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Historische wirtschaftskarte der rheinlande um 1820
275
GeoforumlVolume
or more of &he book we are led from the account of one folly to another. They are ali familiar for we have been led this way before, and as before the effect is devastating. The physical problems of our ecology are fully explained. An attempt is made to analyse the causes, the growth of affluence and of population, and then, in the second and smaller part of the work, to suggest solutions. The solutions are simply expounded; limitation of population, more equitable distribution of resources and their recycling, and the replacement of the consumer-materialist attitudes, or as the authors express it a replacement of the cowboy mentaiity by a spaceman mentality. The expounding of the solutions does nothing to lift the depression resulting from the first part of the book; indeed it deepens the depression, for although the solutions are basically simple their realisation is not. The capitalist system may offer a greater degree of personal freedom, at least to some, and the marxist system may offer a potentially more just society but both as at present practised argue for economic growth. The environmental problems can be solved only by political action based upon fresh spiritual values, but no political organisation at present in government appears to have the least conception of the magnitude of the problems we face. E. M. YATES,
London
HAHN, H. and W. ZORN (1973): Historische Wirtschaftskarte der Rheinlande urn 1820. (Arbeiten zur Rheinischen Landeskunde, Heft 37). 75 pp., 16 figs., 1 map. Bonn: Ferd. D~mmiers Verlag. DM 26,-. The map, in two parts, is on a scale of 1 200 000 and is accompanied by an explanatory text. Based on topographical surveys of French and Prussian engineers the map is an attempt to recreate the agricultural landscape of the Prussian Rhinelands province of 1820, and to show the distribution of extractive, manufacturing and marketing activities. The scale hinders a detailed land-use presentation so that six categories of land-use are shown: arable, grassland, vineyards, heath, forest, and moor and swamp, much the same categories as could be derived from modern topographical sheets. This is supplemented, however, by piegraphs drawn on the margins of the Kreise showing average cereal harvests and stock, this information being derived from state statistical surveys of the period. The non~agri~ultural activities are shown by symbols. They include coal mines, brick works, textile industries, weapon manufacturers, in all over a dozen types of extractive or manufacturing industry. In addition, details are given of markets, of business houses and, it being the Rhinelands, of river shipping. The map is very clearly produced and is a
G/Number 314 1975
remarkable achievement. It can perhaps be paralleled with some Ordnance Survey productions such as the map of Roman Britain, but they are on a smaller scale and lack the detail. The explanatory text offers some explanation for the distributions revealed in terms of natural regions, but the map, like most products of careful research, reveals aimost as many problems as those for which it provides a solution.
~ewerbebetrieben kann das Problem des Auswanderns hier gel&t werden.
E. M. YATES,
JEFFERSON, R. (1973): Planning and the Innovation Process. Progress in Planning, Vol. 1, Part 3. pp. 233~.312. Oxford: Pergamon Press. El.85
London
ROTHER-HOHENSTEIN, B. (1973): Bevolkerung und Wirtschaft im Gadertal (Dolomiten). Frankfurter Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographische Schriften, Heft 14, XXII u. 205 S., Tabellen, 15 Abb. Frankfurt! Main: Seminar fiir Wirtschaftsgeographie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat. DM 10,80. Mit dem Fassa-Buchenstein und Griidnertal ist das Gadertal eines der Haupttiler, die van der Sellagruppe, dem hydrographis~hen Mittelpunkt der westlichen Dolomiten, abrweigen und die sich mit einer prfzisen Individualitat vorstellen; lndividualitft nicht nur in bezug auf die Sprache (Ladinisch), sondero such wegen der Erhaltung eines reichen Erbes von Sitten und Briuchen, die dem Dolomitenraum eigen sind. Diese Studie beruht auf den Forschungen der Verfasserin wBhrend wiederholter Aufenthalte im Gadertal. Sie ist mit einer reichen Bibliographie ausgestattet. In drei Kapiteln werden der Naturraum und das Siedlungsbild (S. l-201, die Beviilkerung (S. 21-40) und das Wirtschaftsleben (S. 41-140) dieses Tales analysiert. Vie1 Raum ist der Darstellung der Alp wirtschaft gewidmet, die bekanntlich im Begriff ist, ihre traditionellen Eigenschaften zu verlieren zugunsten zeitgemafferer Wirts~haf~formen. Fiir das Gadertal ist dies ein besonders aktuelles Problem, wenn man bedenkt, da8 der grol3e touristische Aufschwung der letzten Jahre die demographischen und Gkonomischen Strukturen verandert und zugleich oft Unsicherheit und Ungewiffheit verursacht hat. Es haben sich daher Gegensatre zwischen dem unteren und dem oberen Tat gebildet. Fiir das obere Gadertal hat sich der Sommerund hauptsachlich der Wintertourismus als eine eminent wichtige Wirtschaftskraft herausgestellt. Damit hat der Fremdenverkehr eine Umkehrung in den Tendenzen der demographischen Evolution verursacht, indem er die Auswanderung hemmt und im Gegenteil eine gewisse Zuwanderung hervorruft. Das untere Gadertal hat die vom Tourismus verursachten Verlnderungen der letrten Zeit nur am Rande gestreift. Nur mit einer gutdurchdachten, technisch produktiven Umstrukturierung der Betriebe und mit dem Aufbau von kieinen
Zusammenfassend: Der Verfasserin ist es gelungen, ein lebendiges Bild des Gadertales zu geben. Dario CROCE, Padova
JEFFERSON has reported on innovation in planning methods in the planning departments of Great Britain and Wales. Questionnaires distributed to planning authorities revealed the following innovative methods and percentages of use: financial appraisal (58%), gravity modelling (38%), cost-benefit-analysis (26%), multivariate statistical techniques (25%), computer data bank (25%), cost effectiveness studies (21%), planning balance sheet (1 S%), linear programming (13%), goals achievement matrix (P%), input-outputanalysis (4%). The author states that an innovation should not be adopted unless it has potential benefit. In addition it is obvious that adoption of innovation is easier if technological readiness exists. If a computer is present, then several related methods may be adopted when they form a useful and harmonious system of operation. However, if an innovation is very complex and if it requires the co-operation of several planning authorities, there may be considerable friction associated with its adoption. If the results produced by a new, method are distinct and easify interpreted, however, friction lessens rapidly. JEFFERSON lists 30 factors for judging the planning environment. When they prevail the probability of adopting an innovation is great. From those factors may be mentioned active participation and opposition of the public, complexity of planning situation and difficulty of planning problems, number of planning staff members and variety of their professional skills as well as use of planning consultants. As a result of an interview of planners in London JEFFERSON concludes that innavation is very often associated with new staff members. Either a newcomer was recruited because of an innovation which he possessed or the newcomer wanted to create a professional reputation with his methodological skills. jEFFERSON’s study is not oniy interesting but also affirmative. But one cannot always find that the environment of a planning department is most important for the needs of innovation. The author has not ignored this. It is true, one learns from the report that in densely populated regions where planning problems are complicated, that
GeoforumlVolume
or more of &he book we are led from the account of one folly to another. They are ali familiar for we have been led this way before, and as before the effect is devastating. The physical problems of our ecology are fully explained. An attempt is made to analyse the causes, the growth of affluence and of population, and then, in the second and smaller part of the work, to suggest solutions. The solutions are simply expounded; limitation of population, more equitable distribution of resources and their recycling, and the replacement of the consumer-materialist attitudes, or as the authors express it a replacement of the cowboy mentaiity by a spaceman mentality. The expounding of the solutions does nothing to lift the depression resulting from the first part of the book; indeed it deepens the depression, for although the solutions are basically simple their realisation is not. The capitalist system may offer a greater degree of personal freedom, at least to some, and the marxist system may offer a potentially more just society but both as at present practised argue for economic growth. The environmental problems can be solved only by political action based upon fresh spiritual values, but no political organisation at present in government appears to have the least conception of the magnitude of the problems we face. E. M. YATES,
London
HAHN, H. and W. ZORN (1973): Historische Wirtschaftskarte der Rheinlande urn 1820. (Arbeiten zur Rheinischen Landeskunde, Heft 37). 75 pp., 16 figs., 1 map. Bonn: Ferd. D~mmiers Verlag. DM 26,-. The map, in two parts, is on a scale of 1 200 000 and is accompanied by an explanatory text. Based on topographical surveys of French and Prussian engineers the map is an attempt to recreate the agricultural landscape of the Prussian Rhinelands province of 1820, and to show the distribution of extractive, manufacturing and marketing activities. The scale hinders a detailed land-use presentation so that six categories of land-use are shown: arable, grassland, vineyards, heath, forest, and moor and swamp, much the same categories as could be derived from modern topographical sheets. This is supplemented, however, by piegraphs drawn on the margins of the Kreise showing average cereal harvests and stock, this information being derived from state statistical surveys of the period. The non~agri~ultural activities are shown by symbols. They include coal mines, brick works, textile industries, weapon manufacturers, in all over a dozen types of extractive or manufacturing industry. In addition, details are given of markets, of business houses and, it being the Rhinelands, of river shipping. The map is very clearly produced and is a
G/Number 314 1975
remarkable achievement. It can perhaps be paralleled with some Ordnance Survey productions such as the map of Roman Britain, but they are on a smaller scale and lack the detail. The explanatory text offers some explanation for the distributions revealed in terms of natural regions, but the map, like most products of careful research, reveals aimost as many problems as those for which it provides a solution.
~ewerbebetrieben kann das Problem des Auswanderns hier gel&t werden.
E. M. YATES,
JEFFERSON, R. (1973): Planning and the Innovation Process. Progress in Planning, Vol. 1, Part 3. pp. 233~.312. Oxford: Pergamon Press. El.85
London
ROTHER-HOHENSTEIN, B. (1973): Bevolkerung und Wirtschaft im Gadertal (Dolomiten). Frankfurter Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographische Schriften, Heft 14, XXII u. 205 S., Tabellen, 15 Abb. Frankfurt! Main: Seminar fiir Wirtschaftsgeographie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat. DM 10,80. Mit dem Fassa-Buchenstein und Griidnertal ist das Gadertal eines der Haupttiler, die van der Sellagruppe, dem hydrographis~hen Mittelpunkt der westlichen Dolomiten, abrweigen und die sich mit einer prfzisen Individualitat vorstellen; lndividualitft nicht nur in bezug auf die Sprache (Ladinisch), sondero such wegen der Erhaltung eines reichen Erbes von Sitten und Briuchen, die dem Dolomitenraum eigen sind. Diese Studie beruht auf den Forschungen der Verfasserin wBhrend wiederholter Aufenthalte im Gadertal. Sie ist mit einer reichen Bibliographie ausgestattet. In drei Kapiteln werden der Naturraum und das Siedlungsbild (S. l-201, die Beviilkerung (S. 21-40) und das Wirtschaftsleben (S. 41-140) dieses Tales analysiert. Vie1 Raum ist der Darstellung der Alp wirtschaft gewidmet, die bekanntlich im Begriff ist, ihre traditionellen Eigenschaften zu verlieren zugunsten zeitgemafferer Wirts~haf~formen. Fiir das Gadertal ist dies ein besonders aktuelles Problem, wenn man bedenkt, da8 der grol3e touristische Aufschwung der letzten Jahre die demographischen und Gkonomischen Strukturen verandert und zugleich oft Unsicherheit und Ungewiffheit verursacht hat. Es haben sich daher Gegensatre zwischen dem unteren und dem oberen Tat gebildet. Fiir das obere Gadertal hat sich der Sommerund hauptsachlich der Wintertourismus als eine eminent wichtige Wirtschaftskraft herausgestellt. Damit hat der Fremdenverkehr eine Umkehrung in den Tendenzen der demographischen Evolution verursacht, indem er die Auswanderung hemmt und im Gegenteil eine gewisse Zuwanderung hervorruft. Das untere Gadertal hat die vom Tourismus verursachten Verlnderungen der letrten Zeit nur am Rande gestreift. Nur mit einer gutdurchdachten, technisch produktiven Umstrukturierung der Betriebe und mit dem Aufbau von kieinen
Zusammenfassend: Der Verfasserin ist es gelungen, ein lebendiges Bild des Gadertales zu geben. Dario CROCE, Padova
JEFFERSON has reported on innovation in planning methods in the planning departments of Great Britain and Wales. Questionnaires distributed to planning authorities revealed the following innovative methods and percentages of use: financial appraisal (58%), gravity modelling (38%), cost-benefit-analysis (26%), multivariate statistical techniques (25%), computer data bank (25%), cost effectiveness studies (21%), planning balance sheet (1 S%), linear programming (13%), goals achievement matrix (P%), input-outputanalysis (4%). The author states that an innovation should not be adopted unless it has potential benefit. In addition it is obvious that adoption of innovation is easier if technological readiness exists. If a computer is present, then several related methods may be adopted when they form a useful and harmonious system of operation. However, if an innovation is very complex and if it requires the co-operation of several planning authorities, there may be considerable friction associated with its adoption. If the results produced by a new, method are distinct and easify interpreted, however, friction lessens rapidly. JEFFERSON lists 30 factors for judging the planning environment. When they prevail the probability of adopting an innovation is great. From those factors may be mentioned active participation and opposition of the public, complexity of planning situation and difficulty of planning problems, number of planning staff members and variety of their professional skills as well as use of planning consultants. As a result of an interview of planners in London JEFFERSON concludes that innavation is very often associated with new staff members. Either a newcomer was recruited because of an innovation which he possessed or the newcomer wanted to create a professional reputation with his methodological skills. jEFFERSON’s study is not oniy interesting but also affirmative. But one cannot always find that the environment of a planning department is most important for the needs of innovation. The author has not ignored this. It is true, one learns from the report that in densely populated regions where planning problems are complicated, that