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Methods for Measuring Yolk Index1
629
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Summary of results obtained when various levels of vitamin Bit were fed to White Leghorn chicks {ten chicks per group) in a practical corn-soybean ration. (Results with and without antibiotics are shown.) Experiment Sex
117 9 9
82 9 9
109 d"9
(WO) 261
(WO)(W) 287-3381
122 9 9
120 d"9
125 cTc?
127 9 9
(WO) 297 275 325 338 364 308 381 368
(WO)(W) 336* 358* 372* 329-340* 344-369* 358-379* 349-372* 359-377* 405-380*
376
412*
Aig. B i 2 / k g . of
basal ration
277
309-344J
362*-358*
277-263f
285 285 327 290
324-331J 321-345J 324-332%
273-337f 308-335f 334-340f
394*-382* 383*-376* 379*-370* 377* 374* 405*
359*-364* 367*-362* 345*-364* 393* 359* 364* 314*
* 25 mg./kg. procaine penicillin G in ration (replicate groups shown in experiments 120 and 1221. t 25 mg./kg. bacitracin in ration. % 25 mg./kg. streptomycin in ration. Note: (WO) diets without an antibiotic, (W) with an antibiotic.
In the formulation of practical chick starting rations a somewhat higher level would be recommended so as to allow for an ample margin of safety. The level of 2.0 Mg- per lb. (4.4 ixg. per kg.) of ration would be satisfactory for use in starting rations for normal chicks. This level
would remain the same if an antibiotic were included in the ration. REFERENCE Briggs, G. M . , E . G. Hill and M. J. Giles, 1950. Vitamin B12 in all-plant rations for chicks and sparing activity of methionine and choline. Poultry Sci. 29: 723-736.
METHODS FOR MEASURING YOLK INDEX 1 E. A. SAUTER, 2 W. J. STADELMAN,2 VIVIAN HARNS 3 AND B. A. MCLAREN 3 State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication May 4, 1951)
The flattening of the yolk of an egg as it ages was early recognized as a possible means for determining egg quality. Sharp 1 Scientific Paper No. 1020, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, The State College of Washington, Pullman. 2 Department of Poultry Husbandry. 3 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Economics.
and Powell (1930) reported a procedure for determining a value which they called "yolk index." The procedure required removal of the yolk from the albumen and then a five-minute waiting period for the yolk to spread prior to measuring its height and width, two ways at right angles. In 1948, Funk proposed a modification which greatly speeded up the pro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
None 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 ' 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 50.00
Average weight in grams at 5 weeks of age (WO)(W) 239-268f 353* 287*
630
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Relationship of albumen index to ratio between Funk and Sharp and Powell yolk indices
Fowdl index
Ave. yolk • index
Ave. yolk index
Below 30 30HW 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120 121-130 131-140 141-150 151-160 161-170 over 170
.25 .28 .41 .47 .47 .46 .49 .50 .51 .51 .52 .53 .53 .52 .51 .53
.22 .24 .35 .39 .39 .39 .40 .41 .41 .41 .42 .42 .42 .42 .41 .43
Ratio X10 ° 113.6 116.7 117.1 120.5 120.5 117.9 122.5 122.0 124.4 124.4 123.8 126.2 126.2 123.8 124.4 123.3
Funk (1948), a value of 13 percent would fit the freshest eggs he measured. For a more accurate estimation of Sharp and Powell yolk indices from yolk indices determined by the Funk method, the following prediction equation was derived, using treatment means: y = 0.0358+0.745x. The measuring of yolk height and width in position as suggested by Funk (1948) will give a more critical measure of poor quality than when the yolk is separated from the albumen, since there is a larger total change due to breakdown of the albumen in the stale egg. Great care must be exercised, however, in comparison of yolk index values determined by the two methods. REFERENCES Funk, E. M., 1948. The relation of the yolk index determined in natural position to the yolk index as determined after separating the yolk from the albumen. Poultry Sci. 27: 367. Sharp, P. F., and C. K. Powell, 1930. Decrease in internal quality of hen's eggs during storage as indicated by the yolk. Ind. Eng. Chem. 22: 909-910. Wilhelm, L. S., and V. Heiman, 1936. Albumen index determination by nomogram. U. S. Egg and Poult. Mag. 42:426-429.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
cedure. This method involved measuring height and width of yolk without removing it from the albumen and without waiting five minutes. Funk (1948) compared the two methods and suggested that the value determined by his method should be reduced by ten percent for comparison with values determined by the Sharp and Powell (1930) method. In the work herein reported, a similar comparison of the two methods was made. Measurements of yolk index by the Sharp and Powell (1930) and the Funk (1948) method, and albumen index by the Wilhelm and Heiman (1936) method were made on 413 eggs. The eggs tested ranged from fresh (one-day-old) eggs to eggs over two months old which had been held at room temperature and at 36°F. The quality, as determined by albumen indices, varied from 15 to 175, distribution being about equal over this range. The two yolk indices were calculated using method A (Funk) and B (Sharp and Powell). The ratio of the two values was calculated, then multiplied by 100 to convert it into percentage figures. The means of the yolk indices and the ratios X100 are given in Table 1, classified on the basis of albumen indices. The correlation coefficient was calculated for the relationship between albumen index and the ratio between yolk indices using individual observations. The value was found to be 0.945, indicating that the two values are interrelated. This would indicate that the single value of ten percent less, as proposed by Funk (1948) when converting his indices for comparison with Sharp and Powell (1930) values, is an oversimplification. For eggs with high interior quality, the reduction of yolk index as measured by Funk should be 20 per cent, for eggs of lower interior quality about 15 percent, and for stale eggs the ten percent originally suggested. According to data presented by
N E W S AND NOTES
News and Notes (Continued from page 624) ASSOCIATED POULTRY AND EGG INDUSTRIES
4-H CLUB WINNERS
At the 4-H Club Congress held in Chicago in December, the following were named national winners in the 4-H poultry awards program: Virginia E. Andreas, Tulare county, California; Robert H. Baker, Randolph county, West Virginia; Robert L. Crume, Carroll county, Indiana; Morton Hendrix, Hot Springs county, Arkansas; Marilyn J. Klusmeyer, Rock county, Wisconsin; Wanda J. Miller, Kay county, Oklahoma;
BRITISH COLUMBIA NOTES
A new Animal Pathology Laboratory was opened by the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of British Columbia at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in February. Dr. J. C. Bankier is in charge of the Laboratory. It will be diagnostic in function for livestock and poultry. The Dominion and Provincial Governments cooperated in the construction of the building. Equipment was provided by the British Columbia Poultry Industry Council and the livestock industry of the Fraser Valley. KANSAS NOTES
"The Good Egg," a 15 minute, 16 mm. sound and colour film, produced jointly by the Department of Poultry Husbandry of Kansas State College, the Kansas Poultry Industry Council and the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
At a recent meeting of the Associated Poultry and Egg Industries a committee was established to guide a project to study interior quality of eggs. The membership in this committee is composed of H. H. Alp, M. C. Babcock, F. R. Beaudette, E. W. Benjamin, W. C. Berger, T. C. Byerly, C. D. Carpenter, C. Edmonds, G. O. Hall, 0 . A. Hanke, R. Hannas, H. C. Pierce, C. S. Piatt, A. W. Priebe, H. L. Shrader, W. D. Termohlen, L. M. Thompson, G. Treadwell, D. M. Turnbull and A. Van Wagenen. A committee of C. D. Carpenter, 0 . A. Hanke, D. M. Turnbull and A. Van Wagenen was appointed to raise an initial fund of $3000 for preliminary studies on the problems of interior egg quality. If these studies are fruitful, funds will be requested from the Research and Marketing Administration for more extensive investigations. A committee, consisting of C. D. Carpenter, A. Christie, N. R. Clark, O. A. Hanke, L. Hubbard, D. Turnbull and 0 . Olson was named to investigate the possibility of paid advertising for poultry and eggs.
Donald T. Peterson, Jefferson county, Colorado; Norman H. Phelps, Genesee county, New York; Bernard J. Stevermer, Faribault county, Minnesota; and Randolph W. Whaples Jr., Tolland county, Connecticut. In addition to the trip to Chicago, the national winners receive a $300 scholarship. The national 4-H poultry awards program is sponsored by the Dearborn Motors Corporation in co-operation with the state and federal extension services and the National Committee on Boys and Girls Club work. The program also provides awards at the state and county levels. Medals are awarded to the five outstanding 4-H poultry members in each county. One member is selected from each county to enter state competition.
632
NUNC DIMITTIS
NEPPCO NOTES
T. C. Rothbauer has joined the Northeastern Poultry Producers Council as Assistant to the Managing Director at Trenton, New Jersey. He was born in Yonkers, N.Y., and has had practical experience on a large poultry farm in Pennsylvania. Rothbauer majored in
poultry husbandry at the Pennsylvania State College receiving a B.S. degree in 1943. He obtained a M.S. degree at Purdue University in 1951. He has been with the Research Division of the United States Department of Agriculture Poultry Branch, stationed at Purdue University as marketing analyst since 1949. Before joining the U.S.D.A. Poultry Branch in 1948, he was with Wilson and Company, working at poultry and egg plants in Wichita, Kansas and Abilene, Texas. NEPPCO and the Poultry and Egg National Board held their annual "thank you" banquet at the Hotel Statler, New York in April for some 53 food editors representing newspapers, magazines and radio. The 20th Egg Grading School was held at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston in June. Some 40 of the egg quality experts from colleges, state departments, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture gave a four day intensive course on egg grading and quality.
Nunc Dimittis Hctoisf
L
EWIS E. CLINE, Agricultural Econo•^ mist and Marketing Specialist with the Extension Service, University of Nevada, died on April 8th, at his home in Reno. He was 68 years of age. He served with the extension service from 1931 until 1949. For 17 years prior he was Agricultural Agent with the Newlands reclamation project near Fallon,
Nevada. He was the first Nevada agent with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Cline was author of Turkeys—Production, Marketing and Diseases, one of the first books on turkey production. The National Turkey Federation honoured him, for his outstanding service to the industry, by a life membership.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
State Board of Agriculture, with the Seymour Packing Company, Perry Packing Company and Swift and Company cooperating, won first place in a national film competition judged by the American Association of Agricultural College Editors. The International Baby Chick Association has made a grant of $1500 to the Poultry Department, Kansas State College, Manhattan, for a study of infertility in Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys. Similar contributions were made for the past two years. L. F. Payne, Head of the Department, will supervise the study, assisted by C. D. Mueller and F. Moultrie.
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—Summary of results obtained when various levels of vitamin Bit were fed to White Leghorn chicks {ten chicks per group) in a practical corn-soybean ration. (Results with and without antibiotics are shown.) Experiment Sex
117 9 9
82 9 9
109 d"9
(WO) 261
(WO)(W) 287-3381
122 9 9
120 d"9
125 cTc?
127 9 9
(WO) 297 275 325 338 364 308 381 368
(WO)(W) 336* 358* 372* 329-340* 344-369* 358-379* 349-372* 359-377* 405-380*
376
412*
Aig. B i 2 / k g . of
basal ration
277
309-344J
362*-358*
277-263f
285 285 327 290
324-331J 321-345J 324-332%
273-337f 308-335f 334-340f
394*-382* 383*-376* 379*-370* 377* 374* 405*
359*-364* 367*-362* 345*-364* 393* 359* 364* 314*
* 25 mg./kg. procaine penicillin G in ration (replicate groups shown in experiments 120 and 1221. t 25 mg./kg. bacitracin in ration. % 25 mg./kg. streptomycin in ration. Note: (WO) diets without an antibiotic, (W) with an antibiotic.
In the formulation of practical chick starting rations a somewhat higher level would be recommended so as to allow for an ample margin of safety. The level of 2.0 Mg- per lb. (4.4 ixg. per kg.) of ration would be satisfactory for use in starting rations for normal chicks. This level
would remain the same if an antibiotic were included in the ration. REFERENCE Briggs, G. M . , E . G. Hill and M. J. Giles, 1950. Vitamin B12 in all-plant rations for chicks and sparing activity of methionine and choline. Poultry Sci. 29: 723-736.
METHODS FOR MEASURING YOLK INDEX 1 E. A. SAUTER, 2 W. J. STADELMAN,2 VIVIAN HARNS 3 AND B. A. MCLAREN 3 State College of Washington, Pullman (Received for publication May 4, 1951)
The flattening of the yolk of an egg as it ages was early recognized as a possible means for determining egg quality. Sharp 1 Scientific Paper No. 1020, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, The State College of Washington, Pullman. 2 Department of Poultry Husbandry. 3 Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Economics.
and Powell (1930) reported a procedure for determining a value which they called "yolk index." The procedure required removal of the yolk from the albumen and then a five-minute waiting period for the yolk to spread prior to measuring its height and width, two ways at right angles. In 1948, Funk proposed a modification which greatly speeded up the pro-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
None 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 ' 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 50.00
Average weight in grams at 5 weeks of age (WO)(W) 239-268f 353* 287*
630
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Relationship of albumen index to ratio between Funk and Sharp and Powell yolk indices
Fowdl index
Ave. yolk • index
Ave. yolk index
Below 30 30HW 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120 121-130 131-140 141-150 151-160 161-170 over 170
.25 .28 .41 .47 .47 .46 .49 .50 .51 .51 .52 .53 .53 .52 .51 .53
.22 .24 .35 .39 .39 .39 .40 .41 .41 .41 .42 .42 .42 .42 .41 .43
Ratio X10 ° 113.6 116.7 117.1 120.5 120.5 117.9 122.5 122.0 124.4 124.4 123.8 126.2 126.2 123.8 124.4 123.3
Funk (1948), a value of 13 percent would fit the freshest eggs he measured. For a more accurate estimation of Sharp and Powell yolk indices from yolk indices determined by the Funk method, the following prediction equation was derived, using treatment means: y = 0.0358+0.745x. The measuring of yolk height and width in position as suggested by Funk (1948) will give a more critical measure of poor quality than when the yolk is separated from the albumen, since there is a larger total change due to breakdown of the albumen in the stale egg. Great care must be exercised, however, in comparison of yolk index values determined by the two methods. REFERENCES Funk, E. M., 1948. The relation of the yolk index determined in natural position to the yolk index as determined after separating the yolk from the albumen. Poultry Sci. 27: 367. Sharp, P. F., and C. K. Powell, 1930. Decrease in internal quality of hen's eggs during storage as indicated by the yolk. Ind. Eng. Chem. 22: 909-910. Wilhelm, L. S., and V. Heiman, 1936. Albumen index determination by nomogram. U. S. Egg and Poult. Mag. 42:426-429.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
cedure. This method involved measuring height and width of yolk without removing it from the albumen and without waiting five minutes. Funk (1948) compared the two methods and suggested that the value determined by his method should be reduced by ten percent for comparison with values determined by the Sharp and Powell (1930) method. In the work herein reported, a similar comparison of the two methods was made. Measurements of yolk index by the Sharp and Powell (1930) and the Funk (1948) method, and albumen index by the Wilhelm and Heiman (1936) method were made on 413 eggs. The eggs tested ranged from fresh (one-day-old) eggs to eggs over two months old which had been held at room temperature and at 36°F. The quality, as determined by albumen indices, varied from 15 to 175, distribution being about equal over this range. The two yolk indices were calculated using method A (Funk) and B (Sharp and Powell). The ratio of the two values was calculated, then multiplied by 100 to convert it into percentage figures. The means of the yolk indices and the ratios X100 are given in Table 1, classified on the basis of albumen indices. The correlation coefficient was calculated for the relationship between albumen index and the ratio between yolk indices using individual observations. The value was found to be 0.945, indicating that the two values are interrelated. This would indicate that the single value of ten percent less, as proposed by Funk (1948) when converting his indices for comparison with Sharp and Powell (1930) values, is an oversimplification. For eggs with high interior quality, the reduction of yolk index as measured by Funk should be 20 per cent, for eggs of lower interior quality about 15 percent, and for stale eggs the ten percent originally suggested. According to data presented by
N E W S AND NOTES
News and Notes (Continued from page 624) ASSOCIATED POULTRY AND EGG INDUSTRIES
4-H CLUB WINNERS
At the 4-H Club Congress held in Chicago in December, the following were named national winners in the 4-H poultry awards program: Virginia E. Andreas, Tulare county, California; Robert H. Baker, Randolph county, West Virginia; Robert L. Crume, Carroll county, Indiana; Morton Hendrix, Hot Springs county, Arkansas; Marilyn J. Klusmeyer, Rock county, Wisconsin; Wanda J. Miller, Kay county, Oklahoma;
BRITISH COLUMBIA NOTES
A new Animal Pathology Laboratory was opened by the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of British Columbia at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, in February. Dr. J. C. Bankier is in charge of the Laboratory. It will be diagnostic in function for livestock and poultry. The Dominion and Provincial Governments cooperated in the construction of the building. Equipment was provided by the British Columbia Poultry Industry Council and the livestock industry of the Fraser Valley. KANSAS NOTES
"The Good Egg," a 15 minute, 16 mm. sound and colour film, produced jointly by the Department of Poultry Husbandry of Kansas State College, the Kansas Poultry Industry Council and the
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
At a recent meeting of the Associated Poultry and Egg Industries a committee was established to guide a project to study interior quality of eggs. The membership in this committee is composed of H. H. Alp, M. C. Babcock, F. R. Beaudette, E. W. Benjamin, W. C. Berger, T. C. Byerly, C. D. Carpenter, C. Edmonds, G. O. Hall, 0 . A. Hanke, R. Hannas, H. C. Pierce, C. S. Piatt, A. W. Priebe, H. L. Shrader, W. D. Termohlen, L. M. Thompson, G. Treadwell, D. M. Turnbull and A. Van Wagenen. A committee of C. D. Carpenter, 0 . A. Hanke, D. M. Turnbull and A. Van Wagenen was appointed to raise an initial fund of $3000 for preliminary studies on the problems of interior egg quality. If these studies are fruitful, funds will be requested from the Research and Marketing Administration for more extensive investigations. A committee, consisting of C. D. Carpenter, A. Christie, N. R. Clark, O. A. Hanke, L. Hubbard, D. Turnbull and 0 . Olson was named to investigate the possibility of paid advertising for poultry and eggs.
Donald T. Peterson, Jefferson county, Colorado; Norman H. Phelps, Genesee county, New York; Bernard J. Stevermer, Faribault county, Minnesota; and Randolph W. Whaples Jr., Tolland county, Connecticut. In addition to the trip to Chicago, the national winners receive a $300 scholarship. The national 4-H poultry awards program is sponsored by the Dearborn Motors Corporation in co-operation with the state and federal extension services and the National Committee on Boys and Girls Club work. The program also provides awards at the state and county levels. Medals are awarded to the five outstanding 4-H poultry members in each county. One member is selected from each county to enter state competition.
632
NUNC DIMITTIS
NEPPCO NOTES
T. C. Rothbauer has joined the Northeastern Poultry Producers Council as Assistant to the Managing Director at Trenton, New Jersey. He was born in Yonkers, N.Y., and has had practical experience on a large poultry farm in Pennsylvania. Rothbauer majored in
poultry husbandry at the Pennsylvania State College receiving a B.S. degree in 1943. He obtained a M.S. degree at Purdue University in 1951. He has been with the Research Division of the United States Department of Agriculture Poultry Branch, stationed at Purdue University as marketing analyst since 1949. Before joining the U.S.D.A. Poultry Branch in 1948, he was with Wilson and Company, working at poultry and egg plants in Wichita, Kansas and Abilene, Texas. NEPPCO and the Poultry and Egg National Board held their annual "thank you" banquet at the Hotel Statler, New York in April for some 53 food editors representing newspapers, magazines and radio. The 20th Egg Grading School was held at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston in June. Some 40 of the egg quality experts from colleges, state departments, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture gave a four day intensive course on egg grading and quality.
Nunc Dimittis Hctoisf
L
EWIS E. CLINE, Agricultural Econo•^ mist and Marketing Specialist with the Extension Service, University of Nevada, died on April 8th, at his home in Reno. He was 68 years of age. He served with the extension service from 1931 until 1949. For 17 years prior he was Agricultural Agent with the Newlands reclamation project near Fallon,
Nevada. He was the first Nevada agent with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Cline was author of Turkeys—Production, Marketing and Diseases, one of the first books on turkey production. The National Turkey Federation honoured him, for his outstanding service to the industry, by a life membership.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Michigan State University on February 14, 2015
State Board of Agriculture, with the Seymour Packing Company, Perry Packing Company and Swift and Company cooperating, won first place in a national film competition judged by the American Association of Agricultural College Editors. The International Baby Chick Association has made a grant of $1500 to the Poultry Department, Kansas State College, Manhattan, for a study of infertility in Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys. Similar contributions were made for the past two years. L. F. Payne, Head of the Department, will supervise the study, assisted by C. D. Mueller and F. Moultrie.