I. M. MACKERRAS
1. MACKERRAS1. M. 1924. The host parasite method in zoology. Sydney University Science Journal 8: 17-22. 2. MACKERRAS1. M. 1925. Tissue culture as a method of cancer research. Medical Journal of Australia, 1925 1: 280-284. 3. MACKERRAS 1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1925. The Haematozoa of Australian marine Teleostei. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 50: 359-366. 4. MACKERRASI. M. 1925. The Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of the Australasian region. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 50: 489-561. 5. MACKERRAS,I. M. 1926. The mosquitoes of the Sydney district. Australian Naturalist 6: 3342. 6. MACKERRAS,I. M. 1927. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part i. The Anophelini of the mainland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 52: 3341. 7. MACKERRAS1. M. 1927. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part ii. The zoogeography of the subgenus Ochlerotatus, with notes on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 52: 284298. 8. MORGAN E. L. and MACKERRA~I. M. 1927. Routine examination of rodents and their ectoparasites. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 144-145. 9. MACKERRAS I. M. 1927. The mosquitoes of the Sydney district. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 165-163. 10. MACKERRASI. M. 1927. Tick paralysis in man in Australia. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 168-169.
11. MACKERRASI. M. and GRANT R. 1928. Routine examination 18th Report of the Microbiological
Laboratories,
of rodents and their ectoparasites.
New South
Wales, for 1927: 192-193. 12. MACKERRASI. M. 1928. The seasonal orevalence of houseflies in Svdnev. New South Wales. 18th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1927 : 205-207. 13. MACKERRASI. M. 1928. New Australian Mydaidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 53: 539-543. 14. MACKERRASI. M. and GRANT R. 1929. Routine examination of rodents and their ectoparasites. 19th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1928: 123-124. 15. MACKERRAS1. M. 1930. Recent developments in blowfly research. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 3: 212-219. 16. MACKERRASI. M. 1932. Buffalo-fly investigations. A note on the occurrence of Hydrotaea australis Malloch in northern Australia. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 5: 253-254. 17. MACKERRASI. M. 1932. The Australian species of Graphomyia (Diptera, Muscidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 361-363. 18. MACKERRASI. M. 1933. The taxonomy of Lyperosia exigua de Meijere (Diptera, Muscidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 11: 58-64. 19. MACKERRASI. M. 1933. Metamorphosis of Filaria bancrofti Cobbold (Correspondence). British Medical Journal 1933 2: 36. 20. MACKERRASI. M. 1934. Thomas Lane Bancroft-Obituary. Medical Journal of Australia 1934
1: 512-514. 21. MACKERRASI. M. 1934. The venom of Atrax robustus Cambridge (Correspondence). Medical Journal of Australia 1934 1: 794. 22. FRENEYM. R., MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1935. A note on new dressings for fly-struck sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 8: 161-168.
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23. MACKKRRASI. M. 1935. Sheep blowfly investigations. Observations
333 on the Mules operation.
Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 8 : 169-170. 24. FRENEY M. R., MACKERRAS I. M. and MACKERRAS M. J. 1936. Further observations on glycerine-boric acid dressings for fly-struck sheep. Journal of the Council for ScientiJc and Industrial Research, Australia 9: 11-18. 25. MACKERRASI. M., FULLER M. E., AUSTIN K. M. and LEFROY E. H. B. 1936. Sheep blowfly investigations. The effect of trapping on the incidence of strike in ‘sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 9 : 153-l 62. 26. MACKERRASI. M. 1936. The sheep blowfly problem in Australia. Results of some recent investigations. Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia Pamphlet No. 66, 39 pp. 27. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Sheep blowfly investigations: Some further observations on the Mules operation. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 10: 96-100. 28. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Gilruth’s part in sheep blowfly research. Australian Veterinary Journal 13: 116-118. 29. MACKERRASI. M. and FULLERM. E. 1937. A survey of the Australian sheep blowflies. Journal of the Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 10: 261-270. 30. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part III. The genus Aedomyia Theobold. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 62:
259-262. 31. MACKERRASI. M. 1938. The occurrence of stick-fast fleas in Queensland. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 11: 71-72. 32. MACKERRASI. M. 1938. The zoology of the Australian Capital Territory. In Handbook for the Australia and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Canberra Meeting, 1939: 107-110. 33. MACKERRASI. M., MACKERRA~M. J. and BURNETF. M. 1940. Experimental studies ofephemeral fever in Australian cattle. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia, Bulletin No. 136, 116 pp.
34. MACKERRASI. M., MACKERRASM. J. and MULHEARNC. R. 1942. Attempted transmission of Anaplasma marginale Theiler by biting flies. Journal of the Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 15: 37-54. 35. MACKERRASI. M. and FULLER M. E. 1942. The genus Pelecorhynchus (Diptera, Tabanoidea). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 67: 9-76. 36. ANONYMOUS 1943. Notes on mosquito-borne diseases in Australasia. Land Headquarters (Australian Military Forces) Publication, 30 pp. 37. ANONYMOUS1943. Notes on malaria for medical entomologists. Land Heaa’quarters (Australian Military Forces) Publication, 20 pp. 38. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1944. Sheep blowRy investigations. The attractiveness of sheep for Lucilia cuprina. Council for Scientijc and Industrial Research, Australia Bulletin No. 181, 44 pp. 39. MACKERRASI. M. and WEST R. F. K. 1946. ‘DDT’ poisoning in man. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946 1: 400-401. 40. MACKERRASI. M. 1946. Malaria in the South-west Pacific. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946
2: 249-250. 41. MACKERRASI. M. 1946. Transmission of dengue fever by Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris Walk. in New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40 : 295-312. 42. MACKERRASI. M. and ABERDEENJ. E. C. 1946. A malaria survey at Wewak, New Guinea. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946 2 : 1633771. 43. MACKERRASI. M. 1947. The Australasian anophelines as vectors of malaria. Medical Journal of Australia, 1947 1: l-8. 44. HITCHCOCKL. F. and MACKERRASI. M. 1947. The use of DDT in dips to control cattle tick.
Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 20: 43-55. 45. MACKERRASI. M. 1947. Recent developments in the control of cattle tick and buffalo fly. Australian Veterinary Journal 23 : 185-l 89. 46. MACKERRA~I. M. 1947. The ways and means of research. Second Annual Report of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 1947 : 4-7. 47. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. The Jackson Lecture. Australia’s contribution to our knowledge o insect-borne disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 1948 1: 157-l 67. 48. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Salmonella infections in Australian cockroaches. Australian Journal of Science 10: 115. 49. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Alfred Jefferis Turner-Obituary. Medical Journal of Australia, 1948 1: 519. 50. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series B, Biological Sciences 1: 23 l-270. 51. MACKERRAS1. M. and POPE P. 1948. Experimental Salmonella infections in Australian coekroaches. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 26: 465-470. 52. MACICERRAS1. M. 1948. Gastro-enteritis in Brisbane, 1947. Health Inspector’s Association of
Australia, Year Book, 1948 : 3745.
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53. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Entomological research in the Australian armed forces in World War II. In Summary of Entomological Research in Australia, 1935 - 1948. Council for Scientific and industrial
Research,
Australia,
Mimeograph
1948: 18-83.
54. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. The bacteriological diagnosis of Salmonella infections. Medical Journal of Australia 1949 1: i-3. 55. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1949. Salmonella infections in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 27 : 163-l Il. 56. MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 73: 312-405. 51. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. The prevention of gastro-enteritis in infants. Medical Journal of Australia, 1949 1: 477-482. 58. MACKERKAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. Some notes on the spread and control of infectious disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 1949 1: 663-664. 59. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. An epidemic of infantile gastro-enteritis in Queensland caused by Salmonella bovis-morbi’cans (Basenau). Journal of Hygiene 47: 166181.
GO. MACKERRASI. M. and PASK V. M. 1949. Infant Salmonella carriers. Lancet 1949 2: 94&941. 61. MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. Memorial Lecture. Alfred Jefferis Turner and amateur entomology in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 60: 69-87. 62. MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. Research. Australian Journal of Science 12: 49-56. 63. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1950. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings qf the Linnean Society of New South Wales 75: 167-187. 64. MACKERRASI. M. 1950. The zoogeography of the Diptera. Australian Journal of Science 12: 157-161.
65. MACKERRASI. M. 1950. The Queensland Institute of Medical Research. Australian Journal of Science 12: 206-207. 66. MACKERRAS I. M. 1950. Granulocytopenia following ‘chloromycetin’ (Correspondence). Medical Journal of Australia, 1950 2: 66. 61. MACKERRAS1. M. 1950. A marine station on the Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Science 13: 40-41. 68. MACKERRAS1. M. 1950. Marine insects. Proceedings of the Royal SocietJl of Queensland 61: 19-29.
69. MACKERRAS1. M., RATCLIFFEF. N., GILMOURD. and MULESM. W. 1950. The dispersal of DDT from aircraft for mosquito control. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, Bulletin No. 257, 64 pp. 70. MACKERRAS1. M. 1951. Some tropical diseases and their control in north Queensland. Health Inspector‘s Association of Australia, Year Book, 1950: 47-61. (Reprinted in Report of the 12th Annual
Conference,
Queensland
Branch,
Health
Inspector’s
Association
of dustralia:
25-31.)
71. MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1951. Apistomyia collini Bezzi (Diptera, Blepharoceridae) in north Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 62: 29-32. 12. PASKV. M., MACKERRAS1. M., SUTHERLANDA. K. and SIMMONSG. C. 1951. Transmission of contagious ecthyma from sheep to man. Medical Journal of Australia, 1951 2: 628-632. 13. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1952. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Dintera). ,_ III. Proceedings
of the Linnean Society
of New South
Wales 77: 104-I 13.
(Diptera, 74. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1953. A new species of Pelecorhynchus Tabanoidea) from the Dorrigo Plateau, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South
Wales 78: 3840.
75. MACKERRAS1. M., MACKERRASM. J. and SANDARSD. F. 1953. Parasites of the bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus.
Proceedings
of the Royal Society
of Queensland
63: 61-63.
76. MACKERRASI. M. 1953. Zoology and Medicine. Presidential Address to Section D, Zoology. Report of the 29th Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand of Science, Sydney, August 1952 : 109-l 30.
II. 78. 19. 80. 81. 82. 83.
Association
for the Advancement
MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1953. Problems of parasitology and entomology in Australia. Australian Journal of Science 15: 185-189. MACKERRASI. M. 1954. Presidential Address. Animal reservoirs of infection in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 65: l-23. MACKERRAS1. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2: 431454. LEE P. E. and MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Salmonella infections in Australian native animals. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 33: 117-125. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Summary of Murray Valley encephalitis research in Australia. Atti Del VI Congress0 Internazionale Di Microbiologia, Roma 6-12 Settembre 1953 5: 569-570. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 80: 105-l 12. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). 11. History: Morphology: Classification: Subfamily Pangoniinae. Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 439-51 I.
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84. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Subfamilies Scepsidinae and Chrysopinae. Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 583-633. 85. FAIRCHILDG. B., PHILIP C. B., MACKERRASI. M. and OLDROYDH. 1956. Proposed use of the plenary powers to validate the generic names ‘Elaphella’ Bezzi, 1913 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) and ‘Lophiotherium’ Gervais, 1850 (Class Mammalia). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12: 195-199. 86. MACKERRASI. M. 1956. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 4: 376-407. 87. MACKERRAS I. M. 1956. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. II. Subfamily Pangoniinae, Tribe Pangoniini. Australian Journal of Zoology 4: 408443. 88. MACKERRAS I. M. 1957. Tabanidae (Diptera) of New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84: 581-610. 89. ENGLISHK. M. I., MACKERRASI. M. and DYCE A. L. 1957. Notes on the morphology and biology of a new species of Chalybosoma (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 82: 289-296. 90. MACKERRASI. M. 1958. Identical skin-eruption in five men after massive exposure to jellyfish (Aurelia). Medical Journal of Australia, 1958 1: 56. 91. MACKERRASI. M. and RAGEAU J. 1958. Tabanidae (Diptera) du Pacifique Sud. Anna/es de Parasitologie humaine et comparee 33: 671-742. 92. MACKERRASI. M. 1959. Distributional patterns of the Tabanidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the XV International Congress of Zoology, 1958: 987-990. 93. MACKERRASI. M. 1959. An annotated catalogue of described Australian Tabaninae (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of rhe Linnean Society of New South Wales 84: 16&185. 94. MACKERRASI. M. 1960. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. III. Subfamily Pangoniinae, tribe Scionini and supplement to Pangoniini. Australian Journal of Zoology 8: l-152. 95. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRAS I. M. 1960. The Haematozoa of Australian birds. Australian Journal of Zoology 8 : 226-260. 96. MACKERRAS I. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1960. Taxonomy of the common short-nosed marsupial bandicoot of eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Science 23: 51-53. 97. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The Haematozoa of Australian frogs and fish. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 123-139. 98. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. Medical research in Queensland. Handbook for the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane Meeting, 1961: 98-108.
99. PHILIP C. B. and MACKERRASI. M. 1961. On Asiatic and related Chrysopinae (Diptera: Tabanidae). The Philippine Journal of Science 88: 279-324. 100. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The zoogeography of Western Pacific Tabanidae (Diptera). Pacific Insects Monographs
No. 2: 101-106.
101. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The Tabanidae Australian
Journal of Zoology
(Diptera) of Australia.
IV. Subfamily Chrysopinae.
9: 827-906.
102. MACKERRASI. M. 1962. Speciation in Australian Tabanidae. In The Evolution of Living Organisms (Edited by G. W. Leeper), pp. 328-358. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 103. MACKERRASI. M. 1962. On some Oriental and Pacific Tabaninae (Diptera, Tabanidae). Pacific Insects 4: 101-113. 104. MACKERRASI. M., WATERHOUSE D. F., MAIDENA. C. B. and EDGAR G. 1962. Report of the Committee on Enquiry into the cattle tick problem in New South Wales. Department of Agriculture New South Wales, Science Bulletin No. 78, 100 pp. 105. MACKERRASI. M. 1964. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of New Guinea. Pacific Insects 6: 69-210. 106. MACKERRASI. M. 1964. An apparently dimorphic Australian Cydistomyia (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 3: 6668. 107. MACKERRAS I. M. 1964. The classification of animals. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 88: 324-335. 108. EMANUELM. L., MACKERRAS I. M. and SMITHD. J. W. 1964. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in north Queensland. I. General survey of animal hosts. Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge 62: 451-484. 109. MACKERRASI. M. 1966. A tribute to G. H. Hardy. II. A review of the scientific work of G. H. Hardy. Journal of the Entomological Society of Australia (New South Wales) 3: 54-55.
110. MACKERRASI. M. 1967. Presidential Address. Grades in the evolution and classification of insects. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6: 3-11. 111. MACKERRASI. M. 1968. Some Tabanidae from Fraser Island (Note). Queensland Naturalist 19: 51.
112. MACKERRAS1. M. 1970. Skeletal anatomy. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, pp. 3-28. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 113. HINT~N H. E. and MACKERRASI. M. 1970. Reproduction and metamorphosis. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, pp. 83-106. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 114. MACKERRASI. M. 1970. Evolution and classification of the insects. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, pp. 152-167. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
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115. MACKERRASI. M. 1970. Composition and distribution of the fauna. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, pp. 187-203. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 116. WALLACEM. M. H. and MACKERRASI. M. 1970. The entognathous hexapods. In CSIRO, 7’hr Insects of Australia, pp. 205-216. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 117. MACKERRAS1. M. 1971. Obituary: Alexander John Nicholson (1895-1969). Journal of the Entomological
Society
of Australia
(New South
Wales) 6: 57-60.
118. MACKERRASI. M. 1971. Alexander 119. 120.
121. 122. 123. 124.
John Nicholson (Biographical Memoir). Records of the Australian Academy of Science 2: 66-8 I. MACKERRAS1. M. 1971. Francis Ratcliffe (19041970). Search 2: 74-75. MACKERRASI. M. 1971. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. V. Subfamily Tabaninae, Tribe Tabanini. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 1971, No. 4, l-54. MACKERRAS1. M. 1971. Papuan-Melanesian Diachlorini (Diptera: Tabanidae). Pacific Insects 13: 405427. MACKERRASI. M. 1972. Melanesian-Pacific Tubanus (Diptera: Tabanidae). Pacific Insects 14: 133-149. MARKSE. N. and MACKERRASI. M. 1972. The evolution of a National Entomological Society in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11: 81-90. MACKERRAS1. M. and MARKS E. N. 1973. The Bancrofts: A century of scientific endeavour.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 84: l-34. 125. MACKERRASI. M. and MARKS E. N. 1974. In retrosuect: the insects and the entomoloaists. Changing Patterns in Entomology: 3-10. 126. MACKERRASI. M. 1974. Skeletal anatomy. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, Supplement 1974,
p. 1. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 127. MACKERRASI. M. 1974. Evolution and classification of the insects. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, Supplement 1974, pp. 26-27. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 128. MACKERRASI. M. 1974. Composition and distribution of the fauna. In CSIRO, The Insects of Australia, Supplement 1974, pp. 29-31. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 129. MACKERRASI. M. 1977. Flies, Blood-sucking. In The Australian Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, p. 51. The Crolier Society of Australia, Sydney. 130. FAIRCHILDG. B. and MACKERRASI. M. 1977. A new species of Scaotia (Mvioscaotiu) from northern Queensland. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of I%‘ash&gion 79: 53156. 131. MACKERRASI. M. 1978. Edward Holbrook Derrick (Biographical Memoir). Records of the Australian Academy of Science 4: 83-102. 132. MACKERRASI. M. 1979. Centenary Biographical Note. John Burton Cleland 1878-1971. International Journal for Parasitology 9: 163. 133. MACKERRAS1. M. and SPRATTD. M. (in preparation). The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. VI. Subfamily Tabaninae, Tribe Diachlorini. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series.
0020-7519/80/1201-0329/$02.00!0
OBITUARY Dr Tan Murray Mackerras MURRAYMACKERRAS, medical and veterinary parasitologist, entomologist, medical microbiologist, respected colleague and philosopher-friend of scientists of all ages died in Canberra, Australia, March 21st, 1980. His passing brings to a close the remarkable Bancroft-Mackerras era of medical, veterinary, zoological and botanical science in Australia. . . an era spanning 113 years (1866-l 979) of scientific contributions totalling more than 350 published papers. Ian Mackerras was born in Balclutha, New Zealand on 19th September 1898, crossed the Tasman Sea as an infant, and was educated in Sydney, Australia. In 1915 he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force and served initially as a laboratory attendant on the hospital ship Karoola, where he received his first exposure to and developed his lasting interest in pathology. Later, he served as a gunner in the Field Artillery in France. Following demobilisation, he returned to Sydney, where the population was masked against the influenza epidemic of 1919, and enrolled in the University of Sydney. He graduated in 1924 in medicine and with a degree in zoology (First-class honours), the University Medal in zoology and the John Coutts Scholarship (shared). During 1925-26 he was Linnean Macleay Fellow in Zoology at the University of Sydney where, as he maintained later, he had the good fortune to come under the stimulating and enthusiastic influence of Professor Lancelot Harrison. He married fellow medical graduate and zoologist, Mabel Josephine Bancroft on April 5th, 1924, after being forbidden an April Fool’s Day wedding. Formalization of what was to become a long and rich personal and, for Australian science, productive collaboration was conducted on the banks of the Burdekin River after Ian and Jo had sold one of their two microscopes to finance transport from Sydney to the Bancroft home at Eidsvold, Queensland. Josephine was the daughter of Thomas Lane Bancroft and granddaughter of Joseph Bancroft. Both were renowned medical naturalists perhaps best known to parasitologists for their contribution to knowledge of the filarioid nematode causing disease in man, Wuchereria IAN
bancrojti.
After two years of postgraduate work at the University of Sydney, Ian Mackerras joined the New South Wales Department of Health as a microbiologist. In 1928, he was appointed to the recently formed Division of Economic Entomology in the CSIR, in Canberra (now the Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization). This appointment thrust him into what was to remain one of his numerous areas of research interest, the field of veterinary entomology and parasitology. Pests and diseases were causing losses amounting to millions of dollars annually to the pastoral industries in Australia and he not only spearheaded research but made lasting contributions to knowledge of the biology and control of sheep blowfly (principally Calliphoridae), buffalo-fly (Haematobia exigua), tick fever caused by species of Babesia transmitted by the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and bovine ephemeral fever, now known to be a rhabdovirus and suspected of being transmitted by biting midges. His contributions in these four areas are recognized by current investigators who, until the time of his death, continued to seek his advice and criticism. A strong patriot, Ian Mackerras enrolled voluntarily at the outbreak of World War II and sailed for the Middle East in the first convoy to leave Australia, in January, 1940. He served as pathologist (Major) in the First Australian General Hospital and later as Director of Entomology (Lieutenant-Colonel) at Land Headquarters, Melbourne. During the early phase of the war in New Guinea crippling casualties resulted from malaria and by June 1943, some 25,000 Australian soldiers had suffered from the disease. At this time the Land Headquarters Medical Research Unit was established at Cairns under the direction of Brigadier Neil Hamilton Fairley to investigate the pharmacological suppression and treatment of malaria. The entomological work of this unit was planned by Ian Mackerras and much of the research was done in collaboration with Major Josephine Mackerras. The contributions of this unit were of fundamental importance to the war effort in the Tropics and in the subsequent understanding of malaria. Entomological aspects of this research are increasingly appreciated as the importance of insect vectors in the transmission of human and animal disease gains further recognition. 329
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In 1946, Dr Mackerras returned to the CSIRO and moved to Brisbane where he was engaged in studies on the control of cattle tick. In 1947, he was appointed first Director of the recently founded Queensland Institute of Medical Research, in Brisbane. Here, his major emphasis was on the zoonoses; parasitic diseases, normally found in animals but which may be transmitted to humans, frequently by haemophagous and other arthropods. Once again, he was joined by his wife, and here their scientific collaboration reached its zenith with the publication of 18 of their 24 joint research papers. Their interests focused on entomological and parasitological problems in Australia and major contributions included the role of cockroaches in the transmission of Sdmonellu infection, particularly to children ; a comprehensive series of studies on the taxonomy and life histories of Australian Simuliidae (Diptera); and what remain the definitive works on the haematozoan parasites of Australian birds, frogs and fishes. The latter work complemented the activities of Jo and Ian’s courting days during the last years of their medical course in Sydney when they studied the Haematozoa of .4ustralian marine Teleostei (1925) and also Jo’s treatment of the Haematozoa of Australian mammals (1959). The effort, personality, scrupulous integrity and wide-ranging interest of Ian Murray Mackerras are reflected in the international reputation for research excellence enjoyed by the QIMR today. After 14 years as Director of the Institute, Ian Mackerras resigned and returned to the Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, as a research fellow. At what might be considered by many as retirement age, he undertook the extraordinary task of editing and producing the monumental volume entitled, The Inserrs sf’ Ausrrafia, published in 1970, and later the substantial Supplement to that production, published in 1974. As well, he continued his longterm studies of the Tabanoidea (Diptera), with emphasis on the predominantly blood-feeding family of importance in parasite and disease transmission, the Tabanidae. At the time of his death he was concluding the revisionary work on the Tabanidae of Australia-the taxonomy of the old, indigenous and probably predominantly marsupial-feeding tribe, the Diachlorini. One of his fundamental interests lay in problems of evolution and zoogeography. From his time with Professor Harrison in 1925-26 he held steadfastly to a belief in Wegener’s theory of continental drift, for it provided the only plausible explanation of the distribution of several groups of Diptera in which he was particularly interested. In recent times he followed enthusiastically the accumulation of evidence in support of this theory and, to the end, he remained keenly interested in the latest developments in plate tectonics. He recognized that sound taxonomic foundations are essential for evolutionary studies and was at great pains to ensure, particularly in the Tabsnoidea, that the building blocks were laid as firmly and undisputedly as practicable. Throughout his long scientific career, the research of Ian Mackerras oscillated between zoology (mainly parasitology and entomology) and medicine (mainly microbiology), yet he carried during most of that time, a predominantly administrative load. Such was his personality, wisdom and broad outlook that he managed both research and administration exceptionally well. The consequences of his wide-ranging scientific interests and abilities are reflected in his publications (some 130 papers), in the numerous services he performed on scientific bodies and committees, and in the lengthy list of awards and honours bestowed upon him. Among the latter were Fellowship of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science and the Royal Entomological Society. He was also a foundation member and Fellow of the Australian Society for Parasitology. In 1971, he was admitted to the degree of D.Sc. (Honovis causa) of the Llniversity of Sydney. Ian Murray Mackerras leaves his son, Dr David Mackerras, Reader in Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland. In addition, he leaves a family of scientists, distributed around the world, who sought his advice on a myriad of topics and in so doing had the enormous good fortune to discover a knowledgeable, sympathetic, stimulating and critical scientist. Despite his administrative responsibilities he found time to talk or correspond at length with colleagues young and old, and to fight fairly but unrelentlessly for the promulgation and propagation of scientific excellence. ‘Dr Mac’, or simply ‘Mac’ as he was affectionately but respectfully known, could not have gained the achievements which mark his long and productive career had it not been for the atmosphere of trust, goodwill, interest and genuine pleasure in learning and discovery that radiated from him wherever he worked. He took enormous pride in the scientific achievements of the Bancroft family, although never including himself in that realm. However, his
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own contribution to the remarkable Bancroft-Mackerras era was succinctly expressed by Dr Harry Wharton, on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the Entomological Society of Bancroft, when she married Ian Mackerras Queensland, when he stated, “. . . Josephine brought into the Bancroft family the greatest scientist of them all.” Ian Murray Mackerras, “He was an honest
1893-1983 man” D. M. SPRATT, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, A.C.T. 2602, Australia.
PUBLICATIONS
OF I. M. MACKERRAS
1. MACKERRAS1. M. 1924. The host parasite method in zoology. Sydney University Science Journal 8: 17-22. 2. MACKERRAS1. M. 1925. Tissue culture as a method of cancer research. Medical Journal of Australia, 1925 1: 280-284. 3. MACKERRAS 1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1925. The Haematozoa of Australian marine Teleostei. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 50: 359-366. 4. MACKERRASI. M. 1925. The Nemestrinidae (Diptera) of the Australasian region. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 50: 489-561. 5. MACKERRAS,I. M. 1926. The mosquitoes of the Sydney district. Australian Naturalist 6: 3342. 6. MACKERRAS,I. M. 1927. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part i. The Anophelini of the mainland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 52: 3341. 7. MACKERRAS1. M. 1927. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part ii. The zoogeography of the subgenus Ochlerotatus, with notes on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 52: 284298. 8. MORGAN E. L. and MACKERRA~I. M. 1927. Routine examination of rodents and their ectoparasites. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 144-145. 9. MACKERRAS I. M. 1927. The mosquitoes of the Sydney district. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 165-163. 10. MACKERRASI. M. 1927. Tick paralysis in man in Australia. 17th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1926: 168-169.
11. MACKERRASI. M. and GRANT R. 1928. Routine examination 18th Report of the Microbiological
Laboratories,
of rodents and their ectoparasites.
New South
Wales, for 1927: 192-193. 12. MACKERRASI. M. 1928. The seasonal orevalence of houseflies in Svdnev. New South Wales. 18th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1927 : 205-207. 13. MACKERRASI. M. 1928. New Australian Mydaidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 53: 539-543. 14. MACKERRASI. M. and GRANT R. 1929. Routine examination of rodents and their ectoparasites. 19th Report of the Microbiological Laboratories, New South Wales, for 1928: 123-124. 15. MACKERRAS1. M. 1930. Recent developments in blowfly research. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 3: 212-219. 16. MACKERRASI. M. 1932. Buffalo-fly investigations. A note on the occurrence of Hydrotaea australis Malloch in northern Australia. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 5: 253-254. 17. MACKERRASI. M. 1932. The Australian species of Graphomyia (Diptera, Muscidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 361-363. 18. MACKERRASI. M. 1933. The taxonomy of Lyperosia exigua de Meijere (Diptera, Muscidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 11: 58-64. 19. MACKERRASI. M. 1933. Metamorphosis of Filaria bancrofti Cobbold (Correspondence). British Medical Journal 1933 2: 36. 20. MACKERRASI. M. 1934. Thomas Lane Bancroft-Obituary. Medical Journal of Australia 1934
1: 512-514. 21. MACKERRASI. M. 1934. The venom of Atrax robustus Cambridge (Correspondence). Medical Journal of Australia 1934 1: 794. 22. FRENEYM. R., MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1935. A note on new dressings for fly-struck sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 8: 161-168.
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23. MACKKRRASI. M. 1935. Sheep blowfly investigations. Observations
333 on the Mules operation.
Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 8 : 169-170. 24. FRENEY M. R., MACKERRAS I. M. and MACKERRAS M. J. 1936. Further observations on glycerine-boric acid dressings for fly-struck sheep. Journal of the Council for ScientiJc and Industrial Research, Australia 9: 11-18. 25. MACKERRASI. M., FULLER M. E., AUSTIN K. M. and LEFROY E. H. B. 1936. Sheep blowfly investigations. The effect of trapping on the incidence of strike in ‘sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 9 : 153-l 62. 26. MACKERRASI. M. 1936. The sheep blowfly problem in Australia. Results of some recent investigations. Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia Pamphlet No. 66, 39 pp. 27. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Sheep blowfly investigations: Some further observations on the Mules operation. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 10: 96-100. 28. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Gilruth’s part in sheep blowfly research. Australian Veterinary Journal 13: 116-118. 29. MACKERRASI. M. and FULLERM. E. 1937. A survey of the Australian sheep blowflies. Journal of the Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 10: 261-270. 30. MACKERRASI. M. 1937. Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Part III. The genus Aedomyia Theobold. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 62:
259-262. 31. MACKERRASI. M. 1938. The occurrence of stick-fast fleas in Queensland. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 11: 71-72. 32. MACKERRASI. M. 1938. The zoology of the Australian Capital Territory. In Handbook for the Australia and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Canberra Meeting, 1939: 107-110. 33. MACKERRASI. M., MACKERRA~M. J. and BURNETF. M. 1940. Experimental studies ofephemeral fever in Australian cattle. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia, Bulletin No. 136, 116 pp.
34. MACKERRASI. M., MACKERRASM. J. and MULHEARNC. R. 1942. Attempted transmission of Anaplasma marginale Theiler by biting flies. Journal of the Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 15: 37-54. 35. MACKERRASI. M. and FULLER M. E. 1942. The genus Pelecorhynchus (Diptera, Tabanoidea). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 67: 9-76. 36. ANONYMOUS 1943. Notes on mosquito-borne diseases in Australasia. Land Headquarters (Australian Military Forces) Publication, 30 pp. 37. ANONYMOUS1943. Notes on malaria for medical entomologists. Land Heaa’quarters (Australian Military Forces) Publication, 20 pp. 38. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1944. Sheep blowRy investigations. The attractiveness of sheep for Lucilia cuprina. Council for Scientijc and Industrial Research, Australia Bulletin No. 181, 44 pp. 39. MACKERRASI. M. and WEST R. F. K. 1946. ‘DDT’ poisoning in man. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946 1: 400-401. 40. MACKERRASI. M. 1946. Malaria in the South-west Pacific. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946
2: 249-250. 41. MACKERRASI. M. 1946. Transmission of dengue fever by Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris Walk. in New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40 : 295-312. 42. MACKERRASI. M. and ABERDEENJ. E. C. 1946. A malaria survey at Wewak, New Guinea. Medical Journal of Australia, 1946 2 : 1633771. 43. MACKERRASI. M. 1947. The Australasian anophelines as vectors of malaria. Medical Journal of Australia, 1947 1: l-8. 44. HITCHCOCKL. F. and MACKERRASI. M. 1947. The use of DDT in dips to control cattle tick.
Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia 20: 43-55. 45. MACKERRASI. M. 1947. Recent developments in the control of cattle tick and buffalo fly. Australian Veterinary Journal 23 : 185-l 89. 46. MACKERRA~I. M. 1947. The ways and means of research. Second Annual Report of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 1947 : 4-7. 47. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. The Jackson Lecture. Australia’s contribution to our knowledge o insect-borne disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 1948 1: 157-l 67. 48. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Salmonella infections in Australian cockroaches. Australian Journal of Science 10: 115. 49. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Alfred Jefferis Turner-Obituary. Medical Journal of Australia, 1948 1: 519. 50. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series B, Biological Sciences 1: 23 l-270. 51. MACKERRAS1. M. and POPE P. 1948. Experimental Salmonella infections in Australian coekroaches. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 26: 465-470. 52. MACICERRAS1. M. 1948. Gastro-enteritis in Brisbane, 1947. Health Inspector’s Association of
Australia, Year Book, 1948 : 3745.
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53. MACKERRASI. M. 1948. Entomological research in the Australian armed forces in World War II. In Summary of Entomological Research in Australia, 1935 - 1948. Council for Scientific and industrial
Research,
Australia,
Mimeograph
1948: 18-83.
54. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. The bacteriological diagnosis of Salmonella infections. Medical Journal of Australia 1949 1: i-3. 55. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1949. Salmonella infections in Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 27 : 163-l Il. 56. MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 73: 312-405. 51. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. The prevention of gastro-enteritis in infants. Medical Journal of Australia, 1949 1: 477-482. 58. MACKERKAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. Some notes on the spread and control of infectious disease. Medical Journal of Australia, 1949 1: 663-664. 59. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1949. An epidemic of infantile gastro-enteritis in Queensland caused by Salmonella bovis-morbi’cans (Basenau). Journal of Hygiene 47: 166181.
GO. MACKERRASI. M. and PASK V. M. 1949. Infant Salmonella carriers. Lancet 1949 2: 94&941. 61. MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. Memorial Lecture. Alfred Jefferis Turner and amateur entomology in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 60: 69-87. 62. MACKERRAS1. M. 1949. Research. Australian Journal of Science 12: 49-56. 63. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1950. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings qf the Linnean Society of New South Wales 75: 167-187. 64. MACKERRASI. M. 1950. The zoogeography of the Diptera. Australian Journal of Science 12: 157-161.
65. MACKERRASI. M. 1950. The Queensland Institute of Medical Research. Australian Journal of Science 12: 206-207. 66. MACKERRAS I. M. 1950. Granulocytopenia following ‘chloromycetin’ (Correspondence). Medical Journal of Australia, 1950 2: 66. 61. MACKERRAS1. M. 1950. A marine station on the Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Science 13: 40-41. 68. MACKERRAS1. M. 1950. Marine insects. Proceedings of the Royal SocietJl of Queensland 61: 19-29.
69. MACKERRAS1. M., RATCLIFFEF. N., GILMOURD. and MULESM. W. 1950. The dispersal of DDT from aircraft for mosquito control. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, Bulletin No. 257, 64 pp. 70. MACKERRAS1. M. 1951. Some tropical diseases and their control in north Queensland. Health Inspector‘s Association of Australia, Year Book, 1950: 47-61. (Reprinted in Report of the 12th Annual
Conference,
Queensland
Branch,
Health
Inspector’s
Association
of dustralia:
25-31.)
71. MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1951. Apistomyia collini Bezzi (Diptera, Blepharoceridae) in north Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 62: 29-32. 12. PASKV. M., MACKERRAS1. M., SUTHERLANDA. K. and SIMMONSG. C. 1951. Transmission of contagious ecthyma from sheep to man. Medical Journal of Australia, 1951 2: 628-632. 13. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1952. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Dintera). ,_ III. Proceedings
of the Linnean Society
of New South
Wales 77: 104-I 13.
(Diptera, 74. MACKERRASI. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1953. A new species of Pelecorhynchus Tabanoidea) from the Dorrigo Plateau, New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society
of New South
Wales 78: 3840.
75. MACKERRAS1. M., MACKERRASM. J. and SANDARSD. F. 1953. Parasites of the bandicoot, Isoodon obesulus.
Proceedings
of the Royal Society
of Queensland
63: 61-63.
76. MACKERRASI. M. 1953. Zoology and Medicine. Presidential Address to Section D, Zoology. Report of the 29th Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand of Science, Sydney, August 1952 : 109-l 30.
II. 78. 19. 80. 81. 82. 83.
Association
for the Advancement
MACKERRAS1. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1953. Problems of parasitology and entomology in Australia. Australian Journal of Science 15: 185-189. MACKERRASI. M. 1954. Presidential Address. Animal reservoirs of infection in Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 65: l-23. MACKERRAS1. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2: 431454. LEE P. E. and MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Salmonella infections in Australian native animals. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 33: 117-125. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Summary of Murray Valley encephalitis research in Australia. Atti Del VI Congress0 Internazionale Di Microbiologia, Roma 6-12 Settembre 1953 5: 569-570. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1955. Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 80: 105-l 12. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). 11. History: Morphology: Classification: Subfamily Pangoniinae. Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 439-51 I.
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84. MACKERRASI. M. 1955. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Subfamilies Scepsidinae and Chrysopinae. Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 583-633. 85. FAIRCHILDG. B., PHILIP C. B., MACKERRASI. M. and OLDROYDH. 1956. Proposed use of the plenary powers to validate the generic names ‘Elaphella’ Bezzi, 1913 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) and ‘Lophiotherium’ Gervais, 1850 (Class Mammalia). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12: 195-199. 86. MACKERRASI. M. 1956. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 4: 376-407. 87. MACKERRAS I. M. 1956. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. II. Subfamily Pangoniinae, Tribe Pangoniini. Australian Journal of Zoology 4: 408443. 88. MACKERRAS I. M. 1957. Tabanidae (Diptera) of New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 84: 581-610. 89. ENGLISHK. M. I., MACKERRASI. M. and DYCE A. L. 1957. Notes on the morphology and biology of a new species of Chalybosoma (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 82: 289-296. 90. MACKERRASI. M. 1958. Identical skin-eruption in five men after massive exposure to jellyfish (Aurelia). Medical Journal of Australia, 1958 1: 56. 91. MACKERRASI. M. and RAGEAU J. 1958. Tabanidae (Diptera) du Pacifique Sud. Anna/es de Parasitologie humaine et comparee 33: 671-742. 92. MACKERRASI. M. 1959. Distributional patterns of the Tabanidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the XV International Congress of Zoology, 1958: 987-990. 93. MACKERRASI. M. 1959. An annotated catalogue of described Australian Tabaninae (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proceedings of rhe Linnean Society of New South Wales 84: 16&185. 94. MACKERRASI. M. 1960. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. III. Subfamily Pangoniinae, tribe Scionini and supplement to Pangoniini. Australian Journal of Zoology 8: l-152. 95. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRAS I. M. 1960. The Haematozoa of Australian birds. Australian Journal of Zoology 8 : 226-260. 96. MACKERRAS I. M. and MACKERRASM. J. 1960. Taxonomy of the common short-nosed marsupial bandicoot of eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Science 23: 51-53. 97. MACKERRASM. J. and MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The Haematozoa of Australian frogs and fish. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 123-139. 98. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. Medical research in Queensland. Handbook for the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane Meeting, 1961: 98-108.
99. PHILIP C. B. and MACKERRASI. M. 1961. On Asiatic and related Chrysopinae (Diptera: Tabanidae). The Philippine Journal of Science 88: 279-324. 100. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The zoogeography of Western Pacific Tabanidae (Diptera). Pacific Insects Monographs
No. 2: 101-106.
101. MACKERRASI. M. 1961. The Tabanidae Australian
Journal of Zoology
(Diptera) of Australia.
IV. Subfamily Chrysopinae.
9: 827-906.
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