- Email: [email protected]
Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population
Forensic Science International 187 (2009) 109.e1–109.e3
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Forensic Science International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint
Forensic Anthropology Population Data
Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population Arun Kumar Agnihotri a,*, Smita Kachhwaha b, Vandna Jowaheer c, Ashok Pratap Singh b a
Department of Forensic Medicine, SSR Medical College, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius Department of Anatomy, SSR Medical College, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius c Department of Mathematics, University of Mauritius, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius b
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 23 October 2008 Received in revised form 28 January 2009 Accepted 9 February 2009 Available online 14 March 2009
Stature estimation from percutaneous body measurements forms part of forensic anthropological analysis for the purpose of identification. This study is aimed at modeling the stature on the basis of percutaneous tibial and/or ulnar length in human subjects comprising of Indo-Mauritian population. The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius on 180 young and healthy students comprising of 90 males and 90 females in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. It is remarked that tibial as well as ulnar length show a linear relationship with the stature, where stature is normally distributed. However, it is required to transform the measurements on stature to obtain appropriate regression equations. Moreover, since ulna and tibia are significantly correlated, it is recommended to use the sum of the ulnar and tibial length to estimate stature, in case both are available for an individual. Our regression models are sufficiently validated and highly efficient. ß 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Forensic Science Forensic Anthropology Tibia length Ulna length Stature estimation
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection
Estimating individuality on the mutilated part of a dead body is a difficult task in Forensic Medicine. The problem of identification mainly arises when unknown human remains are brought to forensic pathologists for examination. The stature of an individual is an inherent characteristic. It is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. There is an established relationship between stature and dimensions of various body parts, which allows forensic experts to estimate stature from different parts of the body. Many studies have been carried out to estimate stature from percutaneous body measurements [1–21]. Linear regression models are widely used to predict height of individuals on the basis of their body parts. In circumstances where only mutilated leg and/or forearm portions are available for a deceased person, it becomes quite challenging to formulate the proper and adequate regression models. Not much research work is done in this direction. In this paper we construct linear regression models to predict heights on the basis of ulna and tibia measurements for Indo-Mauritian population.
* Corresponding author at: 4, Malherbes Street, Curepipe, Mauritius. Tel.: +230 6751318. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.K. Agnihotri). 0379-0738/$ – see front matter ß 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.010
The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius in the year 2007. Mauritius is an island, geographically located in the Indian Ocean, approximately 2400 km off the south east coast of Africa. The material consisted of 180 young and healthy students (90 males and 90 females), in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. Each student has been studied for the measurements of stature, tibial length and ulnar length. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. 2.2. Techniques for taking measurements The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments, in centimeters, to the nearest millimeter according to the technique described by Vallois [22]. All measurements were taken by the same observer and with the same instrument, to avoid any technical and/or inter-observer error and to maintain reproducibility. During data collection, the instruments like sliding caliper, spreading caliper, etc. were regularly checked for their accuracy. Percutaneous tibial and ulnar lengths were chosen because their lengths could be easily taken in living individuals. Height of the subject was measured in standing position. The subject was instructed to stand barefooted on the board of a standard standiometer with both feet in close contact with each other, trunk braced along the vertical board, and the head adjusted in Frankfurt plane. The measurement was taken in centimeters, by bringing the horizontal sliding bar to the vertex. The length of tibia was measured as a distance from the inner border of the medial condyle to the farthest point of the medial malleolus. The measurement was taken on the sitting subjects with knees in semiflexed position. The length of ulna was measured as a straight distance from the most proximal point of the olecranon process to the most distal point of the styloid process, with the forearm flexed at a 908 angle.
109.e2
A.K. Agnihotri et al. / Forensic Science International 187 (2009) 109.e1–109.e3
2.3. Regression models Regression models are constructed to estimate stature on the basis of only tibial length, only ulnar length and ulnar as well as tibial length. A sample of 80 females and 80 males was selected randomly out of a total of 90 females and 90 males, who formed part of the study. The data on these 160 subjects were used to construct the models and the data on the remaining 20 subjects were used to test the predictive ability of the models.
3. Results There was no significant difference in the lengths of right and left tibia in both males (mean difference = 0.009, p-value = 0.893) and females (mean difference = 0.008, p-value = 0.910). Similarly no significant differences were observed in the lengths of right and left sides of ulna in both males (mean difference = 0.024, pvalue = 0.857) and females (mean difference = 0.020, pvalue = 0.996). Hence we have used right tibial length and right ulnar length for the construction of models. The relationship between tibial length (TL) and stature is linear in the Indo-Mauritian population. The same pattern exists for ulnar length (UL) and stature. Stature, TL and UL are all normally distributed. It is observed that TL and UL are significantly correlated. When stature is regressed on TL the regression equation does not satisfy the underlying assumption of constant error variance. A transformation on the response variable stature is therefore identified from the family of power transformations using Box-Cox procedure, such that yðlÞ ¼
yðlÞ 1
(1.1)
ly˙ l1
Q 1=n and n = 160. where l = 2, y represents stature, y˙ ¼ ð ni¼1 yi Þ Hence, the fitted normal error regression model with TL as the only covariate is given by
yˆ
ð2Þ
¼
21:0 þ
p-val¼0:000
2:83
p-val¼0:000
TL
(1.2)
R2 = 81.4%. In case, when UL is the only covariate, the fitted regression model is given by
yˆ ¼
60:4
p-val¼0:000
þ
4:13
p-val¼0:000
UL
(1.3)
R2 = 74.0%. When both UL and TL are available for an individual, it is recommended to construct a linear regression model using the variable TUL = TU + UL as a single covariate than constructing a multiple linear regression model with two covariates UL and TL. This is because UL and TL are significantly correlated (p-val = 0.97). However, when stature is regressed on the TUL, the assumption of constant error variance is violated. Hence Box-Cox transformation is applied to the response variable. In this case also, l = 2 and following Eq. (1.1), the fitted regression model is obtained as yˆ
ð2Þ
analyzing data on tibial length, ulnar length and height using linear regression models. Our findings are quite different from the earlier studies [4,7]. Mohanty [4] suggested gender-based two different regression equations to predict height among Oriya population when only the leg portion is available. However, this method suffers from a serious drawback in its model formulation stage itself. If the leg portion as such cannot be identified as being male or female; then how would one make a choice between two equations in order to predict height of the dead person by simply using percutaneous tibial length? Recently, Duyar et al. [7] have proposed to use a stature-specific linear regression approach, taking into account the tail observations. The approach is statistically sound. However, the application and validity of the stature-specific regression models as discussed by these authors are not convincing, and rather misleading to a great extent. For example, the height is predicted, based on single short ulna using general regression model, as well as stature-specific regression model. It is well understood that the single short ulna belongs only to one person whose height is predicted using two different models. Thus two values of estimated heights are reasonable, but it is certainly not possible to have two different values of the actual height of that person. Also, the corresponding t-values and p-values are possible only if predictors are derived for the entire group 2 and not just for one actual observation. Moreover, several models based on the predictors mentioned in this study cannot be compared blindly with each other. This is because the model based on ulna is comparable to model based on tibia, as well as the model based on ulna and tibia, only under circumstances when both ulna and tibia of the same person are available for investigation, failing which the comparison will lead to invalid conclusions. The models (1.2)–(1.4) are adequate and satisfy all underlying assumptions. For a known TL value, estimate of stature can be obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2). In the same way for a known TL and UL, estimate of stature can be obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.4). For a given UL, the estimate of stature can be directly obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.3). Tibial length has stronger linear relation with stature as compared to ulnar length. The validity of all the models has been verified by conducting the tests for no difference between the estimated and the corresponding exact values of the stature for the sample of 20 individuals comprising unused set. For all the models p-values for these tests turn out to be greater than 0.10 suggesting that all the models bear significant predictive ability. It is concluded that the stature of a deceased person for whom only mutilated legs or arms are available, can be determined with fair degree of accuracy by using the model equations derived from the present study. 4.1. Limitation of study This study has been conducted mainly in Indo-Mauritian population. Therefore other studies in different parts of the world are required to confirm whether it would be equally applicable elsewhere. References
¼
31:5 þ
p-val¼0:000
1:82
p-val¼0:000
TUL
(1.4)
R2 = 85.8%. 4. Discussion and conclusion The results of the present study indicate that the percutaneous length of tibia and ulna can be efficiently used for the estimation of stature. The hypothesis pertaining to the relationship of stature with the dimensions of different body parts is verified and supported by results. This study extends the findings of previous researches by
[1] D.P. Bhatnagar, S.P. Thapar, M.K. Batish, Identification of personal height from the somatometry of the hand in Punjabi males, Forensic Sci. Int. 24 (1984) 137–141. [2] S.K. Saxena, A study of correlations and estimation of stature from hand length, hand breadth and sole length, Anthropol. Anz. 42 (1984) 271–276. [3] A.K. Abdel-Malek, A.M. Ahmed, S.A. el-Sharkawi, N.A. el-Hamid, Prediction of statue from hand measurements, Forensic Sci. Int. 46 (1990) 181–187. [4] N.K. Mohanty, Prediction of height from percutaneous tibial length amongst Oriya population, Forensic Sci. Int. 98 (1998) 137–141. [5] A. Ozaslan, M.Y. Is¸can, I. Ozaslan, H. Tug˘cu, S. Koc¸, Estimation of stature from body parts, Forensic Sci. Int. 132 (2003) 40–45. [6] S.G. Sanli, E.D. Kizilkanat, N. Boyan, E.T. Ozsahin, M.G. Bozkir, R. Soames, H. Erol, O. Oguz, Stature estimation based on hand length and foot length, Clin. Anat. 18 (2005) 589–596.
A.K. Agnihotri et al. / Forensic Science International 187 (2009) 109.e1–109.e3 [7] I. Duyar, C. Pelin, R. Zagyapan, A new method of stature estimation for forensic anthropological application, Anthropol. Sci. 114 (2006) 23–27. [8] A. Ozaslan, S. Koc¸, I. Ozaslan, H. Tug˘cu, Estimation of stature from upper extremity, Mil. Med. 171 (2006) 288–291. [9] O. Celbis, H. Agritmis, Estimation of stature and determination of sex from radial and ulnar bone lengths in a Turkish corpse sample, Forensic Sci. Int. 158 (2006) 135–139. [10] M.M. El-Meligy, R.H. Abdel-Hady, R.M. Abdel-Maaboud, Z.T. Mohamed, Estimation of human body built in Egyptians, Forensic Sci. Int. 159 (2006) 27–31. [11] K.R. Nagesh, G. Pradeep Kumar, Estimation of stature from vertebral column length in South Indians, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 8 (2006) 269–272. [12] K. Krishan, R. Kumar, Determination of stature from cephalo-facial dimensions in a North Indian population, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 9 (2007) 128–133. [13] A.K. Agnihotri, B. Purwar, K. Googoolye, S. Agnihotri, N. Jeebun, Estimation of stature by foot length, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 14 (2007) 279–283. [14] K. Krishan, A. Sharma, Estimation of stature from dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 14 (2007) 327–332.
109.e3
[15] P. Rastogi, K.R. Nagesh, K. Yoganarasimha, Estimation of stature from hand dimensions of north and south Indians, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 10 (2008) 185– 189. [16] J. Sen, S. Ghosh, Estimation of stature from foot length and foot breadth among the Rajbanshi: an indigenous population of North Bengal, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 55.e1–55.e6. [17] G. Zeybek, I. Ergur, Z. Demiroglu, Stature and gender estimation using foot measurements, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 54.e1–54.e5. [18] T. Kanchan, R.G. Menezes, R. Moudgil, R. Kaur, M.S. Kotain, R.K. Garg, Stature estimation from foot dimensions, Forensic Sci. Int. 179 (2008) 241.e1–241.e5. [19] A.K. Agnihotri, N. Jeebun, S. Agnihotri, K. Googoolye, Prediction of stature using hand dimensions, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 15 (2008) 479–482. [20] K. Krishan, Estimation of stature from footprint and foot outline dimensions in Gujjars of North India, Forensic Sci. Int. 175 (2008) 93–101. [21] K. Krishan, Estimation of stature from cephalo-facial anthropometry in north Indian population, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 52.e1–52.e6. [22] H.V. Vallois, Anthropometric techniques, Curr. Anthropol. 6 (1965) 127–144.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Forensic Science International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint
Forensic Anthropology Population Data
Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population Arun Kumar Agnihotri a,*, Smita Kachhwaha b, Vandna Jowaheer c, Ashok Pratap Singh b a
Department of Forensic Medicine, SSR Medical College, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius Department of Anatomy, SSR Medical College, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius c Department of Mathematics, University of Mauritius, Postal Code: 230, Mauritius b
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history: Received 23 October 2008 Received in revised form 28 January 2009 Accepted 9 February 2009 Available online 14 March 2009
Stature estimation from percutaneous body measurements forms part of forensic anthropological analysis for the purpose of identification. This study is aimed at modeling the stature on the basis of percutaneous tibial and/or ulnar length in human subjects comprising of Indo-Mauritian population. The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius on 180 young and healthy students comprising of 90 males and 90 females in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. It is remarked that tibial as well as ulnar length show a linear relationship with the stature, where stature is normally distributed. However, it is required to transform the measurements on stature to obtain appropriate regression equations. Moreover, since ulna and tibia are significantly correlated, it is recommended to use the sum of the ulnar and tibial length to estimate stature, in case both are available for an individual. Our regression models are sufficiently validated and highly efficient. ß 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Forensic Science Forensic Anthropology Tibia length Ulna length Stature estimation
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection
Estimating individuality on the mutilated part of a dead body is a difficult task in Forensic Medicine. The problem of identification mainly arises when unknown human remains are brought to forensic pathologists for examination. The stature of an individual is an inherent characteristic. It is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. There is an established relationship between stature and dimensions of various body parts, which allows forensic experts to estimate stature from different parts of the body. Many studies have been carried out to estimate stature from percutaneous body measurements [1–21]. Linear regression models are widely used to predict height of individuals on the basis of their body parts. In circumstances where only mutilated leg and/or forearm portions are available for a deceased person, it becomes quite challenging to formulate the proper and adequate regression models. Not much research work is done in this direction. In this paper we construct linear regression models to predict heights on the basis of ulna and tibia measurements for Indo-Mauritian population.
* Corresponding author at: 4, Malherbes Street, Curepipe, Mauritius. Tel.: +230 6751318. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.K. Agnihotri). 0379-0738/$ – see front matter ß 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.010
The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius in the year 2007. Mauritius is an island, geographically located in the Indian Ocean, approximately 2400 km off the south east coast of Africa. The material consisted of 180 young and healthy students (90 males and 90 females), in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. Each student has been studied for the measurements of stature, tibial length and ulnar length. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. 2.2. Techniques for taking measurements The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments, in centimeters, to the nearest millimeter according to the technique described by Vallois [22]. All measurements were taken by the same observer and with the same instrument, to avoid any technical and/or inter-observer error and to maintain reproducibility. During data collection, the instruments like sliding caliper, spreading caliper, etc. were regularly checked for their accuracy. Percutaneous tibial and ulnar lengths were chosen because their lengths could be easily taken in living individuals. Height of the subject was measured in standing position. The subject was instructed to stand barefooted on the board of a standard standiometer with both feet in close contact with each other, trunk braced along the vertical board, and the head adjusted in Frankfurt plane. The measurement was taken in centimeters, by bringing the horizontal sliding bar to the vertex. The length of tibia was measured as a distance from the inner border of the medial condyle to the farthest point of the medial malleolus. The measurement was taken on the sitting subjects with knees in semiflexed position. The length of ulna was measured as a straight distance from the most proximal point of the olecranon process to the most distal point of the styloid process, with the forearm flexed at a 908 angle.
109.e2
A.K. Agnihotri et al. / Forensic Science International 187 (2009) 109.e1–109.e3
2.3. Regression models Regression models are constructed to estimate stature on the basis of only tibial length, only ulnar length and ulnar as well as tibial length. A sample of 80 females and 80 males was selected randomly out of a total of 90 females and 90 males, who formed part of the study. The data on these 160 subjects were used to construct the models and the data on the remaining 20 subjects were used to test the predictive ability of the models.
3. Results There was no significant difference in the lengths of right and left tibia in both males (mean difference = 0.009, p-value = 0.893) and females (mean difference = 0.008, p-value = 0.910). Similarly no significant differences were observed in the lengths of right and left sides of ulna in both males (mean difference = 0.024, pvalue = 0.857) and females (mean difference = 0.020, pvalue = 0.996). Hence we have used right tibial length and right ulnar length for the construction of models. The relationship between tibial length (TL) and stature is linear in the Indo-Mauritian population. The same pattern exists for ulnar length (UL) and stature. Stature, TL and UL are all normally distributed. It is observed that TL and UL are significantly correlated. When stature is regressed on TL the regression equation does not satisfy the underlying assumption of constant error variance. A transformation on the response variable stature is therefore identified from the family of power transformations using Box-Cox procedure, such that yðlÞ ¼
yðlÞ 1
(1.1)
ly˙ l1
Q 1=n and n = 160. where l = 2, y represents stature, y˙ ¼ ð ni¼1 yi Þ Hence, the fitted normal error regression model with TL as the only covariate is given by
yˆ
ð2Þ
¼
21:0 þ
p-val¼0:000
2:83
p-val¼0:000
TL
(1.2)
R2 = 81.4%. In case, when UL is the only covariate, the fitted regression model is given by
yˆ ¼
60:4
p-val¼0:000
þ
4:13
p-val¼0:000
UL
(1.3)
R2 = 74.0%. When both UL and TL are available for an individual, it is recommended to construct a linear regression model using the variable TUL = TU + UL as a single covariate than constructing a multiple linear regression model with two covariates UL and TL. This is because UL and TL are significantly correlated (p-val = 0.97). However, when stature is regressed on the TUL, the assumption of constant error variance is violated. Hence Box-Cox transformation is applied to the response variable. In this case also, l = 2 and following Eq. (1.1), the fitted regression model is obtained as yˆ
ð2Þ
analyzing data on tibial length, ulnar length and height using linear regression models. Our findings are quite different from the earlier studies [4,7]. Mohanty [4] suggested gender-based two different regression equations to predict height among Oriya population when only the leg portion is available. However, this method suffers from a serious drawback in its model formulation stage itself. If the leg portion as such cannot be identified as being male or female; then how would one make a choice between two equations in order to predict height of the dead person by simply using percutaneous tibial length? Recently, Duyar et al. [7] have proposed to use a stature-specific linear regression approach, taking into account the tail observations. The approach is statistically sound. However, the application and validity of the stature-specific regression models as discussed by these authors are not convincing, and rather misleading to a great extent. For example, the height is predicted, based on single short ulna using general regression model, as well as stature-specific regression model. It is well understood that the single short ulna belongs only to one person whose height is predicted using two different models. Thus two values of estimated heights are reasonable, but it is certainly not possible to have two different values of the actual height of that person. Also, the corresponding t-values and p-values are possible only if predictors are derived for the entire group 2 and not just for one actual observation. Moreover, several models based on the predictors mentioned in this study cannot be compared blindly with each other. This is because the model based on ulna is comparable to model based on tibia, as well as the model based on ulna and tibia, only under circumstances when both ulna and tibia of the same person are available for investigation, failing which the comparison will lead to invalid conclusions. The models (1.2)–(1.4) are adequate and satisfy all underlying assumptions. For a known TL value, estimate of stature can be obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2). In the same way for a known TL and UL, estimate of stature can be obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.4). For a given UL, the estimate of stature can be directly obtained by using Eqs. (1.1) and (1.3). Tibial length has stronger linear relation with stature as compared to ulnar length. The validity of all the models has been verified by conducting the tests for no difference between the estimated and the corresponding exact values of the stature for the sample of 20 individuals comprising unused set. For all the models p-values for these tests turn out to be greater than 0.10 suggesting that all the models bear significant predictive ability. It is concluded that the stature of a deceased person for whom only mutilated legs or arms are available, can be determined with fair degree of accuracy by using the model equations derived from the present study. 4.1. Limitation of study This study has been conducted mainly in Indo-Mauritian population. Therefore other studies in different parts of the world are required to confirm whether it would be equally applicable elsewhere. References
¼
31:5 þ
p-val¼0:000
1:82
p-val¼0:000
TUL
(1.4)
R2 = 85.8%. 4. Discussion and conclusion The results of the present study indicate that the percutaneous length of tibia and ulna can be efficiently used for the estimation of stature. The hypothesis pertaining to the relationship of stature with the dimensions of different body parts is verified and supported by results. This study extends the findings of previous researches by
[1] D.P. Bhatnagar, S.P. Thapar, M.K. Batish, Identification of personal height from the somatometry of the hand in Punjabi males, Forensic Sci. Int. 24 (1984) 137–141. [2] S.K. Saxena, A study of correlations and estimation of stature from hand length, hand breadth and sole length, Anthropol. Anz. 42 (1984) 271–276. [3] A.K. Abdel-Malek, A.M. Ahmed, S.A. el-Sharkawi, N.A. el-Hamid, Prediction of statue from hand measurements, Forensic Sci. Int. 46 (1990) 181–187. [4] N.K. Mohanty, Prediction of height from percutaneous tibial length amongst Oriya population, Forensic Sci. Int. 98 (1998) 137–141. [5] A. Ozaslan, M.Y. Is¸can, I. Ozaslan, H. Tug˘cu, S. Koc¸, Estimation of stature from body parts, Forensic Sci. Int. 132 (2003) 40–45. [6] S.G. Sanli, E.D. Kizilkanat, N. Boyan, E.T. Ozsahin, M.G. Bozkir, R. Soames, H. Erol, O. Oguz, Stature estimation based on hand length and foot length, Clin. Anat. 18 (2005) 589–596.
A.K. Agnihotri et al. / Forensic Science International 187 (2009) 109.e1–109.e3 [7] I. Duyar, C. Pelin, R. Zagyapan, A new method of stature estimation for forensic anthropological application, Anthropol. Sci. 114 (2006) 23–27. [8] A. Ozaslan, S. Koc¸, I. Ozaslan, H. Tug˘cu, Estimation of stature from upper extremity, Mil. Med. 171 (2006) 288–291. [9] O. Celbis, H. Agritmis, Estimation of stature and determination of sex from radial and ulnar bone lengths in a Turkish corpse sample, Forensic Sci. Int. 158 (2006) 135–139. [10] M.M. El-Meligy, R.H. Abdel-Hady, R.M. Abdel-Maaboud, Z.T. Mohamed, Estimation of human body built in Egyptians, Forensic Sci. Int. 159 (2006) 27–31. [11] K.R. Nagesh, G. Pradeep Kumar, Estimation of stature from vertebral column length in South Indians, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 8 (2006) 269–272. [12] K. Krishan, R. Kumar, Determination of stature from cephalo-facial dimensions in a North Indian population, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 9 (2007) 128–133. [13] A.K. Agnihotri, B. Purwar, K. Googoolye, S. Agnihotri, N. Jeebun, Estimation of stature by foot length, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 14 (2007) 279–283. [14] K. Krishan, A. Sharma, Estimation of stature from dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 14 (2007) 327–332.
109.e3
[15] P. Rastogi, K.R. Nagesh, K. Yoganarasimha, Estimation of stature from hand dimensions of north and south Indians, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 10 (2008) 185– 189. [16] J. Sen, S. Ghosh, Estimation of stature from foot length and foot breadth among the Rajbanshi: an indigenous population of North Bengal, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 55.e1–55.e6. [17] G. Zeybek, I. Ergur, Z. Demiroglu, Stature and gender estimation using foot measurements, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 54.e1–54.e5. [18] T. Kanchan, R.G. Menezes, R. Moudgil, R. Kaur, M.S. Kotain, R.K. Garg, Stature estimation from foot dimensions, Forensic Sci. Int. 179 (2008) 241.e1–241.e5. [19] A.K. Agnihotri, N. Jeebun, S. Agnihotri, K. Googoolye, Prediction of stature using hand dimensions, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 15 (2008) 479–482. [20] K. Krishan, Estimation of stature from footprint and foot outline dimensions in Gujjars of North India, Forensic Sci. Int. 175 (2008) 93–101. [21] K. Krishan, Estimation of stature from cephalo-facial anthropometry in north Indian population, Forensic Sci. Int. 181 (2008) 52.e1–52.e6. [22] H.V. Vallois, Anthropometric techniques, Curr. Anthropol. 6 (1965) 127–144.