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Effect of Trace Minerals and Other Dietary Ingredients Upon Carotene Stability in Stored Poultry Diets1
Effect of Trace Minerals and Other Dietary Ingredients Upon Carotene Stability in Stored Poultry Diets1 L. D. KAMSTEA, A. W. HALVERSON AND A. L. MOXON 2 Experiment Station Chemistry Department, South Dakota State College, Brookings (Received for publication August 27, 1952)
T HAS become a common practice to add certain trace minerals and vitamin A to mixed feeds of poultry and livestock. Whether or not this procedure has practical merit depends in part upon the stability of carotene or vitamin A in the presence of free trace minerals and other dietary ingredients. Miller et al. (1942), Halpern et al. (1949), Halverson and Hart (1950) and other investigators have demonstrated the destructive effect of free trace minerals upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Holder and Ford (1939) and Bethke et al. (1939) also indicated a destructive effect of meat scraps upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Fraps and Kemmerer (1937) found alfalfa meal a slightly more stable source of vitamin A in stored feeds than cod liver oil. Bethke et al. (1939) in a similar study could not differentiate between the stability of the two vitamin A sources. The results of these workers showed a need for information which would be helpful in preparing poultry feeds of maximum carotene and vitamin A stability.
positions of the diets are shown in Table 1. Diet 1 was a corn-soybean starting ration. Diet 2 contained wheat bran, wheat middlings, oats, and sorghum in partial replacement of the corn-soybean ingredients. Diet 3, which was a mash concentrate, contained high protein, vitamin and mineral levels. The trace mineral salts employed with the diets are indicated in footnotes of the carotene loss tables (Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5). The trace minerals were added to the basic diet mixtures, apart from the carotene supplements, in a starch carrier. Carrot oil premixed in a small amount of soybean oil meal was added in the amount of 2.2 mg. of carotene per pound to diets 1 and 2 with an increase to 8.8 mg. per pound in diet 3. The dehydrated alfalfa meal supplement (0.19 mg. of carotene per gram) was added at a 5 percent level to diets 1 and 2 and at a 20 percent level in diet 3. Two experiments were conducted using the same diets and storage conditions. Diet samples were stored in paper sacks at 4°C, 22-28C0., and 37°C. After 30 and 145 day storage periods, the diets were analyzed for carotene as described by Quackenbush (1950).
EXPERIMENTAL
Three practical poultry diets were prepared using alfalfa meal and carrot oil (Quintrex)3 as carotene sources. The com1 Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as No. 287 of the Journal Series. 2 Present address, Dept. of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. 3 Quintrex, which is a carotene feeding oil derived from carrots, was obtained from the Nutritional Re-
352
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The carotene losses obtained with different diets in the first experiment are presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Data in Table 2 show that carrot oil-supplemented diet 1 without added meat scraps, limesearch Associates Company. The product also contained wheat germ and vegetable oil and had a carotene content of 1.4 mg. per gram of oil.
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I
353
STABILITY OP CAROTENE TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Diet 3
Diet 2
Diet 1 Ingredients b
a
b
a
b
g. 61.0 35.0 0.5 1.5 2.0
g66.5 22.0 0.5
g21.0 29.0 0.5 1.2 2.3
g26.5 16.0 0.5
g-
—
g4.0 38.0 1.0
— —
10.0 1.0
— —
— —
59.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
10.0 15.0
10.0 1.0 10.0 15.0
—
—
10.0 15.0 10.0
— —
10.0 4.0 10.0 15.0 10.0
— —
5.0 16.0
5.0 16.0
— —
7.0 1.0
100.0 Added, per 100 gms. Riboflavin, mg. Calcium pantothenate:, mg. Choline chloride, mg. Vitamin P>i2, Mg.f Vitamin D 3 , A.O.A.C. unitsj Procaine penicillin G, units
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.3 0.7 40.0 1.7 100 51,500
100.0
100.0
0.3
1.2
—
—
160 6.8 400 22,000
40.0 1.7 100 5 ,500
* Expeller process soybean oil meal, t Merck A.P.F. supplement. % Delsterol concentrate.
TABLE 2.—Carotene storage', osses with diet 1 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss* 30 days
Diet Description
145 days 22-28°C.
4°C.
22-28°C:
37°C.
4°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement la lb l b + M n saltf lb-j-Mn, Fe, Cu, and Co saltsf
2.8 0.4 1.2 5.8
4.9 5.8 9.2 10.2
34.5 67.8 60.4
12.2 26.4 25.3 27.3
38.6 46.7 43.5 56.5
41.6 76.0 75.5 91.5
Alfalfa Supplement la lb l b + M n saltf l b + M n , Fe, Cu, and Co saltsj
1.2 8.0 5.7 2.2
11.4 6.6 10.6 11.6
51.9 57.7 66.5 58.6
17.8 29.9 38.0 29.9
53.3 52.3 56.6 50.3
71.2 63.1 78.4 76.5
37°C.
* Based on air dry content. t Trace mineral salt and level: MnS0 4 -H 2 0, 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S 0 4 H 2 0 , 0.02%; FeS0 4 7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoS0 4 -6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
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White corn Soybean oil meal* Salt, iodized CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0 CaC0 3 Meat scraps Limestone Wheat bran Wheat middlings Dried buttermilk Oats Sorghum grain Fish meal Steamed bone meal
a
354
L. D. KAMSTEA, A. W. HALVEESON AND A. L. MOXON TABLE 3.—Carotene storage losses with diet 2 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss* Diet Description
30 days 4°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement 2a 2b
22-28°C.
145 days 37°C.
4°C.
22-28°C.
37°C.
26.6 13.6 23.3 15.8
40.9 54.6 49.9 51.0
13.1 27.0 17.1 20.5
58.8 48.2 69.5 69.0
94.3 97.1 96,0 97.2
Alfalfa Supplement 2a 2b 2 b + M n saltf 2b+Mn, Fe Cu and Co SaltsJ
1.6 1.4 1.0 2.6
9.2 8.7 2.7 16.5
37.3 37.4 37.6 39.1
19.6 26.2 19.3 21.2
52.6 53.8 54.5 60.4
87.2 91.4 89.4 91,6
2b+Mn saltf
* Based on air dry content. f Trace mineral salt and level: MnSCvH 2 0, 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S C v H 2 0 , 0.02%; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuSCv5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoSCv6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
stone and minerals had greater carotene retention than a similar alfalfa meal diet. However, the addition of meat scrap and limestone increased the carotene loss in the carrot oil diet more than in the alfalfa supplemented diet, resulting in about equal carotene retention for the two diets. A further enhancement of carotene loss in the carrot oil suppleTAB ,LE
mented diet 1 was found upon addition of free trace minerals. The results with diets 2 and 3 (Tables 3 and 4) were somewhat different from those for diet 1. Data from Table 3 show that carotene losses were slightly greater in the carrot oil diet 2 than in the alfalfa supplemented diet, even without the addition of meat scrap, limestone and trace
4.—C(irotene storage losses with diet 3 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss*
r)iet Description
30 days
145 days
4°
22-28°C.
37°C.
4°C.
22-28°C.
37°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement 3a 3b 3 b + M n saltf 3b+Mn ; , Fe, Cu and Co SaltsJ
6.7 3.8 5.3 0.0
11.0 30.7 24.7 22.3
40.8 46.5 42.7 48.7
7.3 15.3 19.4 10.1
31.2 56.8 57.2 61.2
79.4 89.5 89.4 94.1
Alfalfa Supplement 3a 3b 3 b + M n Saltf 3 b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
0.6 2.9 0.8 1.3
11.5 13.7 8.9 11.6
39.9 36.8 34.4 37.2
27.5 26.9 24.5 22.1
43.3 48.1 43.3 42.4
77.4 77.4 76.2 76.4
* Based on air dry content. f Trace mineral salt and level: MnS0 4 • H 2 0, 0.08%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S O r H 2 0 , 0.08%; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.04%; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.004%; and CoS0 4 - 6H 2 0, 0.00004%.
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2 b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co salts J
2.8 0.6 2.1 1.5
355
STABILITY OF CAROTENE TABLE 5.—Comparative carotene losses between the two experiments Percent loss 145 days
Percent loss 30 days Diet Description
Exp . 1 22-28°C. 37°C. 4.9 5.8 9.2 10.2
34.5 67.8
Alfalfa Supplement la lb lb+Mnsalt* l b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
11.4 6.6 10.6 11.6
22-28°C. 37°C.
Exp . 1 22-28°C. 37°C.
Exp.. 2 22-28°C. 37°C.
60.4
19.9 51.4 52.5 59.7
34.0 70.7 64.8 86.1
38.6 46.7 43.5 56.5
41.6 76.0 75.5 91.5
47.1 77.3 69.2 74.2
94.1 97.6 97.3 99.0
51.9 57.7 66.5 58.6
29.6 41.3 40.8 57.6
55.6 44.6 51.2 64.2
53.3 52.3 56.6 50.3
71.2 63.1 •78.5 76.5
51.3 62.6 56.0 59.2
83.7 91.2 89.8 94.4
* Trace mineral salt and level: M n S 0 4 H 2 0 , 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: MnSCVHaO, 0.02%: FeSCv7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuSCv5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoSCv6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
minerals. The addition of the extra constituents caused minor increases in carotene losses with the different supplements of diet 2. Data in Table 4 concerning the poultry concentrate (diet 3) again presented the increased carotene loss effect resulting from addition of meat scrap, limestone and trace minerals to the carrot oil supplemented diet. No effect upon carotene loss was evident with the alfalfa supplemented diet following the addition of meat and mineral ingredients. Where no meat scraps, limestone, fish meal and minerals were added, carotene losses were the same for both sources of the provitamin. Several important differences in carotene stability were evident among the three diets. The addition of meat scraps, limestone, and trace minerals to the different carrot oil supplemented diets affected losses with diet 1 more than with diets 2 and 3. Thus, the superior stability of diet 1 over diets 2 and 3 was no longer evident after addition of the meat scrap and mineral ingredients. Alfalfa meal-supplemented diets were less affected by dietary additions than were carrot oil diets. How-
ever, alfalfa supplemented diet 1 at 37°C. for the 30 day period showed a greater carotene loss than did diets 2 and 3. The mixtures containing alfalfa showed similar carotene stability with the three diets for the 145 day storage period. While a greater loss of alfalfa than of carrot oil carotene was noted with diet 1 in the absence of meat scrap and mineral constituents, this difference in stability between the two supplements was not evident in diets 2 and 3. Comparative data for the two experiments in Table 5 show that results of the confirmatory experiment agreed with those of the initial experiment, except at a higher carotene loss level. Although the data are not shown, diets 2 and 3 of the second experiment followed the general carotene loss pattern observed in the first experiment. Factors which may be responsible for the observed stability differences of carotene between diets as well as between the two experiments are: (a) the consistency of carrot oil which allows a more intimate contact with diet ingredients than does the naturally bound carotene in alfalfa; (b) the differences in the effect
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Carrot Oil Supplement la lb lb+Mnsalt* l b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
Exp.. 2
356
NEWS AND NOTES
SUMMARY An investigation of the stability of carotene in dehydrated alfalfa meal and carrot oil supplements when added to mixed practical poultry diets showed that carotene stability was influenced by several factors. Carotene losses with carrot oil-supplemented diets were affected by addition of meat scraps, limestone and trace minerals. Additions of such ingredients enhanced carotene losses to a greater extent in the corn-soybean starting ration than in the diets having wheat bran, wheat middlings, oats and sorghum in partial replacement of corn-soybean ingredients. Losses of the carotene of alfalfa were not materially affected by dietary composition. Data suggested a superior stability for alfalfa carotene under practical conditions. The carotene losses of the three alfalfa meal supplemented diets were simi- .
lar, except that a greater carotene loss was observed in the simple (corn-soybean) than in the more complex diets when storage was at 37°C. for the shorter period. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are indebted to the American Dehydrators Association for financial support in this investigation. We also wish to give recognition to the National Alfalfa Company for supplying the alfalfa meal used in this study. REFERENCES Bethke, R. M., P. R. Record and O. H . M. Wilder, 1939. The vitamin A requirement of chicks with observations on comparative efficiency of carotene and vitamin A. Poultry Sci. 18:179-187. Fraps, G. S., and A. R. Kemmerer, 1937. Losses of vitamin A and carotene from feeds during storage. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 557. Halpern, G. R., B. March and J. Biely, 1949. Stability and utilization of vitamin A emulsions in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 28: 168-172. Halverson, A. W., and E. B. Hart, 1950. Factors affecting the stability of the vitamin A from cod liver oil in cereal foods. J. Nutrition 40: 415-428. Holder, R. C , and S. K. Ford, 1939. The stability of vitamin A from cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 18: 345-349. Miller, M. W., V. Joukovsky and N. Hokenstad, 1942. The effect of manganese sulfate on the stability of vitamin A and D of cod liver oil when stored in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 21: 200-202. Quackenbush, F. W., 1950. Report on carotene. J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 33: 647-651.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 331) Vice-President—C. Housh, Elkton, Virginia; Third Vice-President—J. A. Adams, Pleasant Grove, Utah; Fourth Vice-President—T. L. Jones, Havana, Illinois; Executive Secretary—M. C. Small, Mount Morris, Illinois. The Executive Committee is composed of H. Beyers, Salt Lake City, Utah; P. Crafts, Grasmere, New Hampshire; W. T. Geurts, Salt Lake City, Utah; and C. W. Wampler, Harrisburg, Virginia. The convention in 1954 will be held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. H. C. "Doc" Pierce, A and P Food Stores, and Kathryn Bele Niles, PENB home economist, were
made honorary members of the Federation. INSTITUTE NOTES On January 1st, the Institute of American Poultry Industries absorbed the National Egg Products Association, making the NEPA laboratory, staff and membership part of the Institute. The egg products laboratory work started by NEPA will be continued and expanded by the Institute, under the direction of James Gorman, assisted by Margaret Lally, both formerly on the NEPA staff.
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produced by diets composed of a high percentage of corn and soybean oil meal, with a probable resulting protective action, in comparison to diets with a lower percentage of these constituents (replaced by ingredients with a likely destructive effect, such as wheat bran and middlings); and (c) age of diet constituents before compounding the diets, with possible rancidity development.
T HAS become a common practice to add certain trace minerals and vitamin A to mixed feeds of poultry and livestock. Whether or not this procedure has practical merit depends in part upon the stability of carotene or vitamin A in the presence of free trace minerals and other dietary ingredients. Miller et al. (1942), Halpern et al. (1949), Halverson and Hart (1950) and other investigators have demonstrated the destructive effect of free trace minerals upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Holder and Ford (1939) and Bethke et al. (1939) also indicated a destructive effect of meat scraps upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Fraps and Kemmerer (1937) found alfalfa meal a slightly more stable source of vitamin A in stored feeds than cod liver oil. Bethke et al. (1939) in a similar study could not differentiate between the stability of the two vitamin A sources. The results of these workers showed a need for information which would be helpful in preparing poultry feeds of maximum carotene and vitamin A stability.
positions of the diets are shown in Table 1. Diet 1 was a corn-soybean starting ration. Diet 2 contained wheat bran, wheat middlings, oats, and sorghum in partial replacement of the corn-soybean ingredients. Diet 3, which was a mash concentrate, contained high protein, vitamin and mineral levels. The trace mineral salts employed with the diets are indicated in footnotes of the carotene loss tables (Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5). The trace minerals were added to the basic diet mixtures, apart from the carotene supplements, in a starch carrier. Carrot oil premixed in a small amount of soybean oil meal was added in the amount of 2.2 mg. of carotene per pound to diets 1 and 2 with an increase to 8.8 mg. per pound in diet 3. The dehydrated alfalfa meal supplement (0.19 mg. of carotene per gram) was added at a 5 percent level to diets 1 and 2 and at a 20 percent level in diet 3. Two experiments were conducted using the same diets and storage conditions. Diet samples were stored in paper sacks at 4°C, 22-28C0., and 37°C. After 30 and 145 day storage periods, the diets were analyzed for carotene as described by Quackenbush (1950).
EXPERIMENTAL
Three practical poultry diets were prepared using alfalfa meal and carrot oil (Quintrex)3 as carotene sources. The com1 Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as No. 287 of the Journal Series. 2 Present address, Dept. of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. 3 Quintrex, which is a carotene feeding oil derived from carrots, was obtained from the Nutritional Re-
352
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The carotene losses obtained with different diets in the first experiment are presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4. Data in Table 2 show that carrot oil-supplemented diet 1 without added meat scraps, limesearch Associates Company. The product also contained wheat germ and vegetable oil and had a carotene content of 1.4 mg. per gram of oil.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona on October 29, 2014
I
353
STABILITY OP CAROTENE TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Diet 3
Diet 2
Diet 1 Ingredients b
a
b
a
b
g. 61.0 35.0 0.5 1.5 2.0
g66.5 22.0 0.5
g21.0 29.0 0.5 1.2 2.3
g26.5 16.0 0.5
g-
—
g4.0 38.0 1.0
— —
10.0 1.0
— —
— —
59.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
10.0 15.0
10.0 1.0 10.0 15.0
—
—
10.0 15.0 10.0
— —
10.0 4.0 10.0 15.0 10.0
— —
5.0 16.0
5.0 16.0
— —
7.0 1.0
100.0 Added, per 100 gms. Riboflavin, mg. Calcium pantothenate:, mg. Choline chloride, mg. Vitamin P>i2, Mg.f Vitamin D 3 , A.O.A.C. unitsj Procaine penicillin G, units
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.3 0.7 40.0 1.7 100 51,500
100.0
100.0
0.3
1.2
—
—
160 6.8 400 22,000
40.0 1.7 100 5 ,500
* Expeller process soybean oil meal, t Merck A.P.F. supplement. % Delsterol concentrate.
TABLE 2.—Carotene storage', osses with diet 1 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss* 30 days
Diet Description
145 days 22-28°C.
4°C.
22-28°C:
37°C.
4°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement la lb l b + M n saltf lb-j-Mn, Fe, Cu, and Co saltsf
2.8 0.4 1.2 5.8
4.9 5.8 9.2 10.2
34.5 67.8 60.4
12.2 26.4 25.3 27.3
38.6 46.7 43.5 56.5
41.6 76.0 75.5 91.5
Alfalfa Supplement la lb l b + M n saltf l b + M n , Fe, Cu, and Co saltsj
1.2 8.0 5.7 2.2
11.4 6.6 10.6 11.6
51.9 57.7 66.5 58.6
17.8 29.9 38.0 29.9
53.3 52.3 56.6 50.3
71.2 63.1 78.4 76.5
37°C.
* Based on air dry content. t Trace mineral salt and level: MnS0 4 -H 2 0, 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S 0 4 H 2 0 , 0.02%; FeS0 4 7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoS0 4 -6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona on October 29, 2014
White corn Soybean oil meal* Salt, iodized CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0 CaC0 3 Meat scraps Limestone Wheat bran Wheat middlings Dried buttermilk Oats Sorghum grain Fish meal Steamed bone meal
a
354
L. D. KAMSTEA, A. W. HALVEESON AND A. L. MOXON TABLE 3.—Carotene storage losses with diet 2 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss* Diet Description
30 days 4°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement 2a 2b
22-28°C.
145 days 37°C.
4°C.
22-28°C.
37°C.
26.6 13.6 23.3 15.8
40.9 54.6 49.9 51.0
13.1 27.0 17.1 20.5
58.8 48.2 69.5 69.0
94.3 97.1 96,0 97.2
Alfalfa Supplement 2a 2b 2 b + M n saltf 2b+Mn, Fe Cu and Co SaltsJ
1.6 1.4 1.0 2.6
9.2 8.7 2.7 16.5
37.3 37.4 37.6 39.1
19.6 26.2 19.3 21.2
52.6 53.8 54.5 60.4
87.2 91.4 89.4 91,6
2b+Mn saltf
* Based on air dry content. f Trace mineral salt and level: MnSCvH 2 0, 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S C v H 2 0 , 0.02%; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuSCv5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoSCv6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
stone and minerals had greater carotene retention than a similar alfalfa meal diet. However, the addition of meat scrap and limestone increased the carotene loss in the carrot oil diet more than in the alfalfa supplemented diet, resulting in about equal carotene retention for the two diets. A further enhancement of carotene loss in the carrot oil suppleTAB ,LE
mented diet 1 was found upon addition of free trace minerals. The results with diets 2 and 3 (Tables 3 and 4) were somewhat different from those for diet 1. Data from Table 3 show that carotene losses were slightly greater in the carrot oil diet 2 than in the alfalfa supplemented diet, even without the addition of meat scrap, limestone and trace
4.—C(irotene storage losses with diet 3 (Experiment 1) Percent Carotene Loss*
r)iet Description
30 days
145 days
4°
22-28°C.
37°C.
4°C.
22-28°C.
37°C.
Carrot Oil Supplement 3a 3b 3 b + M n saltf 3b+Mn ; , Fe, Cu and Co SaltsJ
6.7 3.8 5.3 0.0
11.0 30.7 24.7 22.3
40.8 46.5 42.7 48.7
7.3 15.3 19.4 10.1
31.2 56.8 57.2 61.2
79.4 89.5 89.4 94.1
Alfalfa Supplement 3a 3b 3 b + M n Saltf 3 b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
0.6 2.9 0.8 1.3
11.5 13.7 8.9 11.6
39.9 36.8 34.4 37.2
27.5 26.9 24.5 22.1
43.3 48.1 43.3 42.4
77.4 77.4 76.2 76.4
* Based on air dry content. f Trace mineral salt and level: MnS0 4 • H 2 0, 0.08%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: M n S O r H 2 0 , 0.08%; FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.04%; CuS0 4 -5H 2 0, 0.004%; and CoS0 4 - 6H 2 0, 0.00004%.
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2 b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co salts J
2.8 0.6 2.1 1.5
355
STABILITY OF CAROTENE TABLE 5.—Comparative carotene losses between the two experiments Percent loss 145 days
Percent loss 30 days Diet Description
Exp . 1 22-28°C. 37°C. 4.9 5.8 9.2 10.2
34.5 67.8
Alfalfa Supplement la lb lb+Mnsalt* l b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
11.4 6.6 10.6 11.6
22-28°C. 37°C.
Exp . 1 22-28°C. 37°C.
Exp.. 2 22-28°C. 37°C.
60.4
19.9 51.4 52.5 59.7
34.0 70.7 64.8 86.1
38.6 46.7 43.5 56.5
41.6 76.0 75.5 91.5
47.1 77.3 69.2 74.2
94.1 97.6 97.3 99.0
51.9 57.7 66.5 58.6
29.6 41.3 40.8 57.6
55.6 44.6 51.2 64.2
53.3 52.3 56.6 50.3
71.2 63.1 •78.5 76.5
51.3 62.6 56.0 59.2
83.7 91.2 89.8 94.4
* Trace mineral salt and level: M n S 0 4 H 2 0 , 0.02%. t Trace mineral salts and levels: MnSCVHaO, 0.02%: FeSCv7H 2 0, 0.01%; CuSCv5H 2 0, 0.001%; and CoSCv6H 2 0, 0.00001%.
minerals. The addition of the extra constituents caused minor increases in carotene losses with the different supplements of diet 2. Data in Table 4 concerning the poultry concentrate (diet 3) again presented the increased carotene loss effect resulting from addition of meat scrap, limestone and trace minerals to the carrot oil supplemented diet. No effect upon carotene loss was evident with the alfalfa supplemented diet following the addition of meat and mineral ingredients. Where no meat scraps, limestone, fish meal and minerals were added, carotene losses were the same for both sources of the provitamin. Several important differences in carotene stability were evident among the three diets. The addition of meat scraps, limestone, and trace minerals to the different carrot oil supplemented diets affected losses with diet 1 more than with diets 2 and 3. Thus, the superior stability of diet 1 over diets 2 and 3 was no longer evident after addition of the meat scrap and mineral ingredients. Alfalfa meal-supplemented diets were less affected by dietary additions than were carrot oil diets. How-
ever, alfalfa supplemented diet 1 at 37°C. for the 30 day period showed a greater carotene loss than did diets 2 and 3. The mixtures containing alfalfa showed similar carotene stability with the three diets for the 145 day storage period. While a greater loss of alfalfa than of carrot oil carotene was noted with diet 1 in the absence of meat scrap and mineral constituents, this difference in stability between the two supplements was not evident in diets 2 and 3. Comparative data for the two experiments in Table 5 show that results of the confirmatory experiment agreed with those of the initial experiment, except at a higher carotene loss level. Although the data are not shown, diets 2 and 3 of the second experiment followed the general carotene loss pattern observed in the first experiment. Factors which may be responsible for the observed stability differences of carotene between diets as well as between the two experiments are: (a) the consistency of carrot oil which allows a more intimate contact with diet ingredients than does the naturally bound carotene in alfalfa; (b) the differences in the effect
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Carrot Oil Supplement la lb lb+Mnsalt* l b + M n , Fe, Cu and Co saltsf
Exp.. 2
356
NEWS AND NOTES
SUMMARY An investigation of the stability of carotene in dehydrated alfalfa meal and carrot oil supplements when added to mixed practical poultry diets showed that carotene stability was influenced by several factors. Carotene losses with carrot oil-supplemented diets were affected by addition of meat scraps, limestone and trace minerals. Additions of such ingredients enhanced carotene losses to a greater extent in the corn-soybean starting ration than in the diets having wheat bran, wheat middlings, oats and sorghum in partial replacement of corn-soybean ingredients. Losses of the carotene of alfalfa were not materially affected by dietary composition. Data suggested a superior stability for alfalfa carotene under practical conditions. The carotene losses of the three alfalfa meal supplemented diets were simi- .
lar, except that a greater carotene loss was observed in the simple (corn-soybean) than in the more complex diets when storage was at 37°C. for the shorter period. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are indebted to the American Dehydrators Association for financial support in this investigation. We also wish to give recognition to the National Alfalfa Company for supplying the alfalfa meal used in this study. REFERENCES Bethke, R. M., P. R. Record and O. H . M. Wilder, 1939. The vitamin A requirement of chicks with observations on comparative efficiency of carotene and vitamin A. Poultry Sci. 18:179-187. Fraps, G. S., and A. R. Kemmerer, 1937. Losses of vitamin A and carotene from feeds during storage. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 557. Halpern, G. R., B. March and J. Biely, 1949. Stability and utilization of vitamin A emulsions in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 28: 168-172. Halverson, A. W., and E. B. Hart, 1950. Factors affecting the stability of the vitamin A from cod liver oil in cereal foods. J. Nutrition 40: 415-428. Holder, R. C , and S. K. Ford, 1939. The stability of vitamin A from cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 18: 345-349. Miller, M. W., V. Joukovsky and N. Hokenstad, 1942. The effect of manganese sulfate on the stability of vitamin A and D of cod liver oil when stored in mixed feeds. Poultry Sci. 21: 200-202. Quackenbush, F. W., 1950. Report on carotene. J. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. 33: 647-651.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 331) Vice-President—C. Housh, Elkton, Virginia; Third Vice-President—J. A. Adams, Pleasant Grove, Utah; Fourth Vice-President—T. L. Jones, Havana, Illinois; Executive Secretary—M. C. Small, Mount Morris, Illinois. The Executive Committee is composed of H. Beyers, Salt Lake City, Utah; P. Crafts, Grasmere, New Hampshire; W. T. Geurts, Salt Lake City, Utah; and C. W. Wampler, Harrisburg, Virginia. The convention in 1954 will be held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. H. C. "Doc" Pierce, A and P Food Stores, and Kathryn Bele Niles, PENB home economist, were
made honorary members of the Federation. INSTITUTE NOTES On January 1st, the Institute of American Poultry Industries absorbed the National Egg Products Association, making the NEPA laboratory, staff and membership part of the Institute. The egg products laboratory work started by NEPA will be continued and expanded by the Institute, under the direction of James Gorman, assisted by Margaret Lally, both formerly on the NEPA staff.
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produced by diets composed of a high percentage of corn and soybean oil meal, with a probable resulting protective action, in comparison to diets with a lower percentage of these constituents (replaced by ingredients with a likely destructive effect, such as wheat bran and middlings); and (c) age of diet constituents before compounding the diets, with possible rancidity development.