- Email: [email protected]
New types of mortars obtained by aditiving traditional mortars with natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
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Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 201–207 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
New New types types of of mortars mortars obtained obtained by by aditiving aditiving traditional traditional mortars mortars with with natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a, b Alexandra Alexandra Olga Olga Pintea Pinteaa, *, *, Daniela Daniela Lucia Lucia Manea Maneab
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 15, C. Daicoviciu Street, 400020, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 15, C. Daicoviciu Street, 400020, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 28, Memorandumului Street, 400411, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, of Civil Engineering, Memorandumului Street, 400411, Cluj-Napoca, Romania between usedFaculty capacity and28,operational efficiency 0F
0F
b b
a a
Abstract Abstract
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
b Unochapecó, 89809-000 which Chapecó, SC, Brazil This study represents a synthesis of the worldwide built structures lasted across centuries due to the durability obtained by This study represents a synthesis of the worldwide built structures which lasted across centuries due to the durability obtained by mixing some natural materials enriched with natural polymers. This work aims to identify the natural polymers influence in mixing some natural materials enriched with natural polymers. This work aims to identify the natural polymers influence in obtaining mortar plasters during the buildings evolution techniques. The research sets itself to bring into the front line the obtaining mortar plasters during the buildings evolution techniques. The research sets itself to bring into the front line the forgotten or abandoned solutions. The organic plant supplements and the animal derivates which can be identified inside mortars forgotten or abandoned solutions. The organic plant supplements and the animal derivates which can be identified inside mortars Abstract are usually found at the local plan of the construction. The main additions are: milk products, casein, organic fat, rice, plants saps are usually found at the local plan of the construction. The main additions are: milk products, casein, organic fat, rice, plants saps and different herbs. and different herbs. of "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, Under the concept
information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization © 2018 2019 The © 2018 The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. goes beyond traditional aim of maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. This is an openthe access article under thecapacity CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection lean and peer-review underand responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of Indeed, management continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Keywords: polymer; mortar; mechanicalperspectives. resistance contributions from bothwaterproofing; the practicaldurability; and theoretical This paper presents and discusses a mathematical Keywords: polymer; mortar; waterproofing; durability; mechanical resistance model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s 1. Introduction value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity 1. Introduction optimization might hide operational inefficiency. The The research settled that the use of natural polymers as additives into the mortar plaster leads to an improvement © 2017 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. polymers as additives into the mortar plaster leads to an improvement The research settled that the use of natural of the mechanical properties, to a water resistance increasing and also to different speeds of International carbonation and various Peer-review under responsibility scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society of the mechanical properties, of to the a water resistance increasing and also to different speeds of carbonation Conference and various textures. Natural polymers from compatible traditional building materials are used both in restorations of the 2017. textures. Natural polymers from compatible traditional building materials are used both in restorations of the architectural heritage and in modern architecture as long as natural stone is used. architectural heritage and in modern architecture as long as natural stone is used. Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-212-4594. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-212-4594. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is anAfonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.203
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Starch modifies air content, the water absorption capacity, the density, the fixation time and so on. The cactus extract increases the plasticity, improves water absorption and stabilizes salt resistance. ,,Jaggery,, usage in concrete mixtures improves the workability by preventing the lack of omogenity. Animal clay used on mortars increases mechanical resistance. Olive oil improves mortar‘s impermeability. Jelly rice paste, the liquid clay obtained from elm carving, addings, dark brown clay resulted from brown sugar during the refinery process, boiled banana stems and leaves, oils, egg white, nut crust, liquid resin, the sticky cactus liquid, latex from natural rubber are all natural proteins and polymers which can be found in mortars. 2. Discovered buildings with organic/inorganic polymers into mortars composition. 2.1. Romania The colors of Romania’s churches mural paintings (kept very alive during centuries), looks like a miracle and they are also an exception in mural’s pictures techniques all the more so as the monuments are located in a very hard climate zone. Except the black pigment obtained from charcoal, all other pigments used in interior and exterior painting are natural or synthetic mineral substances: clay colored with ferric oxide hydrated clay (ochre), or anhydrous ferric oxide (red ochre), hydrosilicate of Fe, Al, Mg, and K (earth green), lead red oxide, copper minerals (azurite and malachite), mercury sulphide, silicates, CaCO3. [1] The church of Voronet Monastery, see Fig. 1(a), is one of the many medieval art monuments from Bucovina. It was been built in 1488 by the ruler Stephen the Great. The construction has been finished in a record time for those days (and for nowadays too), so it has been erected in 3 months and 3 weeks away from its foundation to its consecration. Regarding the blue color (the famous Voronet blue), this was obtained using the ,,azurite,, pigment [Cu2(OH)203] which has been put on a black background made of wood charcoal. This black background was chosen both for optical reasons (it amplifies the blue colour) and for chemical reasons (to isolate the azurite from the excessive alkalinity of lime). [2] In some of the samples taken is observed that besides the blue azurite, there are also traces of enamel blue, preserved in varying proportions depending of conservation conditions. The Voronet’s outside painting (done in 1547 on a particular plaster, obtained from lime mortar mixed with sand and crushed brick) is known to be weather resistant. The painting technique was certainly a mixed one: it had been starting by applying the colours in fresco (the background) and had been followed by putting some colours (which had an organic protein inside binder) on a not completely dried plaster (intonaco). From all the proteins used as binder casein is the one that, together with lime, from a more resistant structure named calcium caseinate. This one was made from lime and cottage cheese. [2] After all the cream from milk was removed, the cottage cheese was mixed with lime powder. Even if both elements were solide, from their mixture a liquid was formed: calcium caseinate (that is how we name it nowadays). When all the colours were applied, water was coming out from plaster. That is how a crust was formed and its purpose was to protect the painting. [2] This specific technique was used also to finish Humor Monastery, see Fig. 1(b). The monastery’s church was built from river stones ,,tied up ,, with lime and sand mortar. In 1532 when the construction was finished, the first plaster was applied. In order to be able to celebrate religious masses in a ,,beautified,, church, the gray plaster was quickly painted in tiny pale red and white squares stones and bricks imitation. Then the painter masters come and paint masterpieces which resisted through centuries and can be seen nowadays, too. They put a new plaster (obtained from limestone mixed with hemp). [2] There are some details about this church which made it so distinguished: it has no steeple above the nave, and for the first time in Moldavien architecture it can be noticed an open church porch (instead of a closed one). The plinth of the church is made of large carved stones and the roof is tall, breaking slope ones. The roof extends above the apse and forms a large eaves, typically for the pre-mountain area.
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a.
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b.
Fig. 1. (a) Voronet Monastery [3] ; (b) Humor Monastery [4] 2.2. Italy Mortars used for the Roman Empire buildings present a huge scientifically interest due to their unbeatable resistance and durability. [5] From all the antic engineering achievements, the buildings erected by the romans are the most impressive. Always searching for the improvement of the materials technical performance, the romans had been experienced the modification of the mixtures of lime mortars with volcanic ash existing near the city of Pozzouli, near Naples, Italy. The Pantheon is a building in Rome that ha been constructed in 125 AC, initially as a temple for the seven ancient deities of the Antic Rome and from the VII-th century it has been transformed into a Christian Church. Its height is equal to the diameter measuring 43 m. The dome style roof has an ,,oculus,, (an opening ) of 9,14 meter in diameter. Through this oculus sun light was entering with an intensity equal with that of an movie set reflector. For almost 2000 years it lasts and it is not from steel reinforced concrete. It is the best preserved roman building and the world’s most important old building with an intact original roof. The dome is made from concrete mixed with volcanic tuff and pumice stone. The concrete’s composition differs from base to the top, with lower and lower aggregate’s densities towards the upper zone. See Fig 2(a). On materials from Ortobella pier from Cosa harbor, it has been discovered with the help of X ray method, that sea water mixed with volcanic tuff and lime lead to a minerals interconnection increasing and so it’s practical impenetrable. This pier has standed not only against waves but also against time, too and that’s because of these minerals developed into the rifts caused by tidal erosion, at permanent contact with salted water. Cosa Harbour is the oldest roman harbor built in 273 BC, 140 km north from Rome. The history of Cosa Harbour from a colony into a maritime export centre for wine and fish products and an import centre for luxury goods, reflects Rome transformation from an agrar country into a maritime commercial superpower. Cosa reached its peak in the first two centuries AC, when the huge concrete gates, visible nowadays, had been built. The concrete pozzolanical structures from Cosa are the oldest examples of this revolutionary building material invented by the romans and used till the inventing of the Portland concrete, in the modern times. See Fig. 2(b). a.
b.
Fig. 2. (a) The Pantheon from Rome; (b) The Cosa harbour from Orbetello
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2.3. China In China, sticky rice is used as an additive in ancient architecture. Sticky rice plays an essential role in the consolidation of lime mortar as well as the properties of its microstructure. Due to its outstanding qualities such as high resistance to adhesion, good durability, water resistance and others, sticky rice mortar should be one of the greatest technological contributions ever recorded. It was determined that sticky rice functioned as a biomineralization matrix that affected the calcium carbonate crystal's microstructure and that the sticky rice worked together with the calcite product during the mortar's hardening process. This could lead to excellent mortar performance. Because of the excellent performance and its importance in science, sticky rice mortar could be considered one of the greatest inventions in the history of construction in China. The study of sticky mortar will prove important for exploration and repair of ancient structures. [6], [7] Scientists' research has identified the presence of the polysaccharide amylopectin that can be found in rice and other starch-rich foods. It functions as the miracle component responsible for the endurance of this wondrous substance. [8] See Fig. 3. The Great Wall of China measures 21.196,18 kilometers in length and is still "the longest wall on Earth". It is unclear which of the ancient Chinese states decided to surround its territory with layers of earth and stone. In order to protect his unified state, the first emperor of China, Qin (221-210 BC) commanded that the fortifications built by his predecessors be linked. Thus he would advance both to the east and to the west creating an about 5000 kilometers long wall, that will eventually become famous, during the next dynasty, the Han (206-220 BC), the wall was again extended to the east and to the west up to a length of 21.196,18 kilometers. Having suffered great damage over a millennium, a portion of around 6,400 kilometers of the Great Wall of China was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), a dynasty that has placed the state's capital city in Beijing (where it still stands today). [9] Winding around on mountain and hill peaks as well as deep valleys, the wall occasionally boasted fortresses of a parallelepiped-like shape, and tall defensive towers. It has a hight of 12 meters a width of 6.5 meters. It was paved with stone, used as a strategic road and commercial road. Cast aside and forgotten starting with the 19th century, the Great Wall of China was taken under government protection in 1952, being declared a historic monument of China. That being said, only a small portion of the wall was rehabilitated and made accessible for tourists. [9] "Analytical studies showed that the ancient mortar used for the masonry is a kind of composite material made up of both organic and inorganic elements. The inorganic component is calcium carbonate and the organic one is amylopectin from the rice soup added to the mixture. Moreover, we have discovered that amylopectin functions as an inhibitor within the mixture. The growth of carbonate calcium crystals was thereby controlled leading to the creation of a compact microstructure, the cause of this kind of mortar's remarkable performance. " according to Prof. Biangjian Zhang. [8] a.
b.
Fig. 3. The Great wall of China, a.[9]; b,[10]
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2.4. India In India, several local materials such as surkhi (broken bricks), batasha (drops of sweet sugar), urad ki dal (white lentils), egg whites, malai (cream), tambacoo sheera (tobacco cores) were used as additives in the mortar during the reign of Akbar, but widely used as additives during the reign of Shah Jahan. In addition to these belgiri (local materials), limes were also added. Jute was used in some cases in order to prevent cracks. [5] Jaggery was another material mixed in with lime, sand, and clay and used as cement for the stacking of bricks. Concrete made with additives such as sugar and jaggery can be used in particular situations. Using these mixtures will reduce segregation. Sugar is a carbohydrate, a substance composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Jaggery is made from sugar cane or through the evaporation of palm sap. Cement has been replaced by sugar cane (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash - SCBA) in the production of mortar and concrete. The lime mortar fabrication technology used at Hiran Minar Pakistan proved to be the most effective in terms of water resistance, see Fig. 4(a) and at the Fort of Vettimurichakotta, Pazhavangadi, East Fort, West Fort, Puthen street, Sreevaraham and Virakupurakkotta, Keral, see Fig. 4(b), indicates the use of powdery shells, nine different herbs and jaggery. [5] a.
b.
Fig. 4. (a) Hiran Minar, Sheikhupura Pakistan ; (b) Fortul Vettimurichakotta, Pazhavangadi [12] India also made use of a different composition in the mixture of plaster, which was discovered on a palm leaf manuscript found in the Padmanabhapuram Palace. The mortar used in most of Delhi's medieval buildings was an organic mortar that, in addition to the common building materials such as stone or brick and lime, contained ingredients such as cow dung, schinduf (a herbaceous plant with flowers belonging to the white pea family, with aromatic seeds), lentils, yoghurt and apple or bael pulp. Organic mortar has the advantage of allowing moisture to pass through the building, which prevents the installation of moisture, particularly in places with high amounts of rainfall, such as Chor Minar in Delhi during the monsoon, see Fig. 5(a) The best architecture Ahom. The two-story octagonal structure, Rang Ghar, is constructed with exotic materials - jaggery, black gram, elephant grass (robust tropical African grass), limestone, glue removed from snails, lime powder, long fish bones, mustard oil, incense and last but not least bricks and stones, see Fig. 5(b). [5] a.
b.
Fig. 5. (a) Chor Minar, Delhi; (b) Rang Ghar, Sivasagar
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3. Conclusions The synthesis made for the constructions where polymer mortars were used, showed the benefits of natural polymers which had determined a durability for decades/hundreds of years regarding the facades quality. Lime mortars were used on a large scale in many old buildings because of their good performance regarding ripening properties waterproofing, rain resistance, etc. The applying of traditional construction methods as organic-inorganic lime mortars, draw lately increased focus on preserving and restoring old buildings. The components of the initial lime-mortar that remained into the old buildings are an issue of fundamental importance, especially regarding the role of additives. The historical example proved the efficiency of additives usage, in particularly those who are taken from nature and are sustainable. The performance of these additives must be studied, because they are linking the present with the past but also ensure their compatibility, visual and physical, with the old one. [5] In Indo-Muslim architecture, [11] Jharoka investigated and identified the fact that mortar is made from the mixture of gypsum or slaked lime, sand and ash. The following additives (Tab. 1.) are used to modify the properties of lime mortar. [6] Table 1. Mineral additions and their purposes used in Indo-Muslim architecture. [6] The name of the material
The purpose of use
Plants
Match, effect
Curd
Soft finishing
Dal urd (lentil)
Plasticizer
Jute fibre
Better connection
Gum from plants
Delays
Raw sugar
Linking agent
Straw
The reducing of cracks
Glue
Increases bond strength
Jaggery sugar
Strengthening, petrification
Concluding, these materials must be used because they bring an improvement of the mechanical properties, increase impermeability but they are also time resistant, some of the constructions has resisted more than 2000 years. The research aims to make people aware of the lime mortar with natural polymers recipes and bring them up to date in nowadays society. References [1] Istudor, I. Technical details of Voronet paintings Art Conservation support. [Publication Date] 08 12 2010. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://acs.org.ro/ro/conservare/255-detalii-tehnice-ale-picturii-de-la-voronet. [2] Anonimous. The secrets of „Voronet blue” and „ white Humor”. Gândul – newspaper. [Publication Date] 18 09 2008. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/secretele-albastrului-de-voronet-si-albului-de-humor-3197351. [3] Anonimous. The secrets of Voronet Monastery. 10 unknown things about the Sixteen Chapel of East and how the wonderful Voronet blue has appeared. Romanian identity. [Publication Date] [Quote: 18 03 2018.] https://identitatea.ro/tainele-manastirii-voronet-zece-lucruri-maiputin-stiute-despre-capela-sixtina-a-estului/. [4] Anonimous Humor Monastery. Romania’s mountains. [Publication Date] [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://romaniamontana.ro/en/proprietate/judet/suceava/manastirea-humorului/. [5] Acharya, A., Archroy, S. și Gokhale, V. A. Role of Additives in Mortars: Historic Precedents. 2, s.l. : Anjali Acharya.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 2017, Vol. 7. ISSN: 2248-9622. [6] Sekar, S. K. and Thirumalini, S. , Review on Herbs used as Admixture in Lime Mortar used in Ancient Structures.. 8, s.l. : International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Aug 2013, Vol. 3. ISSN-2249-555X. [7] FuWei, Y., and others. Traditional mortar represented by sticky rice mortar- One of the great inventions in ancient china Science in China E: Technological Sciences, Special issue in. s.l. : Vol.52, Nr. 6, 2008. pg. 1641-1647.
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[8] Vintilă-Bolchiș, O. The Great Wall of China has overcome a century due to……rice. The Diary.ro. [Publication Date] 05 06 2010. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://jurnalul.ro/afla-ce-e-nou/marele-zid-chinezesc-a-rezistat-sutelor-de-ani-datorita-orezului-545810.html. [9] Alice Diana Bodoc, 16 curiosities about The Great Wall of China&Photos [Publication Date] 13.08.2013 [Quote: 09.07.2018] http://www.redescoperaistoria.ro/2013/08/13/16-informatii-interesante-despre-marele-zid-chinezesc-galerie-foto/ [10] Ungureanu, R. 2000 kilometres have dissapeared from the Great Wall of China! The reason? Know the world. [Publication Date] 30 06 2015. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] www.cunoastelumea.ro/aproximativ-2-000-de-kilometri-din-marele-zid-au-disparut-motivul/. [11] Jharoka, Jaipur și Nath, R. “A illustrated Glossary of Indo – Muslim Architecture. India : Ajay Nath for HRD Programme Jaipur, 1986. pg. 81. [12] Paul Ashis, When I Walked The Royal Mile A morning walk through the pages of history gave me myriad pages of memories [Publication Date] 29 05 2011. [Quote: 09 07 2018.] http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/When-I-Walked-The-Royal-Mile
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Available Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 32 (2019) 201–207 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
The The 12th 12th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in in Engineering Engineering
New New types types of of mortars mortars obtained obtained by by aditiving aditiving traditional traditional mortars mortars with with natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June natural polymers to increase physico-mechanical performances 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain
a, b Alexandra Alexandra Olga Olga Pintea Pinteaa, *, *, Daniela Daniela Lucia Lucia Manea Maneab
Costing models for capacity optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 15, C. Daicoviciu Street, 400020, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 15, C. Daicoviciu Street, 400020, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 28, Memorandumului Street, 400411, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, of Civil Engineering, Memorandumului Street, 400411, Cluj-Napoca, Romania between usedFaculty capacity and28,operational efficiency 0F
0F
b b
a a
Abstract Abstract
A. Santanaa, P. Afonsoa,*, A. Zaninb, R. Wernkeb a
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
b Unochapecó, 89809-000 which Chapecó, SC, Brazil This study represents a synthesis of the worldwide built structures lasted across centuries due to the durability obtained by This study represents a synthesis of the worldwide built structures which lasted across centuries due to the durability obtained by mixing some natural materials enriched with natural polymers. This work aims to identify the natural polymers influence in mixing some natural materials enriched with natural polymers. This work aims to identify the natural polymers influence in obtaining mortar plasters during the buildings evolution techniques. The research sets itself to bring into the front line the obtaining mortar plasters during the buildings evolution techniques. The research sets itself to bring into the front line the forgotten or abandoned solutions. The organic plant supplements and the animal derivates which can be identified inside mortars forgotten or abandoned solutions. The organic plant supplements and the animal derivates which can be identified inside mortars Abstract are usually found at the local plan of the construction. The main additions are: milk products, casein, organic fat, rice, plants saps are usually found at the local plan of the construction. The main additions are: milk products, casein, organic fat, rice, plants saps and different herbs. and different herbs. of "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, Under the concept
information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization © 2018 2019 The © 2018 The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. goes beyond traditional aim of maximization, contributing also for organization’s profitability and value. This is an openthe access article under thecapacity CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection lean and peer-review underand responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.instead of Indeed, management continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Keywords: polymer; mortar; mechanicalperspectives. resistance contributions from bothwaterproofing; the practicaldurability; and theoretical This paper presents and discusses a mathematical Keywords: polymer; mortar; waterproofing; durability; mechanical resistance model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s 1. Introduction value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity 1. Introduction optimization might hide operational inefficiency. The The research settled that the use of natural polymers as additives into the mortar plaster leads to an improvement © 2017 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. polymers as additives into the mortar plaster leads to an improvement The research settled that the use of natural of the mechanical properties, to a water resistance increasing and also to different speeds of International carbonation and various Peer-review under responsibility scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society of the mechanical properties, of to the a water resistance increasing and also to different speeds of carbonation Conference and various textures. Natural polymers from compatible traditional building materials are used both in restorations of the 2017. textures. Natural polymers from compatible traditional building materials are used both in restorations of the architectural heritage and in modern architecture as long as natural stone is used. architectural heritage and in modern architecture as long as natural stone is used. Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency
1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-212-4594. * The Corresponding author. Tel.: +4-075-212-4594. cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity in several©ways: tons of production, available 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is anAfonso. open access under the761; CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) * Paulo Tel.:article +351 253 510 +351 253license 604 741 This is an open access article under the CC fax: BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. E-mail address: [email protected] Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under of the scientificbycommittee the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2019responsibility The Authors. Published Elsevier of Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 12th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.203
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Starch modifies air content, the water absorption capacity, the density, the fixation time and so on. The cactus extract increases the plasticity, improves water absorption and stabilizes salt resistance. ,,Jaggery,, usage in concrete mixtures improves the workability by preventing the lack of omogenity. Animal clay used on mortars increases mechanical resistance. Olive oil improves mortar‘s impermeability. Jelly rice paste, the liquid clay obtained from elm carving, addings, dark brown clay resulted from brown sugar during the refinery process, boiled banana stems and leaves, oils, egg white, nut crust, liquid resin, the sticky cactus liquid, latex from natural rubber are all natural proteins and polymers which can be found in mortars. 2. Discovered buildings with organic/inorganic polymers into mortars composition. 2.1. Romania The colors of Romania’s churches mural paintings (kept very alive during centuries), looks like a miracle and they are also an exception in mural’s pictures techniques all the more so as the monuments are located in a very hard climate zone. Except the black pigment obtained from charcoal, all other pigments used in interior and exterior painting are natural or synthetic mineral substances: clay colored with ferric oxide hydrated clay (ochre), or anhydrous ferric oxide (red ochre), hydrosilicate of Fe, Al, Mg, and K (earth green), lead red oxide, copper minerals (azurite and malachite), mercury sulphide, silicates, CaCO3. [1] The church of Voronet Monastery, see Fig. 1(a), is one of the many medieval art monuments from Bucovina. It was been built in 1488 by the ruler Stephen the Great. The construction has been finished in a record time for those days (and for nowadays too), so it has been erected in 3 months and 3 weeks away from its foundation to its consecration. Regarding the blue color (the famous Voronet blue), this was obtained using the ,,azurite,, pigment [Cu2(OH)203] which has been put on a black background made of wood charcoal. This black background was chosen both for optical reasons (it amplifies the blue colour) and for chemical reasons (to isolate the azurite from the excessive alkalinity of lime). [2] In some of the samples taken is observed that besides the blue azurite, there are also traces of enamel blue, preserved in varying proportions depending of conservation conditions. The Voronet’s outside painting (done in 1547 on a particular plaster, obtained from lime mortar mixed with sand and crushed brick) is known to be weather resistant. The painting technique was certainly a mixed one: it had been starting by applying the colours in fresco (the background) and had been followed by putting some colours (which had an organic protein inside binder) on a not completely dried plaster (intonaco). From all the proteins used as binder casein is the one that, together with lime, from a more resistant structure named calcium caseinate. This one was made from lime and cottage cheese. [2] After all the cream from milk was removed, the cottage cheese was mixed with lime powder. Even if both elements were solide, from their mixture a liquid was formed: calcium caseinate (that is how we name it nowadays). When all the colours were applied, water was coming out from plaster. That is how a crust was formed and its purpose was to protect the painting. [2] This specific technique was used also to finish Humor Monastery, see Fig. 1(b). The monastery’s church was built from river stones ,,tied up ,, with lime and sand mortar. In 1532 when the construction was finished, the first plaster was applied. In order to be able to celebrate religious masses in a ,,beautified,, church, the gray plaster was quickly painted in tiny pale red and white squares stones and bricks imitation. Then the painter masters come and paint masterpieces which resisted through centuries and can be seen nowadays, too. They put a new plaster (obtained from limestone mixed with hemp). [2] There are some details about this church which made it so distinguished: it has no steeple above the nave, and for the first time in Moldavien architecture it can be noticed an open church porch (instead of a closed one). The plinth of the church is made of large carved stones and the roof is tall, breaking slope ones. The roof extends above the apse and forms a large eaves, typically for the pre-mountain area.
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b.
Fig. 1. (a) Voronet Monastery [3] ; (b) Humor Monastery [4] 2.2. Italy Mortars used for the Roman Empire buildings present a huge scientifically interest due to their unbeatable resistance and durability. [5] From all the antic engineering achievements, the buildings erected by the romans are the most impressive. Always searching for the improvement of the materials technical performance, the romans had been experienced the modification of the mixtures of lime mortars with volcanic ash existing near the city of Pozzouli, near Naples, Italy. The Pantheon is a building in Rome that ha been constructed in 125 AC, initially as a temple for the seven ancient deities of the Antic Rome and from the VII-th century it has been transformed into a Christian Church. Its height is equal to the diameter measuring 43 m. The dome style roof has an ,,oculus,, (an opening ) of 9,14 meter in diameter. Through this oculus sun light was entering with an intensity equal with that of an movie set reflector. For almost 2000 years it lasts and it is not from steel reinforced concrete. It is the best preserved roman building and the world’s most important old building with an intact original roof. The dome is made from concrete mixed with volcanic tuff and pumice stone. The concrete’s composition differs from base to the top, with lower and lower aggregate’s densities towards the upper zone. See Fig 2(a). On materials from Ortobella pier from Cosa harbor, it has been discovered with the help of X ray method, that sea water mixed with volcanic tuff and lime lead to a minerals interconnection increasing and so it’s practical impenetrable. This pier has standed not only against waves but also against time, too and that’s because of these minerals developed into the rifts caused by tidal erosion, at permanent contact with salted water. Cosa Harbour is the oldest roman harbor built in 273 BC, 140 km north from Rome. The history of Cosa Harbour from a colony into a maritime export centre for wine and fish products and an import centre for luxury goods, reflects Rome transformation from an agrar country into a maritime commercial superpower. Cosa reached its peak in the first two centuries AC, when the huge concrete gates, visible nowadays, had been built. The concrete pozzolanical structures from Cosa are the oldest examples of this revolutionary building material invented by the romans and used till the inventing of the Portland concrete, in the modern times. See Fig. 2(b). a.
b.
Fig. 2. (a) The Pantheon from Rome; (b) The Cosa harbour from Orbetello
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2.3. China In China, sticky rice is used as an additive in ancient architecture. Sticky rice plays an essential role in the consolidation of lime mortar as well as the properties of its microstructure. Due to its outstanding qualities such as high resistance to adhesion, good durability, water resistance and others, sticky rice mortar should be one of the greatest technological contributions ever recorded. It was determined that sticky rice functioned as a biomineralization matrix that affected the calcium carbonate crystal's microstructure and that the sticky rice worked together with the calcite product during the mortar's hardening process. This could lead to excellent mortar performance. Because of the excellent performance and its importance in science, sticky rice mortar could be considered one of the greatest inventions in the history of construction in China. The study of sticky mortar will prove important for exploration and repair of ancient structures. [6], [7] Scientists' research has identified the presence of the polysaccharide amylopectin that can be found in rice and other starch-rich foods. It functions as the miracle component responsible for the endurance of this wondrous substance. [8] See Fig. 3. The Great Wall of China measures 21.196,18 kilometers in length and is still "the longest wall on Earth". It is unclear which of the ancient Chinese states decided to surround its territory with layers of earth and stone. In order to protect his unified state, the first emperor of China, Qin (221-210 BC) commanded that the fortifications built by his predecessors be linked. Thus he would advance both to the east and to the west creating an about 5000 kilometers long wall, that will eventually become famous, during the next dynasty, the Han (206-220 BC), the wall was again extended to the east and to the west up to a length of 21.196,18 kilometers. Having suffered great damage over a millennium, a portion of around 6,400 kilometers of the Great Wall of China was rebuilt during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), a dynasty that has placed the state's capital city in Beijing (where it still stands today). [9] Winding around on mountain and hill peaks as well as deep valleys, the wall occasionally boasted fortresses of a parallelepiped-like shape, and tall defensive towers. It has a hight of 12 meters a width of 6.5 meters. It was paved with stone, used as a strategic road and commercial road. Cast aside and forgotten starting with the 19th century, the Great Wall of China was taken under government protection in 1952, being declared a historic monument of China. That being said, only a small portion of the wall was rehabilitated and made accessible for tourists. [9] "Analytical studies showed that the ancient mortar used for the masonry is a kind of composite material made up of both organic and inorganic elements. The inorganic component is calcium carbonate and the organic one is amylopectin from the rice soup added to the mixture. Moreover, we have discovered that amylopectin functions as an inhibitor within the mixture. The growth of carbonate calcium crystals was thereby controlled leading to the creation of a compact microstructure, the cause of this kind of mortar's remarkable performance. " according to Prof. Biangjian Zhang. [8] a.
b.
Fig. 3. The Great wall of China, a.[9]; b,[10]
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2.4. India In India, several local materials such as surkhi (broken bricks), batasha (drops of sweet sugar), urad ki dal (white lentils), egg whites, malai (cream), tambacoo sheera (tobacco cores) were used as additives in the mortar during the reign of Akbar, but widely used as additives during the reign of Shah Jahan. In addition to these belgiri (local materials), limes were also added. Jute was used in some cases in order to prevent cracks. [5] Jaggery was another material mixed in with lime, sand, and clay and used as cement for the stacking of bricks. Concrete made with additives such as sugar and jaggery can be used in particular situations. Using these mixtures will reduce segregation. Sugar is a carbohydrate, a substance composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Jaggery is made from sugar cane or through the evaporation of palm sap. Cement has been replaced by sugar cane (Sugarcane Bagasse Ash - SCBA) in the production of mortar and concrete. The lime mortar fabrication technology used at Hiran Minar Pakistan proved to be the most effective in terms of water resistance, see Fig. 4(a) and at the Fort of Vettimurichakotta, Pazhavangadi, East Fort, West Fort, Puthen street, Sreevaraham and Virakupurakkotta, Keral, see Fig. 4(b), indicates the use of powdery shells, nine different herbs and jaggery. [5] a.
b.
Fig. 4. (a) Hiran Minar, Sheikhupura Pakistan ; (b) Fortul Vettimurichakotta, Pazhavangadi [12] India also made use of a different composition in the mixture of plaster, which was discovered on a palm leaf manuscript found in the Padmanabhapuram Palace. The mortar used in most of Delhi's medieval buildings was an organic mortar that, in addition to the common building materials such as stone or brick and lime, contained ingredients such as cow dung, schinduf (a herbaceous plant with flowers belonging to the white pea family, with aromatic seeds), lentils, yoghurt and apple or bael pulp. Organic mortar has the advantage of allowing moisture to pass through the building, which prevents the installation of moisture, particularly in places with high amounts of rainfall, such as Chor Minar in Delhi during the monsoon, see Fig. 5(a) The best architecture Ahom. The two-story octagonal structure, Rang Ghar, is constructed with exotic materials - jaggery, black gram, elephant grass (robust tropical African grass), limestone, glue removed from snails, lime powder, long fish bones, mustard oil, incense and last but not least bricks and stones, see Fig. 5(b). [5] a.
b.
Fig. 5. (a) Chor Minar, Delhi; (b) Rang Ghar, Sivasagar
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3. Conclusions The synthesis made for the constructions where polymer mortars were used, showed the benefits of natural polymers which had determined a durability for decades/hundreds of years regarding the facades quality. Lime mortars were used on a large scale in many old buildings because of their good performance regarding ripening properties waterproofing, rain resistance, etc. The applying of traditional construction methods as organic-inorganic lime mortars, draw lately increased focus on preserving and restoring old buildings. The components of the initial lime-mortar that remained into the old buildings are an issue of fundamental importance, especially regarding the role of additives. The historical example proved the efficiency of additives usage, in particularly those who are taken from nature and are sustainable. The performance of these additives must be studied, because they are linking the present with the past but also ensure their compatibility, visual and physical, with the old one. [5] In Indo-Muslim architecture, [11] Jharoka investigated and identified the fact that mortar is made from the mixture of gypsum or slaked lime, sand and ash. The following additives (Tab. 1.) are used to modify the properties of lime mortar. [6] Table 1. Mineral additions and their purposes used in Indo-Muslim architecture. [6] The name of the material
The purpose of use
Plants
Match, effect
Curd
Soft finishing
Dal urd (lentil)
Plasticizer
Jute fibre
Better connection
Gum from plants
Delays
Raw sugar
Linking agent
Straw
The reducing of cracks
Glue
Increases bond strength
Jaggery sugar
Strengthening, petrification
Concluding, these materials must be used because they bring an improvement of the mechanical properties, increase impermeability but they are also time resistant, some of the constructions has resisted more than 2000 years. The research aims to make people aware of the lime mortar with natural polymers recipes and bring them up to date in nowadays society. References [1] Istudor, I. Technical details of Voronet paintings Art Conservation support. [Publication Date] 08 12 2010. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://acs.org.ro/ro/conservare/255-detalii-tehnice-ale-picturii-de-la-voronet. [2] Anonimous. The secrets of „Voronet blue” and „ white Humor”. Gândul – newspaper. [Publication Date] 18 09 2008. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/secretele-albastrului-de-voronet-si-albului-de-humor-3197351. [3] Anonimous. The secrets of Voronet Monastery. 10 unknown things about the Sixteen Chapel of East and how the wonderful Voronet blue has appeared. Romanian identity. [Publication Date] [Quote: 18 03 2018.] https://identitatea.ro/tainele-manastirii-voronet-zece-lucruri-maiputin-stiute-despre-capela-sixtina-a-estului/. [4] Anonimous Humor Monastery. Romania’s mountains. [Publication Date] [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://romaniamontana.ro/en/proprietate/judet/suceava/manastirea-humorului/. [5] Acharya, A., Archroy, S. și Gokhale, V. A. Role of Additives in Mortars: Historic Precedents. 2, s.l. : Anjali Acharya.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 2017, Vol. 7. ISSN: 2248-9622. [6] Sekar, S. K. and Thirumalini, S. , Review on Herbs used as Admixture in Lime Mortar used in Ancient Structures.. 8, s.l. : International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Aug 2013, Vol. 3. ISSN-2249-555X. [7] FuWei, Y., and others. Traditional mortar represented by sticky rice mortar- One of the great inventions in ancient china Science in China E: Technological Sciences, Special issue in. s.l. : Vol.52, Nr. 6, 2008. pg. 1641-1647.
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[8] Vintilă-Bolchiș, O. The Great Wall of China has overcome a century due to……rice. The Diary.ro. [Publication Date] 05 06 2010. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] http://jurnalul.ro/afla-ce-e-nou/marele-zid-chinezesc-a-rezistat-sutelor-de-ani-datorita-orezului-545810.html. [9] Alice Diana Bodoc, 16 curiosities about The Great Wall of China&Photos [Publication Date] 13.08.2013 [Quote: 09.07.2018] http://www.redescoperaistoria.ro/2013/08/13/16-informatii-interesante-despre-marele-zid-chinezesc-galerie-foto/ [10] Ungureanu, R. 2000 kilometres have dissapeared from the Great Wall of China! The reason? Know the world. [Publication Date] 30 06 2015. [Quote: 18 03 2018.] www.cunoastelumea.ro/aproximativ-2-000-de-kilometri-din-marele-zid-au-disparut-motivul/. [11] Jharoka, Jaipur și Nath, R. “A illustrated Glossary of Indo – Muslim Architecture. India : Ajay Nath for HRD Programme Jaipur, 1986. pg. 81. [12] Paul Ashis, When I Walked The Royal Mile A morning walk through the pages of history gave me myriad pages of memories [Publication Date] 29 05 2011. [Quote: 09 07 2018.] http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/When-I-Walked-The-Royal-Mile