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Progress in metal physics
BOOK RIWIEWS
148
1958. There me twenty-seven papers, with discussions, arrenged in four sections : Strength in Compression, Tension, Bending and Sheltr ; Elasticity and Creep ; I)ynamir Loading, Impact and ~~~grnen~~tion ; Action of Tools. Among the materials referred t,o are coal, carbon and graphite, rocks, c-ram&, gypsum, <*oncrete, brick and glass. The standard of t,he ~(~I~tributions is high and the book is very well illustrated and nicsely produc~~l.
W. PRAGER : Introduction
to Plasticity.
Addison- Wesley, Reading,
&ss..
1959. 14X pp..
$9.50. THIS is a revised version of the author’s Pro&me der PZastizitdtstheorie (Birkhiiuser, Basel, 1953), reviewed in this Journal (1856 4, 206). The principal ellanges are the addition of numerous practice problems and more recent references. The textual changes are comparatively slight. Chapters I and II are changed only in details. In (‘hnptcr III the section on the influence of distortion in connexion with limit design hi&s been amplilied. and a new se&on addttd on ttrc optimum weight design of plat,es and reclund:mt frames. In (‘hapter IV some aclditiom~l esamplrs of large plastic flow are included. This edition in Knglish is a welcome addition to the existing introductory texts. It has brcn well produced, but the price of so short a book is likely to \JCc+onsidered high in this caountry.
Progress in Metal Physics. Vol. 7. Press, London, 1958. 4f)8 pp. 110s.
Edited
by B. CHALMRRS and R. KING.
I’ergnmon
FOR THOSE familiar with previous volumes in this series it will be sufficient assurance to say that, in Volume 7 the happy choice of authors and high standard of production characteristic of the series is well maintained. &oh of the five review articles which comprise this volume is written by an expert directly engaged in the particular field; the presentation is such, however, that they all make their appeal both to fellow specialists and to those whose atquaintwnre with metal physics has not speci%ally included the subject of review. H. M. ROSEKBERGof the Clarendon Laboratory presents the results of many recent studies of the physical and mechanical properties of metals at low temperature and illustrates well the particular advantages of low temperature work in formulating the electronic structure of metals and the mechanism of plastic flow. A rather similar approach is taken by J. N. ~IORSTmTEIL of Bell Telephone Laboratories who, in an article entitled ‘ Equilibrium, Diffusion and Imperfections in Semi-conductors,’ seeks not merely to catalogue information in this field, hut to bring out the wider significance of observations made on semi-conductors which contribute to the solution of problems in rnetnl physics, Again, in a ~orrlpreherlsi~~ereview of the stored energy of cold work, A. I,.TITCHENER and Y. B. BLVLR after summarizing the rnitny measurements made of this quantity discufis how these have contributed to onr understanding of such complex processes as deformation and annealing. If a distinction between ‘ metal physics ’ and ‘ physical metallurgy ’ could be made then the remaining two articles would probably fall into the latter class. 1n sn excellent contribution on marten&tic transformations L. iiftin+rMhNand &%.COHEN of M.1.T. present the modern view of the kinetics and thermodynamics of this intrigui~ mode of phase change. This is a subject in which there has been intense activity in recent years and a comprehensive account from a school which hns played a leading role in the work is to be welcomed. Finally, the ’ Physical Bletallurgy of Titanium Alloys ’ is reviewed by R. I. JAFFEIZ: of Battelle nlemorictl Institute. Without disputing the obvious merit of this article, the value to metal physics of what is commercially largely ernpiricral information on certain alloys, must be very limited.
vital, but
Boon
149
REVIEWS
An exacting test of the value of a review series of this kind is the useful life of each volume. Judged on this basis the verdict is wholly satisfying for in the reviewer’s experience even the first issue published a decade ago still does useful service, a quite remarkable achievement considering the rapidity of advancement of this branch of science. There is no reason to believe that this latest volume will have any less lasting merit and the only regret is that its price may exclude it from the personal library of many who would profit by its possession. S. G. GLCWER
1’. 1% MosKX
: Linear
Structural
Analysis.
Thames and Hudson, London,
1959, xii
+
170 pp., 35s. THE SUB-TITLE:to this book is ‘ An Introduction to the Influence Coelllcient Method applied to Statically Indeterminate Structures.’ This well expresses the limitations as well as the scope of the book. The procedure followed is first to introduce sufficient cuts (or ‘ releases ‘) into the structure to render it statically determinate. The influence coefficients then calculated are the flexibility coefficients relating the discontinuities at the cuts to the redundant forces which must be introduced to restore continuity after the external loads have been applied to the released structure. These flexibility coefficients are derived from the energy relations by the principle of least work, and the author enters in some detail into the numerical procedures involved. The equations establishing the continuity of the structure are then assembled, and this concludes that part of the treatise really concerned with the theory of structures. The renyitinder of the book describes how matrix methods may be used to solve these linear equations. There is a chapter summarizing some of the elementary properties of matrices. and another illustrating the numerical procedure for inverting a symmetrical matrix by triangular resolution. Matrix solutions are then discussed in relation to the derivation of the final stresses in the structure, the choice of release systems, the effect of choice of release system on the form of the flexibility matrix, and numerical solution by electronic digital computer. The main defect of the book is that the treatment is too limited to give a balanced view of the general principles of linear structural analysis and the application of matrix methods. The use of the least work relations to set up the initial equations is by no means always the best procedure. The influence coefficient method is not ideally suited to machine computation, since the operator is required to carry out many processes which, using stiffness methods, are effectively carried out by the machine itself. On the other hand, the limited scope of the book does mean that a complete method of structural analysis and computation is expounded within a small compass, providing a useful introduction to matrix methods. Provided its limitations are recognized, the book can be thoroughly recommended both to advanced students and research workers in structures, and t,o practising structural engineers. M. R. HORNE
Non-Homogeneity in Elasticity and Plasticity. Edited by W. OLWAK. (Proceedings I.U.T.A.M. Symposium, Warsaw, 1958). Pergamon Press, London, 1959, 528 pp., 25.
of
papers submitted to the Symposium are reproduced here in full, the languages being English and French. The papers are mostly grouped under five headings : Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology, Wave Propagation, Statistical and Micro Non-homogeneity. The main theme is the formulation of field equations and methods of solution in the mechanics of homogeneous anisotropic continua or non-homogeneous isotropic continua, principally elastic, rigid/plastic, elastic/plastic, and visco-elastic solids. ~+TY-FIVE
148
1958. There me twenty-seven papers, with discussions, arrenged in four sections : Strength in Compression, Tension, Bending and Sheltr ; Elasticity and Creep ; I)ynamir Loading, Impact and ~~~grnen~~tion ; Action of Tools. Among the materials referred t,o are coal, carbon and graphite, rocks, c-ram&, gypsum, <*oncrete, brick and glass. The standard of t,he ~(~I~tributions is high and the book is very well illustrated and nicsely produc~~l.
W. PRAGER : Introduction
to Plasticity.
Addison- Wesley, Reading,
&ss..
1959. 14X pp..
$9.50. THIS is a revised version of the author’s Pro&me der PZastizitdtstheorie (Birkhiiuser, Basel, 1953), reviewed in this Journal (1856 4, 206). The principal ellanges are the addition of numerous practice problems and more recent references. The textual changes are comparatively slight. Chapters I and II are changed only in details. In (‘hnptcr III the section on the influence of distortion in connexion with limit design hi&s been amplilied. and a new se&on addttd on ttrc optimum weight design of plat,es and reclund:mt frames. In (‘hapter IV some aclditiom~l esamplrs of large plastic flow are included. This edition in Knglish is a welcome addition to the existing introductory texts. It has brcn well produced, but the price of so short a book is likely to \JCc+onsidered high in this caountry.
Progress in Metal Physics. Vol. 7. Press, London, 1958. 4f)8 pp. 110s.
Edited
by B. CHALMRRS and R. KING.
I’ergnmon
FOR THOSE familiar with previous volumes in this series it will be sufficient assurance to say that, in Volume 7 the happy choice of authors and high standard of production characteristic of the series is well maintained. &oh of the five review articles which comprise this volume is written by an expert directly engaged in the particular field; the presentation is such, however, that they all make their appeal both to fellow specialists and to those whose atquaintwnre with metal physics has not speci%ally included the subject of review. H. M. ROSEKBERGof the Clarendon Laboratory presents the results of many recent studies of the physical and mechanical properties of metals at low temperature and illustrates well the particular advantages of low temperature work in formulating the electronic structure of metals and the mechanism of plastic flow. A rather similar approach is taken by J. N. ~IORSTmTEIL of Bell Telephone Laboratories who, in an article entitled ‘ Equilibrium, Diffusion and Imperfections in Semi-conductors,’ seeks not merely to catalogue information in this field, hut to bring out the wider significance of observations made on semi-conductors which contribute to the solution of problems in rnetnl physics, Again, in a ~orrlpreherlsi~~ereview of the stored energy of cold work, A. I,.TITCHENER and Y. B. BLVLR after summarizing the rnitny measurements made of this quantity discufis how these have contributed to onr understanding of such complex processes as deformation and annealing. If a distinction between ‘ metal physics ’ and ‘ physical metallurgy ’ could be made then the remaining two articles would probably fall into the latter class. 1n sn excellent contribution on marten&tic transformations L. iiftin+rMhNand &%.COHEN of M.1.T. present the modern view of the kinetics and thermodynamics of this intrigui~ mode of phase change. This is a subject in which there has been intense activity in recent years and a comprehensive account from a school which hns played a leading role in the work is to be welcomed. Finally, the ’ Physical Bletallurgy of Titanium Alloys ’ is reviewed by R. I. JAFFEIZ: of Battelle nlemorictl Institute. Without disputing the obvious merit of this article, the value to metal physics of what is commercially largely ernpiricral information on certain alloys, must be very limited.
vital, but
Boon
149
REVIEWS
An exacting test of the value of a review series of this kind is the useful life of each volume. Judged on this basis the verdict is wholly satisfying for in the reviewer’s experience even the first issue published a decade ago still does useful service, a quite remarkable achievement considering the rapidity of advancement of this branch of science. There is no reason to believe that this latest volume will have any less lasting merit and the only regret is that its price may exclude it from the personal library of many who would profit by its possession. S. G. GLCWER
1’. 1% MosKX
: Linear
Structural
Analysis.
Thames and Hudson, London,
1959, xii
+
170 pp., 35s. THE SUB-TITLE:to this book is ‘ An Introduction to the Influence Coelllcient Method applied to Statically Indeterminate Structures.’ This well expresses the limitations as well as the scope of the book. The procedure followed is first to introduce sufficient cuts (or ‘ releases ‘) into the structure to render it statically determinate. The influence coefficients then calculated are the flexibility coefficients relating the discontinuities at the cuts to the redundant forces which must be introduced to restore continuity after the external loads have been applied to the released structure. These flexibility coefficients are derived from the energy relations by the principle of least work, and the author enters in some detail into the numerical procedures involved. The equations establishing the continuity of the structure are then assembled, and this concludes that part of the treatise really concerned with the theory of structures. The renyitinder of the book describes how matrix methods may be used to solve these linear equations. There is a chapter summarizing some of the elementary properties of matrices. and another illustrating the numerical procedure for inverting a symmetrical matrix by triangular resolution. Matrix solutions are then discussed in relation to the derivation of the final stresses in the structure, the choice of release systems, the effect of choice of release system on the form of the flexibility matrix, and numerical solution by electronic digital computer. The main defect of the book is that the treatment is too limited to give a balanced view of the general principles of linear structural analysis and the application of matrix methods. The use of the least work relations to set up the initial equations is by no means always the best procedure. The influence coefficient method is not ideally suited to machine computation, since the operator is required to carry out many processes which, using stiffness methods, are effectively carried out by the machine itself. On the other hand, the limited scope of the book does mean that a complete method of structural analysis and computation is expounded within a small compass, providing a useful introduction to matrix methods. Provided its limitations are recognized, the book can be thoroughly recommended both to advanced students and research workers in structures, and t,o practising structural engineers. M. R. HORNE
Non-Homogeneity in Elasticity and Plasticity. Edited by W. OLWAK. (Proceedings I.U.T.A.M. Symposium, Warsaw, 1958). Pergamon Press, London, 1959, 528 pp., 25.
of
papers submitted to the Symposium are reproduced here in full, the languages being English and French. The papers are mostly grouped under five headings : Elasticity, Plasticity, Rheology, Wave Propagation, Statistical and Micro Non-homogeneity. The main theme is the formulation of field equations and methods of solution in the mechanics of homogeneous anisotropic continua or non-homogeneous isotropic continua, principally elastic, rigid/plastic, elastic/plastic, and visco-elastic solids. ~+TY-FIVE