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MEDICAL MEN AS CHIEF MAGISTRATES.
MEDICAL MEN AS CHIEF MAGISTRATES.
1378
Thérapeutique at Paris a discussion took place on this therefore tends to bring pressure on the growing bones subject when several speakers denied the superiority of sea- in the right direction, tending to spread them rather than water over ordinary saline solution or artificial serum. On to contract them in their growth. If we turn to the conthe other hand, it was stated by some speakers that sideration of the process of feeding by means of the ordinary injections of sea-water have a stimulant effect similar to feeding-bottles, the first point to attract attention is the type It is, as a rule, about an inch to that of cold baths and injections of ether, caffeine, of teat usually adopted. a strychnine, and sparteine. This effect was attributed to a one and half inches long. That portion which lies between the lips is cylindrical and less than half an inch in diameter rise in arterial pressure due to the injections. when in use. The lips have to be screwed up to grip it, while the tongue folds in its length round a narrow body MEDICAL MEN AS CHIEF MAGISTRATES. its dorsum. There is, therefore, an elastic Up to the time of going to press we have been notified that lying upon and resisting material which, when pressed against the following members of the medical profession have been the upper gum and the palate, can only touch a comelected,’or re-elected, by their fellow citizens to the mayoral small and central portion of those surfaces, chair for the year 190e-07, viz.: Brighton, Henry Gervis, paratively the bulkiest and broadest part coming into contact M.B , B.C. Cantab., M.R C.S. Eng., L.R C.P. Lond.; Conway, with that portion of the palate which in nature receives Councillor Richard Arthur Prichard, L.R.C.P.Edin., M R C.S. the apex of the cone. The flow of milk through its Eng. ; Hackney, Frederick Montague Miller, M.R.C.S. Eng., orifices is far too slow ; it must be drawn out by L.R.C.P. Lond. ; Lancaster, William Cowan Hamilton, M.B , suction andusually cannot be increased much in volume by the U.M. Glasg. ; Macclesfield, John Somerville, F.R.C.S. Edin., of the jaws ; at the same time air L R.C.P. Edin. ; Oldham, Robert Gourlay, M.B. C.M.Glasg. ; recurring pressure must be admitted through its orifices to the usually New Romney, Richard Rothwell Daglish, M.R.C.S. Eng., to allow of milk being extracted. The cheeks, L.S.A. (re-elected); Southwold, Basil Hubert Howard Tripp, bottle instead of remaining full and passive as in feeding from the M.R.C,S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond. breast, are visibly pushed in by atmospheric pressure. In other words, the act tends to bring pressure on the lateral THE USE CF ARTIFICIAL TEATS AND aspect of the jaws and so contracts rather than expands DEFORMITIES OF THE JAW. them. It is possible that, as Dr. Pedley states, the methods IN a paper which was recently read before the Burma of feeding do influence the growth of the jaws but we can branch of the British Medical Association, and which we hardly agree with him in his other contentions that the regret to have been unable to publish, owing to its length, deformities of protruding teeth, contracted arch, and Dr. T. F. Pedley draws attention to the harmful results adenoids are so intimately connected with artificial teats in the development of the jaws from the use of artificial as he seems to think. We are told by a surgeon attached teats and "baby comforters" The growth of the jaws is, to one of the dental hospitals that quite a large perlike other parts of the body, dependent upon a normal centage of children attending his clinic has been naturally "
amount of functional activity but this fact is too often lost sight of by those meditating upon the causes producing the deformed jaw of the present day. Dr. Pedley in his paper emphasises this point and shows how the normal act of breast-feeding tends to produce the functioral activity of the jaws. He states that if the child is watched taking his natural food it will be noticed that the mouth i3 open to the fullest extent, the child taking a mouthful of the mother’s breast-the nipple together with a large part of the areola disappears far back in the baby’s mouth. At the same time the tongue is protruded over the whole the lower gum and often over the lower lip and its tip may be seen in the angles of the lips. The infant thus has a soft tough mass in his mouth from an inch to one and a half inches wide, half an inch in thickness, and from an inch to one and a half inches long. This pad when subjected to pressure comes into contact with the larger portion of the palate and the upper gum and the upper surface of the tongue. In this act of feeding at the breast the jaws hardly close. The lower jaw is raised to squeeze the pap against the upper gum and the palate, a wave of contraction passes along the intervening tongue from its tip to its base, in the latter part of which movement there is some retraction of the body of the organ, which in this closed cavity makes for suction, then its approximation to the palate pushes the milk into the pharynx to be swallowed. The milk which is contained in the distended ampullas immediately above the nipple is squeezed out rather than drawn out by suction. The jaws then separate to admit more milk into the flaccid apex of the breast for the process to be repeated. The first part of this effort of expression is aided by the lower gum biting inside the upper. The cheeks are passive, the whole act is peristaltic, the alternating pressure and relaxation exerted by the jaws and tongue being analogous to that which the milker imparts with his fingers to the teat of the cow. The muscular effort becomes stronger as the secretion lessens. The natural act of feeding
of
fed but in these deformed arches and adenoids are to be met with in plentiful numbers. It is more than probabte that the type of feeding in infancy does considerably influence the growth of the jaw during that period but the development of the deformed arch and adenoids is more than likely due to other untoward influences, the chief of which are probably want of functional activity due to inefficient mastication and the impure atmosphere of our towns. Dr. Pedley’s paper is a suggestive one and should stimulate others to inquire more fully into the subject, for the exact methods by which the deformed arch is produced are a problem for which no very satisfactory explanation has yet been
forthcoming.
-
SHOP GIRLS AND THE
FACTORY ACTS.
AN important Order under the Factory Act issued by the Home Office will come into operation on Jan. lst next year. By this Order the prohibition of the Factory and Workshop Act of 1901 concerning the employment of young persons under the age of 16 years and children without a certificate of fitness cf the young person or child for employment is extended to various classes of workshops, among which is any workshop in which the following pro-
carried on: "making, altering, ornamenting, finishing, or repairing of wearing apparel by the aid of treadle sewing machines." This Order, it will be seen, includes most, if not all, tailoring, millinery, and drapery cesses
are
establishments. Hitherto it has been found in many manufacturing cities that young girls who wished to enter mills but who were rejected on account of their unfitness promptly secured situations in milliners’ or drapers’ shops. Certifying surgeons under the Factory Acts had no power to deal with such cases but now, of course, they have obtained such powers. It is true that sewing machines have rendered needlewoxk less laborious in some ways than was the process of hand-sewing, but on the other hand the use of the machine has brought numerous evils in its train of which all
.
1378
Thérapeutique at Paris a discussion took place on this therefore tends to bring pressure on the growing bones subject when several speakers denied the superiority of sea- in the right direction, tending to spread them rather than water over ordinary saline solution or artificial serum. On to contract them in their growth. If we turn to the conthe other hand, it was stated by some speakers that sideration of the process of feeding by means of the ordinary injections of sea-water have a stimulant effect similar to feeding-bottles, the first point to attract attention is the type It is, as a rule, about an inch to that of cold baths and injections of ether, caffeine, of teat usually adopted. a strychnine, and sparteine. This effect was attributed to a one and half inches long. That portion which lies between the lips is cylindrical and less than half an inch in diameter rise in arterial pressure due to the injections. when in use. The lips have to be screwed up to grip it, while the tongue folds in its length round a narrow body MEDICAL MEN AS CHIEF MAGISTRATES. its dorsum. There is, therefore, an elastic Up to the time of going to press we have been notified that lying upon and resisting material which, when pressed against the following members of the medical profession have been the upper gum and the palate, can only touch a comelected,’or re-elected, by their fellow citizens to the mayoral small and central portion of those surfaces, chair for the year 190e-07, viz.: Brighton, Henry Gervis, paratively the bulkiest and broadest part coming into contact M.B , B.C. Cantab., M.R C.S. Eng., L.R C.P. Lond.; Conway, with that portion of the palate which in nature receives Councillor Richard Arthur Prichard, L.R.C.P.Edin., M R C.S. the apex of the cone. The flow of milk through its Eng. ; Hackney, Frederick Montague Miller, M.R.C.S. Eng., orifices is far too slow ; it must be drawn out by L.R.C.P. Lond. ; Lancaster, William Cowan Hamilton, M.B , suction andusually cannot be increased much in volume by the U.M. Glasg. ; Macclesfield, John Somerville, F.R.C.S. Edin., of the jaws ; at the same time air L R.C.P. Edin. ; Oldham, Robert Gourlay, M.B. C.M.Glasg. ; recurring pressure must be admitted through its orifices to the usually New Romney, Richard Rothwell Daglish, M.R.C.S. Eng., to allow of milk being extracted. The cheeks, L.S.A. (re-elected); Southwold, Basil Hubert Howard Tripp, bottle instead of remaining full and passive as in feeding from the M.R.C,S. Eng., L.R.C.P. Lond. breast, are visibly pushed in by atmospheric pressure. In other words, the act tends to bring pressure on the lateral THE USE CF ARTIFICIAL TEATS AND aspect of the jaws and so contracts rather than expands DEFORMITIES OF THE JAW. them. It is possible that, as Dr. Pedley states, the methods IN a paper which was recently read before the Burma of feeding do influence the growth of the jaws but we can branch of the British Medical Association, and which we hardly agree with him in his other contentions that the regret to have been unable to publish, owing to its length, deformities of protruding teeth, contracted arch, and Dr. T. F. Pedley draws attention to the harmful results adenoids are so intimately connected with artificial teats in the development of the jaws from the use of artificial as he seems to think. We are told by a surgeon attached teats and "baby comforters" The growth of the jaws is, to one of the dental hospitals that quite a large perlike other parts of the body, dependent upon a normal centage of children attending his clinic has been naturally "
amount of functional activity but this fact is too often lost sight of by those meditating upon the causes producing the deformed jaw of the present day. Dr. Pedley in his paper emphasises this point and shows how the normal act of breast-feeding tends to produce the functioral activity of the jaws. He states that if the child is watched taking his natural food it will be noticed that the mouth i3 open to the fullest extent, the child taking a mouthful of the mother’s breast-the nipple together with a large part of the areola disappears far back in the baby’s mouth. At the same time the tongue is protruded over the whole the lower gum and often over the lower lip and its tip may be seen in the angles of the lips. The infant thus has a soft tough mass in his mouth from an inch to one and a half inches wide, half an inch in thickness, and from an inch to one and a half inches long. This pad when subjected to pressure comes into contact with the larger portion of the palate and the upper gum and the upper surface of the tongue. In this act of feeding at the breast the jaws hardly close. The lower jaw is raised to squeeze the pap against the upper gum and the palate, a wave of contraction passes along the intervening tongue from its tip to its base, in the latter part of which movement there is some retraction of the body of the organ, which in this closed cavity makes for suction, then its approximation to the palate pushes the milk into the pharynx to be swallowed. The milk which is contained in the distended ampullas immediately above the nipple is squeezed out rather than drawn out by suction. The jaws then separate to admit more milk into the flaccid apex of the breast for the process to be repeated. The first part of this effort of expression is aided by the lower gum biting inside the upper. The cheeks are passive, the whole act is peristaltic, the alternating pressure and relaxation exerted by the jaws and tongue being analogous to that which the milker imparts with his fingers to the teat of the cow. The muscular effort becomes stronger as the secretion lessens. The natural act of feeding
of
fed but in these deformed arches and adenoids are to be met with in plentiful numbers. It is more than probabte that the type of feeding in infancy does considerably influence the growth of the jaw during that period but the development of the deformed arch and adenoids is more than likely due to other untoward influences, the chief of which are probably want of functional activity due to inefficient mastication and the impure atmosphere of our towns. Dr. Pedley’s paper is a suggestive one and should stimulate others to inquire more fully into the subject, for the exact methods by which the deformed arch is produced are a problem for which no very satisfactory explanation has yet been
forthcoming.
-
SHOP GIRLS AND THE
FACTORY ACTS.
AN important Order under the Factory Act issued by the Home Office will come into operation on Jan. lst next year. By this Order the prohibition of the Factory and Workshop Act of 1901 concerning the employment of young persons under the age of 16 years and children without a certificate of fitness cf the young person or child for employment is extended to various classes of workshops, among which is any workshop in which the following pro-
carried on: "making, altering, ornamenting, finishing, or repairing of wearing apparel by the aid of treadle sewing machines." This Order, it will be seen, includes most, if not all, tailoring, millinery, and drapery cesses
are
establishments. Hitherto it has been found in many manufacturing cities that young girls who wished to enter mills but who were rejected on account of their unfitness promptly secured situations in milliners’ or drapers’ shops. Certifying surgeons under the Factory Acts had no power to deal with such cases but now, of course, they have obtained such powers. It is true that sewing machines have rendered needlewoxk less laborious in some ways than was the process of hand-sewing, but on the other hand the use of the machine has brought numerous evils in its train of which all
.