Experimental investigation of alumina oxide nanoparticles effects on the performance and emission characteristics of tamarind seed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 1229–1242

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ICN3I-2017

Experimental investigation of alumina oxide nanoparticles effects on the performance and emission characteristics of tamarind seed biodiesel fuelled diesel engine V. Dhana Rajua,b*, P. S. Kishorea, M. Harun Kumarb, S. Rami Reddyb a b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, LBRCE, Mylavaram521230, AP, India

Abstract The present experimental research work is focused on enhancing the performance, and emission characteristics of a novel biodiesel blend- a mix of diesel (80%) and tamarind seed oil (20%), represented as tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME 20) along with alumina oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles dispersion. The alumina nano particles (Al2O3) are added to TSME 20 at various concentrations such as 30 ppm, 60 ppm, and 90 ppm and are uniformly dispersed in biodiesel blend with the help of a magnetic stirrer as well as an ultrasonicator. The prepared Al2O3 nanoparticles are synthesized and characterised by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The immersed metallic nanoparticles in TSME 20 exhibit in enhanced brake thermal efficiency as well as significant reductions in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Hence, the alumina oxide doped TSME biodiesel could be a viable alternative solution to diesel that can effectively address global energy crisis and environmental issues. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovations & Initiatives-2017 (ICN:3i2017). Keywords: Tamarind seed methyl ester; Alumina oxide nanoparticles; Performance; Emissions.

E-mail address: [email protected] Corresponding author mobile number: +09848363670

2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovations & Initiatives-2017 (ICN:3i2017).

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Nomenclature BTDC

Before top dead centre

BSFC

Brake specific fuel consumption

BMEP

Brake mean effective pressure

BTE

Brake thermal efficiency

CO

Carbon monoxide

NOX

Nitrogen oxides

HC

Hydrocarbon

SEM

Scanning electron microscope

XRD

X-Ray Diffraction

TSME 20

20 % tamarind seed methyl ester and 80% diesel

TSME ANP- 1

TSME 20 with 30 ppm alumina oxide nanoparticles

TSME ANP -2

TSME 20 with 60 ppm alumina oxide nanoparticles

TSME ANP- 3

TSME 20 with 90 ppm alumina oxide nanoparticles

1. Introduction In recent times, the rapid depletion of crude oil resources, rising environmental pollution concerns and hike in fuel prices have necessitated a greater focus on the need to exploit the biodiesel as an attractive renewable feedstock for the diesel engine. Needless to say, biodiesel is widely regarded as an environment-friendly, economical and abundantly available resource. Over the past many years, researchers have examined different feedstock of biodiesel derived from jatropha curcas, corn seed oil, karanji, pungamia pinnata, mahua seed oil, sunflower, soya bean, etc., and carried out extensive studies on their effect on the performance parameters in a diesel engine. Kader et al. [1] conducted experiments on the optimum extraction of oil from tamarind seed through the fire-tube heating transesterification process, concluding that tamarind seed oil offers a suitable alternate fuel for diesel. Samuel et al. [2] studied the availability and usability of rubber seed oil as an alternate feed stock for diesel fuel in CI engine. The bulk production of rubber seed oil of 17,947.339 tonnes per year and equivalent to 16,691.025 tonnes of biodiesel in subSaharan countries gains much attention to replace the diesel fuel partially or completely in CI engine for sustainable development. Silitonga et al. [3] produced the Ceiba pentandra oil biodiesel by two step acid-based catalyzed transesterification process. Sodium hydroxide was used as a catalyst along with methanol solvent for transesterification. Tan et al. [4] studied about the effect of jatropha biodiesel blends in compression ignition engine emissions characteristics. They were found that continuous decrement in hydrocarbon emissions with increment in load. Raju et al. [5] conducted experiments on compression ignition engine with mahua seed oil as alternate feedstock and reported that the mahua seed bio-fuel blends shown enhanced BTE and lowered exhaust emissions. Raju et al. [6] examined the novel tamarind seed methyl ester biodiesel blends to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. It has been reported that the brake thermal efficiency of diesel engine

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was higher for TSME20 blend when compared other blends of tamarind biodiesel due to more cetane number and higher inherent oxygen content which promote better combustion. Annamalai et al. [7] investigated the effect of ceria nanoparticles blended emulsified biofuel and they reported that the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific energy consumption of ceria nanoparticles dispersed LGO biodiesel were improved due to the larger surface area to volume ratio of cerium oxide nanoparticles as compared to LGO and LGO emulsion. Seesy et al. [8] investigated the effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in Jojoba methyl ester-diesel blended fuel on diesel engine characteristics. They found that the brake thermal efficiency was increased by 16% and a decrease of 15% brake specific fuel consumption. Further, Venu and Madhavan [9] examined the effect of alumina nanoparticles on biodiesel blends, wherein the experimental results revealed reduction in BSFC, NOX, HC, and CO2 in spite of the increase in CO and smoke emission. Sadhik Basha [10] investigated biodiesel and biodiesel emulsions, prepared from vegetable oil that was further mixed with potential additives such as CNT (Carbon Nanotubes) and DEE in order to improve the working attributes of a diesel engine. Selvan et.al [11] examined the influence of cerium and carbon nanotubes as fuel-borne additives in diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends on diesel engine characteristics. They found that the exhaust emissions were decreased throughout the load for nano additive ternary blend due to cleaner combustion. Raju and Kishore [12] examined the influence of different oxygenated fuel additives on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine powered with tamarind seed methyl ester blend at various load conditions. They found the use of oxygenated fuel additives the bio diesel blend decreased the viscosity and there by increased the atomization of air fuel mixture; it was main cause for the enhancement of brake thermal efficiency test fuel. They concluded emissions were decreased for the addition of fuel additives at maximum load condition due to complete combustion. Pali et al. [13] conducted experiments by using Sal methyl ester as biodiesel feedstock in a diesel engine and the outcomes revealed a lower BTE across all biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel. Agarwal et al [14] remarked that pyrolysis offered an optimum solution in generating higher yields of biodiesel with lower viscosity. Raju and Kishore [15] investigated the impact of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)on the emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine operated with 20% tamarind methyl ester biodiesel blend (80% diesel and 20% tamarind seed methyl ester). They varied the EGR rates of 10%, 20% and 30% on volume basis. They noticed significant reduction of NOX emissions are found for TSME 20 with 30% EGR nearly 54.32% and 58.47% when compared to diesel and TSME 20 at maximum load. For TSME 20 with EGR 20% concentration, the reduction in NOX emissions are 45.67% and 52.69 % of diesel and TSME 20 respectively. Anbarasu et al. [16] performed tests on a compression-ignition engine with various blends of alumina nanoparticles and biodiesel and found significant improvements in BTE due to better combustion of nano particles, apart from a considerable reduction in smoke, HC and CO. However, the NOX exhaust of a nano-additive biodiesel blend generated much higher values than diesel as fuel. Singh and Bharj [17] studied the effect of carbon nanotube-added emulsified fuels and concluded that the experimental outcomes have shown a greater enhancement in combustion and performance characteristics. Yetter et al. [18] decisively analyzed the impact of fuel-borne nano additives on combustion, and found that nano fuel catalyst

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addition to diesel and biodiesel fuels lowers the delay period as well as exhaust emissions. Raju [19] conducted experiments with different tamarind seed methyl ester biodiesel blends such as 10%, 20% and 30% at different load conditions on compressed ignition engine to examine the combustion and mission characteristics. The experimental results revealed that 20% tamarind seed methyl ester generated better performance and lower emission characteristics when compared to other blends of tamarind seed methyl ester blends Although a number of researchers have studied a diverse array of biodiesel feedstock, a specific study on tamarind seed oil as biodiesel in diesel engine is yet to be attempted. In fact, no systematic technical literature has been developed on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics powered by tamarind seed oil Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles in tamarind seed biodiesel is a novel approach proposed here that investigates the performance and emission characteristics as well as generates credible technical data on tamarind seed oil as a viable renewable fuel for effective use in biodiesel engines. For the experimental purpose, three different fuels are prepared by varying the concentrations of the nanoparticle as 30 ppm, 60 ppm and 90 ppm with TSME 20 (80% of diesel and 20% of tamarind biodiesel). Therefore, the present study seeks to exploit the influence of alumina oxide nano additives in tamarind seed biodiesel blend at various concentrations as a novel approach to analyze compression-ignition engine characteristics without any modification. 2. Experimental material and methods 2.1 Tamarind seed oil as an alternative fuel The tamarind seed is the type of seed which could be obtained from tamarind fruit of tamarind tree. It is widely and easily available in various places in India. The tamarind seed might contain 30 % of oil. There is limited technical literature on the application of tamarind seed as feedstock for biodiesel production and its usage in compression ignition engine is yet to be endeavoured. The utilization of tamarind is boundless because of its focal part in the cooking styles of the Indian subcontinent. Tamarind seed is a by-product obtained from the processing of tamarind fruit. The physio-chemical properties of the tested fuels are determined experimentally and analyzed with the base fuel as listed in Table1. Table1 Fuel properties of diesel and biodiesel feedstock Properties

Test method ASTM 6751

Diesel

TSME

TSME ANP 30

TSME ANP 60

TSME ANP 90

Density (kg/m3) @15oC

830

843

845.3

846.4

847.9

830

Kinematic Viscosity(Cst)

3.05

3.86

3.88

3.89

3.91

3.05

Calorific Value(MJ/kg)

42.5

41.7

41.75

41.76

41.77

42.5

Flash point (o C)

56

74

75

77

79

56

Cetane index

43

48

51

53

56

43

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2.2 Nano additives as fuel catalyst In recent years, numerous nano additives such as cerium oxide, manganese oxide, alumina oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, ferric oxide etc., have been used as fuel catalysts for improved combustion. The results of the earlier experimental works on dispersion of nano particles in biodiesel were shown increment in brake thermal efficiency while keeping hazardous emissions from the engine at lower levels. In the present work, tamarind seed biodiesel blend (TSME 20) is brought under the influence of alumina oxide as nano fuel catalysts for studying engine characteristics. Then, the nano additives of alumina nanoparticles have been synthesized by the application of sol-gel method, leading to crystallite grain size characterization that uses a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The influence of different nanoparticles on compression ignition engine characteristics such as performance, combustion and emissions characteristics under various loading conditions are addressed. The very small size nanoparticles act as fuel catalyst, which could improve the spray and ignition characteristics through better dispersion stability and low oxidation temperature. Fig.1 shows the fine atomization of nanoparticles dispersed in tamarind seed biodiesel.

Fig.1 Fine atomization of nanoparticles dispersed tamarind biodiesel The properties of alumina oxide nanoparticles are presented in Table 2. The prepared aluminium nano particles are then characterized for grain size by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (VEGA-3-TESCAN) as presented in Fig.2(a).The SEM morphology of Al2O3 nano particles maintain a definite crystalline nature with minimal agglomeration as well as aggregate formation.

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V. Dhaana Raju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 1229–1242 Table 2 Properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles Nano additive Physical appearance

Al2O3

Phase

alpha (á) phase

Crystallite size

20 nm

BET surface area

20 m2/g

Shape

spherical

Purity

99.9%

Form

powder

APS

50-200nm

The average grain size of Alumina oxide is measured at about 20 nm. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) pattern of synthesized Al2O3 nanoparticles is shown in Fig.2 (b). The aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nano particles are blended with the tamarind seed biodiesel by means of a Magnetic stirrer and an Ultrasonicator (Model: larsbo5200, 120W, 40 kHz) to produce a homogeneous nano additive tamarind biodiesel blend. The nano additives of 30 ppm 60 ppm and 90 ppm accurately weighed mass fractions that are disseminated in the tamarind seed methyl ester biodiesel blend by using Ultrasonicator at a frequency of 40 kHz, 120 W for 30 minutes, in order to produce homogeneous mixture.

Fig.2. (a) SEM and (b) XRD morphology of synthesized alumina nanoparticles 3. Experimental setup Experiments have been conducted on a single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer for load fluctuations. These diesel engines are popularly used in irrigation applications as portable generators in India. The required instruments have been arranged after inspection and calibration to estimate engine parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The concentrations of exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC, NOX and O2) are measured with an AVL 444N five gas analyser. Then, the intensity of smoke opacity is measured with the help of an AVL 437C smoke meter. The engine is operated by using diesel fuel to

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generate baseline data. Majority studies reported that the 20 % biodiesel blend of various biofuel feedstock’s shown better performance and lower emission characteristics of diesel engine. Furthermore, ASTM standards also accepting the maximum blending concentration biodiesel is limited to 20% in diesel engine. The schematic representation of the experimental engine is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Schematic representation of the experimental setup The main objective of this research work is to examine the influence of a blend of tamarind seed oil and biodiesel with nanoparticles on compression-ignition engine characteristics under various conditions such as speed at constant rates, fixed compression ratio, injection timing and injection pressure of 1500 rpm, 17.5, 230 BTDC and 200 bar respectively. Table 3 represents the technical specifications of the diesel engine setup. Table 3 Diesel Engine Specifications Engine Type

Kirloskar TAF1 CI engine

Rated speed/ power

1500 rpm/5.2 kW

Cylinder diameter

87.5 mm

Stroke length

110 mm

Stroke volume

661CC

Compression ratio

17.5

Injection timing

23 0 BTDC

Inlet valve open before TDC

4.50

Fuel Injection timing Before TDC

230

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4. Results and discussion 4.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) variation with respect to brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) for nano particles added biodiesel blends and TSME 20 were presented in Fig.4. BTE is mainly influenced by the heat energy content in the fuel as well as the net output of the engine. It indicates the effective conversion of chemical energy available in fuel into heat energy and transformed to mechanical energy at the engine shaft. From the figure, it is observed that when nanoparticles are added to TSME 20 at various concentrations (30 ppm, 60 ppm and 90 ppm) of Al2O3 there is a considerable enhancement in BTE compared to 20% biodiesel blend. The maximum brake thermal efficiency is found from the experimental results of TSME 20 ANP-2 blend is 34.94%. The significant improvement in BTE is primarily attributed to improved atomization, enhanced evaporation rate and better air-fuel mixing in the presence of nano metal particles and also the larger surface area to volume ratio leading to complete combustion. The alumina nanoparticles present in biodiesel act as a fuel catalyst for combustion and oxygen buffer for the complete burning of the air-fuel mixture [20].

Fig.4. Brake thermal efficiency variation with BMEP

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4.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

Fig.5. Brake specific fuel consumption variation with BMEP The fuel consumption for tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) and tamarind seed biodiesel dispersed nanoparticles (Al2O3) at varying brake mean effective pressure is illustrated in Fig.5. The BSFC of any fuel chiefly depends on the heat energy content, density, and viscosity. The specific fuel consumption of the tested biodiesels decreases with corresponding increases in load. TSME ANP-2 is found to have registered minimum value at full load condition.. The brake specific fuel consumption decreases sharply, when BMEP is increased by 50 %, whereas, gets decreased marginally at maximum load condition. However, the experimented fuel samples follow the same pattern in all load conditions. The addition of nanoparticles as fuel catalyst improves the combustion process that results in reduced consumption of specific fuel in biodiesel blends at all load conditions as shown in Fig.5.The nano metallic additives work as a burning catalyst for the biodiesels in order to produce higher pressure and temperature in the engine cylinder. Overall, it is concluded that the least value of BSFC for TSME ANP-2 dispersed biodiesel blend is at 0.24 kg/kWh, which is lower than other tested fuels. 4.3 Carbon monoxide emissions variation (CO) The carbon monoxide (CO) deviation with respect to brake mean effective pressure for different tamarind seed nano additives along with biodiesel blend is shown in Fig.6. Carbon monoxide is primarily formed due to incomplete combustion as its formation depends on the fuel: air ratio, fuel injection pressure, injection timing and the nature of the fuel. It is noticed that CO emissions of biodiesel blends and nanoparticles blended biodiesel follow the same pattern at all load conditions. Also, CO emissions reach the maximum level at the peak load condition due

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to incomplete combustion. From this figure, it is observed that CO emissions of nano additive biodiesel blends are comparatively lower at part load operation when compared to TSME20. When the additives of nano particles in TSME biodiesel blend at various concentrations, it is found that the formation of CO decreases with an increase in engine load. The minimum CO formed in TSME 20 ANP-2 addition stands at 0.032%, which is 62.79 % lower than TSME20, whereas the CO emission formed by tamarind seed oil at full load is 0.094. Hence, the experimental results indicate that nanoparticles additives in the tamarind biodiesel blend significantly reduces carbon monoxide emission at all load conditions.

Fig.6. Carbon monoxide emissions variation with BMEP 4.4 Hydrocarbons emissions variation (HC) The variation between hydrocarbons for tamarind seed biodiesel blend and the nano additive tamarind seed biodiesel blends at various brake mean effective pressure is depicted in Fig.7. The hydrocarbon emissions for the tested nano additive tamarind biodiesel fuels are lower than biodiesel blend in the entire load operation. The hydrocarbon emissions decreased sharply in the tamarind seed biodiesel with the addition of alumina and carbon nanotubes at part load operation of the diesel engine when compared with the tamarind seed biodiesel. However, hydrocarbon emissions increased marginally in the nano metallic particle-added biodiesel at maximum load condition. The HC emissions for TSME 20, TSME ANP-1, TSME ANP-2, TSME ANP-3 biodiesel blends are recorded at 67 ppm, 52 ppm, 45 ppm, 22 ppm respectively at maximum load condition. From the below Fig.7, it is

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concluded that there occurs significant reduction in HC emissions in case of biodiesel blends with nanoparticles additions compared to tamarind seed biodiesel without addition of nanoparticles at part load operation. However, at full load, a lower cylinder chamber temperature is generated due to partial combustion of nanoparticles added tamarind seed oil blends, leading to a possible sudden increase in hydrocarbon emissions [21].

Fig.7. Hydrocarbon emissions variation with BMEP 4.5 Nitrogen Oxide emissions variation (NOX) Nitrogen oxide is mainly generated in a diesel engine due to elevated temperature and accessibility of oxygen during the combustion process. The variation of nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions between nano additive tamarind seed biodiesel blends and biofuel at varying brake mean effective pressure is represented in Fig.8. Usually, the availability of oxygen at a higher exhaust gas temperature in biodiesel blends produces a higher NOX formation. The NOX value is higher at the maximum load for the experimental fuels. A compression ignition engine with a rated capacity of 5.2 kW is used in this experiment. It resulted in the generation of higher level of NOX at all engine load condition. The NOX emissions are marginally lower in case of TSME biodiesel of 2026 ppm when compared to the nanoparticles-added tamarind biodiesel blends of TSME ANP-1 of 2107 ppm and TSME ANP-2 of 2167 ppm respectively. Here, it is concluded that the NOX formation for nanoparticle-added biodiesel blends is marginally higher than biodiesel blend. Among the nanoparticles, the higher NOx emission is reported for alumina oxide and this due to the higher oxygen content in the additive which promotes the NOx formation. The conclusions made by Yasin et al. [22] about NOX emissions are also in accordance with the present experimental result.

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Fig.8. Oxides of nitrogen emissions variation with BMEP 5. Conclusion The present experimental work explores the rich potential of a novel biodiesel in the form of tamarind seed oil for use as a renewable fuel in diesel engines. The abundant availability at almost zero price makes it an attractive option for large scale application in diesel engines in a country like India. The novel use of tamarind seed methyl ester (TSME) offers multiple advantages that include better diesel engine characteristics, significantly lower levels of emission, economical, highly sustainable and eco- friendly. Among all the tested fuels, TSME 20 ANP-2 ppm showed better diesel engine characteristics. Remarkably, the present work demonstrates significant reductions in HC and CO emissions with alumina nanoparticles dispersed in TSME biodiesel blend. Finally, from these experimental findings, it is concluded that TSME 20 ANP-2 biodiesel blend registers better performance values at significantly lower emission levels when compared to other tested fuels. This research work is distinctively original in applying nanoparticles additives to the tamarind biodiesel blend, thereby significantly enhancing engine performance as well as emission characteristics with huge potential for large scale commercial application. References [1]

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