- Email: [email protected]
Injury Patterns of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes in the United States
Research Forum Abstracts literature does not hold answers to patient perceptions about their personal fall risk, their comfort level in discussing their fall history, or a home safety plan with their health care provider. We piloted a modified CAGE screen (Table) to identify adults at risk for falls. Methods: At a community health event, a convenience sample of participants (50 years or older) was surveyed. The survey included demographics, the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), the modified CAGE and questions about fall risk. The FES is a validated, but longer, survey metric for comparison. A modified CAGE score greater than or equal to 1 was considered positive. Analysis included descriptive statistics and modified CAGE groups were compared by gender, fall risk and history with chisquare. Results: One hundred and seven subjects (66.4% female, 32.7% male) with a mean age of 66 (SD7.9) participated; 98 (91.6%) were Caucasian. Twenty (18.7%) lived alone, 43 (40.2%) had a cat or dog, and 91 (85%) had stairs at home. Six (5.6%) reported using assistive devices, 2 (1.9%) at-risk alcohol use; 9 (8.4%) taking blood thinners, 50 (46.7%) taking blood pressure medications, and 22 (20.6%) one or more medications that could make them drowsy. Thirty-three subjects (30.8%) reported having fallen in the past year; only 13 (39.4% of those fallen) sought treatment. Collectively, these variables resulted in a mean risk of falling score of 2.49 (SD¼1.36) out of 9. Eleven (31.4%) females and 27 (38.0%) males recorded 1 positive responses on the modified CAGE. A modified CAGE positive response was significantly greater among those with past-year falls (51.5%) than those without (29.7%), p¼0.031. A positive modified CAGE screen was also associated with a higher mean FES score (10.82 v 7.83, p<0.001). More females than males reported past year falls (36.6% vs. 17.1%, p¼0.04) yet no difference in fall risk was noted between sexes (4.44 vs. 4.26, p¼0.506). The proportion of modified CAGE positive participants did not vary between females and males (38% vs. 31%, p¼0.505). Of those who screened positive on the modified CAGE, 36 (92.3%) reported comfort in speaking to their health care provider about their fall risk and 26 (66.7%) in having a home safety evaluation. Conclusions: In this pilot, a positive modified CAGE is associated with both higher FES scores and a willingness to discuss fall risk with a health care provider. The modified CAGE may be a useful brief screening tool to detect fall risk in adults. Further studies to determine the extent of its utility in an emergency department should be considered. Modified CAGE screening instrument for mechanical fall Y N a. Have you ever felt you should do something to prevent the possibility of your falling? b. Does it annoy you that your friends or family worry about your falling? c. Have felt ashamed or guilty about falling? d. Have you ever denied to others that you have fallen? e. Do you ever worry that others will treat you differently if they know you have suffered a fall(s)?
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Injury Patterns of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes in the United States
Ross DJ, Tudor GJ, Hafner JW, Jr., Yahuaca BI, Wang H/University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL
Study Objectives: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a combat sport, and is currently more popular than boxing amongst males 18-34 years. The sport allows athletes to use a hybrid of combat disciplines including boxing, martial arts, kickboxing, and wrestling, to either knock out, force an opponent to submit (give up), or win by judge’s scorecard. Despite the sport’s popularity, the overall injury patterns of MMA participants have not been well described. This study seeks to identify the general injury patterns associated with both amateur and professional MMA athletes in training and competition. Methods: A structured anonymous survey was posted as a link on several MMA sites and forums on the World Wide Web. Data was collected over a two-month period. Multiple choice, Likert scales (1 most negative and 5 most positive), and free-text answers were employed. Demographic data including sex, age, athlete class (amateur vs. professional), and experience were obtained; subjects were asked to identify up to ten of their most significant injuries in each body region. Injury data included body part, type of injury, medical care sought, and recovery time. Chi square test and Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test were conducted for categorical,
S108 Annals of Emergency Medicine
continuous outcome variables, respectively. GEE model was used for adjusting for correlate data. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis and p <0.05 was considered significant results. Results: A total of 298 participants (97.6% male, median age of 30 years) were included in the final analysis. Most participants were amateurs (82.8%) participated in MMA for 6 or more years (26.6%) and trained 7-9 hours per week (32.7%). A total of 891 injuries were reported. The mean number of injuries reported were 3.0 (SD 4.6) and 58.4% of participants reported no injuries. The most common body parts injured were: head/face/neck (29.5%, n¼263), leg/ankle/foot (20.2%, n¼180), and upper extremity/arm (18.74%, n¼167). The most common injury types were sprain/strain (23.3%, n¼208), bruise/contusion (20.7%, n¼184) and fracture (14.0%, n¼125). Head injuries (concussion or knockout) represented 4.5% (40/891 injuries) of the total injuries, a rate of 1 head injury per 7.5 participants. A total of 195 injuries (22.2%) required immediate treatment or transport to the emergency department, 240 (34.1%) resulted in the inability to train for >1 week, and 5 (0.6%) of the injuries resulted in a permanent inability to train. Compared to all other injuries, head injuries trended towards more immediate treatment or transport to the emergency department (22.8% vs.42.5%; p¼0.07; OR 1.8, 95% CI [0.95, 3.38]), but had no difference in the ability to train within 1 week or the permanent inability to train (14.6% vs. 12.5%; p¼0.708; OR 1.2, 95% CI [0.45, 3.26]). There was no statistically significant difference for injury proportions by age, sex, height, weight, or time spent training. Professional athletes were 2.8 times more likely than amateur athletes to report an injury (p¼0.0012, 95% CI [1.48, 5.28]). Conclusions: In a national convenience sample of MMA athletes, injuries were common and most often represented sprains/strains and bruises/contusions to the head/face/neck and extremities. A small number of head injuries were reported; these did not result in more frequent immediate treatment or differ in recovery or disability rates. Professional athletes were more likely to report an injury than amateurs.
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Occupational Deaths Due to All-Terrain Vehicle and Utility Vehicle Use in Iowa
Jennissen CA, Hendren SD, Ramirez M, Denning G/University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA; University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Study Objectives: All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and utility vehicles (UTVs) are becoming increasingly valuable assets in many work settings. Few studies have reported information about occupational fatalities related to these vehicles. The object of this study was to describe occupational fatalities from ATV/UTV-related crashes in Iowa and to determine mechanisms of injury and contributing risk factors. Methods: The Iowa Fatality Assessment & Control Evaluation (FACE) Program collects information on all occupational fatalities in the state of Iowa. The FACE program’s publicly accessible website was used to identify ATV/UTV work-related fatalities. Cases were compiled and descriptive analyses were performed. Results: From 1996-2009, the total number of occupational deaths in Iowa was 1133. Of those, 21 involved use of an ATV or UTV, nearly 2% of all occupational fatalities. Seventy-one percent were ATV-related with 29% due to UTVs. All but one case involved farming activities. The most common mechanism of death was a rollover. Excluding cases where the terrain was unknown, all rollover fatalities were due in part to uneven or sloped terrain. This was particularly relevant when victims were on a hill or embankment and there was a shift in the center of gravity, either due to a change in operator positioning or in the movement of materials being hauled. Crush injuries due to the vehicle landing on the victim and pinning them against the ground or an immobile object was the cause of death in 52% of cases. This may be an underestimate, as the cause of death was not mentioned in 24% of fatalities. Only three of the cases involved a crash with another motor vehicle. More than 1/3 of all fatalities were >60 years of age. The helmet status was either unknown or missing in all cases. Conclusions: ATVs and UTVs comprise a small but not insignificant number of occupational deaths in Iowa. The chance of a vehicle rollover is increased by the high center of gravity and the relatively narrow wheelbase, combined with sloped/irregular terrain and the distraction of work activities. The risks of traumatic asphyxiation and bodily injury have become much greater as the weight and engine size of machines has dramatically increased over the past 15 years. Certain groups, such as elderly farmers, may be at increased risk and should be targeted for ATV/UTV safety education.
Volume 62, no. 4s : October 2013
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Injury Patterns of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes in the United States
Ross DJ, Tudor GJ, Hafner JW, Jr., Yahuaca BI, Wang H/University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL
Study Objectives: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is rapidly gaining acceptance as a combat sport, and is currently more popular than boxing amongst males 18-34 years. The sport allows athletes to use a hybrid of combat disciplines including boxing, martial arts, kickboxing, and wrestling, to either knock out, force an opponent to submit (give up), or win by judge’s scorecard. Despite the sport’s popularity, the overall injury patterns of MMA participants have not been well described. This study seeks to identify the general injury patterns associated with both amateur and professional MMA athletes in training and competition. Methods: A structured anonymous survey was posted as a link on several MMA sites and forums on the World Wide Web. Data was collected over a two-month period. Multiple choice, Likert scales (1 most negative and 5 most positive), and free-text answers were employed. Demographic data including sex, age, athlete class (amateur vs. professional), and experience were obtained; subjects were asked to identify up to ten of their most significant injuries in each body region. Injury data included body part, type of injury, medical care sought, and recovery time. Chi square test and Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test were conducted for categorical,
S108 Annals of Emergency Medicine
continuous outcome variables, respectively. GEE model was used for adjusting for correlate data. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis and p <0.05 was considered significant results. Results: A total of 298 participants (97.6% male, median age of 30 years) were included in the final analysis. Most participants were amateurs (82.8%) participated in MMA for 6 or more years (26.6%) and trained 7-9 hours per week (32.7%). A total of 891 injuries were reported. The mean number of injuries reported were 3.0 (SD 4.6) and 58.4% of participants reported no injuries. The most common body parts injured were: head/face/neck (29.5%, n¼263), leg/ankle/foot (20.2%, n¼180), and upper extremity/arm (18.74%, n¼167). The most common injury types were sprain/strain (23.3%, n¼208), bruise/contusion (20.7%, n¼184) and fracture (14.0%, n¼125). Head injuries (concussion or knockout) represented 4.5% (40/891 injuries) of the total injuries, a rate of 1 head injury per 7.5 participants. A total of 195 injuries (22.2%) required immediate treatment or transport to the emergency department, 240 (34.1%) resulted in the inability to train for >1 week, and 5 (0.6%) of the injuries resulted in a permanent inability to train. Compared to all other injuries, head injuries trended towards more immediate treatment or transport to the emergency department (22.8% vs.42.5%; p¼0.07; OR 1.8, 95% CI [0.95, 3.38]), but had no difference in the ability to train within 1 week or the permanent inability to train (14.6% vs. 12.5%; p¼0.708; OR 1.2, 95% CI [0.45, 3.26]). There was no statistically significant difference for injury proportions by age, sex, height, weight, or time spent training. Professional athletes were 2.8 times more likely than amateur athletes to report an injury (p¼0.0012, 95% CI [1.48, 5.28]). Conclusions: In a national convenience sample of MMA athletes, injuries were common and most often represented sprains/strains and bruises/contusions to the head/face/neck and extremities. A small number of head injuries were reported; these did not result in more frequent immediate treatment or differ in recovery or disability rates. Professional athletes were more likely to report an injury than amateurs.
300
Occupational Deaths Due to All-Terrain Vehicle and Utility Vehicle Use in Iowa
Jennissen CA, Hendren SD, Ramirez M, Denning G/University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA; University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Study Objectives: All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and utility vehicles (UTVs) are becoming increasingly valuable assets in many work settings. Few studies have reported information about occupational fatalities related to these vehicles. The object of this study was to describe occupational fatalities from ATV/UTV-related crashes in Iowa and to determine mechanisms of injury and contributing risk factors. Methods: The Iowa Fatality Assessment & Control Evaluation (FACE) Program collects information on all occupational fatalities in the state of Iowa. The FACE program’s publicly accessible website was used to identify ATV/UTV work-related fatalities. Cases were compiled and descriptive analyses were performed. Results: From 1996-2009, the total number of occupational deaths in Iowa was 1133. Of those, 21 involved use of an ATV or UTV, nearly 2% of all occupational fatalities. Seventy-one percent were ATV-related with 29% due to UTVs. All but one case involved farming activities. The most common mechanism of death was a rollover. Excluding cases where the terrain was unknown, all rollover fatalities were due in part to uneven or sloped terrain. This was particularly relevant when victims were on a hill or embankment and there was a shift in the center of gravity, either due to a change in operator positioning or in the movement of materials being hauled. Crush injuries due to the vehicle landing on the victim and pinning them against the ground or an immobile object was the cause of death in 52% of cases. This may be an underestimate, as the cause of death was not mentioned in 24% of fatalities. Only three of the cases involved a crash with another motor vehicle. More than 1/3 of all fatalities were >60 years of age. The helmet status was either unknown or missing in all cases. Conclusions: ATVs and UTVs comprise a small but not insignificant number of occupational deaths in Iowa. The chance of a vehicle rollover is increased by the high center of gravity and the relatively narrow wheelbase, combined with sloped/irregular terrain and the distraction of work activities. The risks of traumatic asphyxiation and bodily injury have become much greater as the weight and engine size of machines has dramatically increased over the past 15 years. Certain groups, such as elderly farmers, may be at increased risk and should be targeted for ATV/UTV safety education.
Volume 62, no. 4s : October 2013