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Organochlorinated compounds in water of Chalus River
S198
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 180S (2008) S32–S246
During 2006 and 2007, an increased number of complaints related to uncharacteristic, intensive, aromatic compound smell of water from local waterworks were received from particular residential buildings. Water surveillance revealed elevated levels of total hydrocarbons (occasionally even exceeding 3000 g/L). The water pipes fitted in the buildings were analyzed according to a modified procedure, using identical but brand-new pipes as blank test. The procedure included analysis of model solution extracts over 24, 48 and 72 h. The procedure was repeated upon pipe rinsing with tap water and detergents. Extracts were analyzed for the presence of total hydrocarbons, BTX, heavy metals and PAH. The results obtained showed hydrocarbon levels to exceed MAC several dozen times. The levels of total hydrocarbons decreased with each 24-h extraction to fall below MAC upon thorough wash. Contamination was not recorded in blank test samples. The techniques of IR, GCMS, AAS and HPLC were employed. All water samples collected at hydrants before connection to the “sick building” waterworks system were found to be safe. The study demonstrated that there was no primary pipe contamination with hydrocarbons and that this contamination could generally be eliminated by proper pipe washing with water and detergents. However, as pipe washing could not be performed because of the complex waterworks system, exchange of waterworks fittings in “sick buildings” was suggested. The cause of contamination remained in part obscure; however, the study revealed a number of technical faults due to construction. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.220 E069 Tebuthiuron herbicide bioconcentration in sugarcane plants Sonia Queiroz 1,∗ , Lourival Paraiba 1 , Antonio Cerdeira 1 , Marcus Matallo 2 , Daniel Franco 2 , Vera Ferracini 1 1
Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariuna, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Biologico, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
2
Instituto
Sugarcane is a very important crop for sugar and biofuel production in Brazil. This crop requires a high input of herbicides that can contaminate soil, water and plant. We developed a mathematical model that may aid the understanding the uptake by plants of these compounds and the subsequent environmental contamination. Herbicide physical–chemical properties and sugarcane plant physiological properties were used to develop the model to simulate herbicide uptake and the sugarcane herbicide bioconcentration factor (BCF). The model was developed assuming that the herbicide degradation in the soil and metabolism and dilution in the plant are described by first order kinetic equations and also, that herbicide uptake by plants from soil solution occurs through the plant water transpiration stream. The BCF value was calculated for the steady state chemical equilibrium between the plant concentration and soil solution concentration. An experiment was made in order to confirm the bioconcentration of tebuthiuron in sugarcane. Thus, different concentrations of tebuthiuron were applied in sugarcane (0.017; 0.17; 1.7; 170, and 170 mg/l) and after 50 days the samples were collected and analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The chromatographic conditions were: C-18 column, detection at 253 nm and mobile phase acetonitrilie: water 50:50 (v/v). The extraction method was the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Effective, Cheap, Robust and Safe) modified for this matrix. Recoveries ranged from 90% to 98% and the limit of quantification was 0.04 mg/kg. Tebuthiuron was detected in all samples indicating that this herbicide is bioconcentrated in sugarcane and confirming the prediction of the mathematical model. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.221
E070 Organochlorinated compounds in water of Chalus River Mohammad Hassan Rabie Rad 1,2,∗ , Zahra Nazari Khorasgani 1,2 , Gholamreza Reissi 1,2 , Roya Amirpour 1,2 , Azita Dadfar 1,2 1 Central Laboratory of Ahvaz Water & Wastewater Company, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2 Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran
Chalus River with 80 km long comes from Kandovan Mountain then it graft to Caspian Sea on Chalus city (small city on east of Mazandaran province). The important rivers that make Chalus are: Zanus and Mikhsaz. Calus River is too important because of the fishes that have like Azad, sefid. Human pollution of rivers is common, and very few rivers in the world today are clean of man-made substances. In order to separation and quantification of selected organochlorine pesticides residues {OP’DDT, PP’DDT, alderin, dieldrin, heptachlor, (␣,,␥,␦)HCH, (␣,) endosulfan and metoxychlor} of water of Chalus River at Mazandarn province in Iran, one composite sample was taken every month which comprising 20 grab samples. Water samples were acidified to pH < 2 and extracted three times with n-hexane, concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator for Florisil column chromatography cleanup and fractioned by elution with 3 different solvent mixtures of petroleum and diethyl ether. Finally the elutes concentrated to dryness using rotary vacuum evaporator and then the residues were dissolved in hexane and analyzed by GC-ECD. In general all of 12 investigated organochlorine pesticides were detected. Regardless to the kind of organochlorine pesticide the most pollution was seen in August with 85.219 and the least contaminated water of Chalus River were in March with 22.25 g/L. The highest and lowest mean concentrations of 12 investigated pesticides belong to -endosulfan and PP’DDT in 28.510 and 0.01 g/L respectively. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.222 E071 Metabolism and target characterization of a rat-selective toxicant norbormide Shanthinie Ravindran 1,2,∗ , Brian Hopkins 1,2 , Ravindra Telang 1,2 , Malcolm Tingle 1,2 1
Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
2
The University of
Norbormide is a vasoactive compound that displays remarkable species and tissue selectivity. In rat peripheral arteries it has vasoconstrictor activity, which results in coronary constriction leading to irreversible cardiac damage. In marked contrast, in rat aorta and arteries of other species it exhibits vasorelaxant properties. The species variation may arise through differential dynamic and/or kinetic properties. The present study investigated whether there is species-specific metabolism and the receptor target for norbormide in rat blood vessels. Norbormide underwent metabolism in liver preparations from rats, mice and guinea pigs with the preferred cofactor NADPH. There were differences in both the rate and routes of metabolism across species, with metabolism in rat far greater than in other species tested. Resolution of the metabolites was achieved by HPLC and identified by LC/MS. Receptor affinity study in rat peripheral vessels revealed that the toxin induces IP3 , confirming the involvement of cell surface receptor/s. As norbormide and sarafotoxin (snake venom-S6c) possess similar physiological profiles albeit norbormide’s species-selectivity, and S6c’s selectivity for ETB receptors, we investigated the role of endothelin recep-
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 180S (2008) S32–S246
During 2006 and 2007, an increased number of complaints related to uncharacteristic, intensive, aromatic compound smell of water from local waterworks were received from particular residential buildings. Water surveillance revealed elevated levels of total hydrocarbons (occasionally even exceeding 3000 g/L). The water pipes fitted in the buildings were analyzed according to a modified procedure, using identical but brand-new pipes as blank test. The procedure included analysis of model solution extracts over 24, 48 and 72 h. The procedure was repeated upon pipe rinsing with tap water and detergents. Extracts were analyzed for the presence of total hydrocarbons, BTX, heavy metals and PAH. The results obtained showed hydrocarbon levels to exceed MAC several dozen times. The levels of total hydrocarbons decreased with each 24-h extraction to fall below MAC upon thorough wash. Contamination was not recorded in blank test samples. The techniques of IR, GCMS, AAS and HPLC were employed. All water samples collected at hydrants before connection to the “sick building” waterworks system were found to be safe. The study demonstrated that there was no primary pipe contamination with hydrocarbons and that this contamination could generally be eliminated by proper pipe washing with water and detergents. However, as pipe washing could not be performed because of the complex waterworks system, exchange of waterworks fittings in “sick buildings” was suggested. The cause of contamination remained in part obscure; however, the study revealed a number of technical faults due to construction. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.220 E069 Tebuthiuron herbicide bioconcentration in sugarcane plants Sonia Queiroz 1,∗ , Lourival Paraiba 1 , Antonio Cerdeira 1 , Marcus Matallo 2 , Daniel Franco 2 , Vera Ferracini 1 1
Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariuna, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Biologico, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
2
Instituto
Sugarcane is a very important crop for sugar and biofuel production in Brazil. This crop requires a high input of herbicides that can contaminate soil, water and plant. We developed a mathematical model that may aid the understanding the uptake by plants of these compounds and the subsequent environmental contamination. Herbicide physical–chemical properties and sugarcane plant physiological properties were used to develop the model to simulate herbicide uptake and the sugarcane herbicide bioconcentration factor (BCF). The model was developed assuming that the herbicide degradation in the soil and metabolism and dilution in the plant are described by first order kinetic equations and also, that herbicide uptake by plants from soil solution occurs through the plant water transpiration stream. The BCF value was calculated for the steady state chemical equilibrium between the plant concentration and soil solution concentration. An experiment was made in order to confirm the bioconcentration of tebuthiuron in sugarcane. Thus, different concentrations of tebuthiuron were applied in sugarcane (0.017; 0.17; 1.7; 170, and 170 mg/l) and after 50 days the samples were collected and analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The chromatographic conditions were: C-18 column, detection at 253 nm and mobile phase acetonitrilie: water 50:50 (v/v). The extraction method was the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Effective, Cheap, Robust and Safe) modified for this matrix. Recoveries ranged from 90% to 98% and the limit of quantification was 0.04 mg/kg. Tebuthiuron was detected in all samples indicating that this herbicide is bioconcentrated in sugarcane and confirming the prediction of the mathematical model. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.221
E070 Organochlorinated compounds in water of Chalus River Mohammad Hassan Rabie Rad 1,2,∗ , Zahra Nazari Khorasgani 1,2 , Gholamreza Reissi 1,2 , Roya Amirpour 1,2 , Azita Dadfar 1,2 1 Central Laboratory of Ahvaz Water & Wastewater Company, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2 Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran
Chalus River with 80 km long comes from Kandovan Mountain then it graft to Caspian Sea on Chalus city (small city on east of Mazandaran province). The important rivers that make Chalus are: Zanus and Mikhsaz. Calus River is too important because of the fishes that have like Azad, sefid. Human pollution of rivers is common, and very few rivers in the world today are clean of man-made substances. In order to separation and quantification of selected organochlorine pesticides residues {OP’DDT, PP’DDT, alderin, dieldrin, heptachlor, (␣,,␥,␦)HCH, (␣,) endosulfan and metoxychlor} of water of Chalus River at Mazandarn province in Iran, one composite sample was taken every month which comprising 20 grab samples. Water samples were acidified to pH < 2 and extracted three times with n-hexane, concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator for Florisil column chromatography cleanup and fractioned by elution with 3 different solvent mixtures of petroleum and diethyl ether. Finally the elutes concentrated to dryness using rotary vacuum evaporator and then the residues were dissolved in hexane and analyzed by GC-ECD. In general all of 12 investigated organochlorine pesticides were detected. Regardless to the kind of organochlorine pesticide the most pollution was seen in August with 85.219 and the least contaminated water of Chalus River were in March with 22.25 g/L. The highest and lowest mean concentrations of 12 investigated pesticides belong to -endosulfan and PP’DDT in 28.510 and 0.01 g/L respectively. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.222 E071 Metabolism and target characterization of a rat-selective toxicant norbormide Shanthinie Ravindran 1,2,∗ , Brian Hopkins 1,2 , Ravindra Telang 1,2 , Malcolm Tingle 1,2 1
Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand, Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
2
The University of
Norbormide is a vasoactive compound that displays remarkable species and tissue selectivity. In rat peripheral arteries it has vasoconstrictor activity, which results in coronary constriction leading to irreversible cardiac damage. In marked contrast, in rat aorta and arteries of other species it exhibits vasorelaxant properties. The species variation may arise through differential dynamic and/or kinetic properties. The present study investigated whether there is species-specific metabolism and the receptor target for norbormide in rat blood vessels. Norbormide underwent metabolism in liver preparations from rats, mice and guinea pigs with the preferred cofactor NADPH. There were differences in both the rate and routes of metabolism across species, with metabolism in rat far greater than in other species tested. Resolution of the metabolites was achieved by HPLC and identified by LC/MS. Receptor affinity study in rat peripheral vessels revealed that the toxin induces IP3 , confirming the involvement of cell surface receptor/s. As norbormide and sarafotoxin (snake venom-S6c) possess similar physiological profiles albeit norbormide’s species-selectivity, and S6c’s selectivity for ETB receptors, we investigated the role of endothelin recep-