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Research in earthwork specification and construction
65A
%masting structural settings; Each involves a different scale of mass movement; the first example comes from the much folded Upper Carboniferous of North Devon3 the secomd from the less disturbed Carboniferous of South Wales amd the third from the much altered Pre-Cambrian of the Scottish Highlands; The examples imdicate that this mode of failure requires neither ~ geological corzlitions, nar unusual geological materiels in order to develop in fact the reverse would seem to be true; Authv
6~ VAUGHAN, PR IMPER. COLL. SC I .TECHNOL. LONDON, GB WALBAI~KE, HJ IMPER. COLL. SCI. ~L~{NDL. LONDON, GB Pore P~essure changes and the delayed f a i l l e of cuttirg slopes in overconsolidated clay; 3F,2T,27R. GEO~QUE, V23, N4, DEC. 1973, P531- 540. Failure of slopes cut in overconsolidated clay may be delayed by the rate of equilibration of pore pressure after excavation; Other mechanisms, such as decrease in drained strength with time, have been suggested as reasons for delayed failure. Previous studies of cutting slopes in the London Clay have suggested the equilibration of pore pressure is relatively rapid arzl that other mechanisms control eventual failure; Recent observations of pore pressure in a cut slope nine years after excavation suggest that equilibration of pore pressure may be the principal mechamism controlling delayed failure in %/~e London Clay; The studies made of failures in London Clay slopes have played a significant part in the general study of long-term failure of cut slopes in clay, so this conclusion has some general implication; Auth,
6o9 MENZIES, BK UNIV. SURREY, GB Stress analysis and slope stability in strainsoftening materials by K.Y. Lo and C.F. Lee, Geotechmique V23,N1,Pl-ll. Discussion:- 4R. GEOTECHNIQUE, V23, ~ , DEC .1973, P595-5% • The writer cozaments on the use of the residual factor by the authors, giving the definition of the residual factor introduced by Skempton ( i ~ 4 ) in the Fourth Rankine Lecture. 610 SAICE Stability of rock slope~; Course.- Unlv; Witwatersramd, Feb; 1973. Figs,Tabls. SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF CIVIL EN3INEERS DIV. SOIL MECH.FOUNDATION ENGND.1973,400P. This volume has been prepared from the lecture course on the stability of rock slopes held at the University of Witwaterarand in February 1973. The course dealt principally with the calculation of factors of safety of rock slopes. Chapter one considers rock formation and origin of structural discontinuities; Chapter two - strength of intact rock anl strength along Joints; Chapter three - Joint surveys and data interpretstior~ Chapter four - twodimensional arslysis of rock slopes; Chapter five three-dimensior~l analysis of rock slopes; Chapter six - theory of elasticity applied to rock slopes, and Chapter seven - fluid flow in rock masses. 611 SCHEIDEGG~q, AE TECHN. HOCHSCHULE, VIENNA, A On the ~edlction of the reach and velocity of catastrophic landslides. 2F, 1T, 14R. ROCK MECHANICS,VS, ~ , 1973, P231-236. An analysis of the data of rapid, catastrophic landslides shc~s that a correlation exists between the logarithm of the volume V of such landslides and the logarithm of the coefficient of friction f which governs their course. This correlation can be used to predict the reach smzl the velocity of an in~uinent lamdslide, if the volume can be estimated beforeharzT; Auth;
Earth retaining structures 612 ~,EL UNIV. CALIF. B E I ~ ~Y, USA ADAMS, BD FUGRO US INC.LDNG BEACH, USA VAGNERON, JJ ECOLE P O L Y T E C H . M O N I ~ , CDN Reinforced earth retalni~ walls. 10F,1T, 29R. J. SOIL MECH. FOUND .DIV .V99, SMIO, 1973, P745-764. The results of a r ~ i c a l stud laboratory studies on small reinforced earth retaining walls are described; Experimental data were compared to analytical solutions fc~ wall failure either by pullout or breaking of the reinforcing elements and fourzl to be in reasormble sgreement.
Base courses and pavements of roads, railways and airfields
613 K~, DJ C~ATION, BOMBAY, IND Performance of a deep cut in layered soft rocks. Proc. Symposi~ on Rock Mech. Dhambad, Irzlla, July 1972 • 2F, 2T, 2R. THE INSTN.OF ENGRS.CALCUTTA, INDIA,1973,P159. In July 1968 a slide occurred during the final phase a a ms4or cutting on the Antri-S~ndalpur section of the Central Railway, near Gwalic~. An investigation of reasons of the slide followed; The subsurface profile at the cut consisted of alternating l%yers of hard sandstone and soft to medium claystones or shales; No grotu~water was observed except in the cutting itself; The field observations indicated a skew angle 70 to 75d; between the axis of the cutti~ and the line of action of the foldir~ thrust; As a result of the excavation, the exposed surface seemed to have suffered a loss of lateral support; The unbalanced folding force might have caused a further fracturstion of the beds. In s~Ition the force acted as a dcwnthrust on the stone blocks. The width amd depth of cracks created under the action of this downthrust increased as a function of time and surface water peretrated into clay blocks softenln the clay layers amd acting as a hydrostatic force pushing the blocks apart; The following relief measures are considered: flattening the side slopes of the cutting, installation of a retaining wall and tie-back anchors and construction of a tunnel. 614 PARSONS, AW TRANSP. ROAD RES. LAB. CROWTHORNE, GB Research in earthwork specification and construction; 20F,1T, 16R. GROUND ENGNG.V6,N6,1973,P42-50. This article describes some of the research projects carried out at the Transport amd R o d Research Laboratory over the last 15 years on aspects of specification ard control of cc~paction in mass earthworks and on methods of earth-movirg. Auth;
615 INDLES, 0G METCALF, JB Soil atabilisatiOn; Textbook; Figs,Tabls,Refs; BUI'fERWORTH,1972, 374P • The book opens with a brief account of the g e ~ a l principles of the identification of major soil types and of stabilisation; Further chapters deal with mechanical cement lime ~ bituminous stabilisatiq mostly as applied to the c o n s h r ~ i o n of roads and pavements; One of the chapters is devoted to special methods which include a number of chemdcal additives stud membrane, foams and plastic meshes. A wide range of soll stabilisation techniques is desribed, including grouting and injection processes, ground anchors, osmosis, sand drains and reinforced earth.
%masting structural settings; Each involves a different scale of mass movement; the first example comes from the much folded Upper Carboniferous of North Devon3 the secomd from the less disturbed Carboniferous of South Wales amd the third from the much altered Pre-Cambrian of the Scottish Highlands; The examples imdicate that this mode of failure requires neither ~ geological corzlitions, nar unusual geological materiels in order to develop in fact the reverse would seem to be true; Authv
6~ VAUGHAN, PR IMPER. COLL. SC I .TECHNOL. LONDON, GB WALBAI~KE, HJ IMPER. COLL. SCI. ~L~{NDL. LONDON, GB Pore P~essure changes and the delayed f a i l l e of cuttirg slopes in overconsolidated clay; 3F,2T,27R. GEO~QUE, V23, N4, DEC. 1973, P531- 540. Failure of slopes cut in overconsolidated clay may be delayed by the rate of equilibration of pore pressure after excavation; Other mechanisms, such as decrease in drained strength with time, have been suggested as reasons for delayed failure. Previous studies of cutting slopes in the London Clay have suggested the equilibration of pore pressure is relatively rapid arzl that other mechanisms control eventual failure; Recent observations of pore pressure in a cut slope nine years after excavation suggest that equilibration of pore pressure may be the principal mechamism controlling delayed failure in %/~e London Clay; The studies made of failures in London Clay slopes have played a significant part in the general study of long-term failure of cut slopes in clay, so this conclusion has some general implication; Auth,
6o9 MENZIES, BK UNIV. SURREY, GB Stress analysis and slope stability in strainsoftening materials by K.Y. Lo and C.F. Lee, Geotechmique V23,N1,Pl-ll. Discussion:- 4R. GEOTECHNIQUE, V23, ~ , DEC .1973, P595-5% • The writer cozaments on the use of the residual factor by the authors, giving the definition of the residual factor introduced by Skempton ( i ~ 4 ) in the Fourth Rankine Lecture. 610 SAICE Stability of rock slope~; Course.- Unlv; Witwatersramd, Feb; 1973. Figs,Tabls. SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF CIVIL EN3INEERS DIV. SOIL MECH.FOUNDATION ENGND.1973,400P. This volume has been prepared from the lecture course on the stability of rock slopes held at the University of Witwaterarand in February 1973. The course dealt principally with the calculation of factors of safety of rock slopes. Chapter one considers rock formation and origin of structural discontinuities; Chapter two - strength of intact rock anl strength along Joints; Chapter three - Joint surveys and data interpretstior~ Chapter four - twodimensional arslysis of rock slopes; Chapter five three-dimensior~l analysis of rock slopes; Chapter six - theory of elasticity applied to rock slopes, and Chapter seven - fluid flow in rock masses. 611 SCHEIDEGG~q, AE TECHN. HOCHSCHULE, VIENNA, A On the ~edlction of the reach and velocity of catastrophic landslides. 2F, 1T, 14R. ROCK MECHANICS,VS, ~ , 1973, P231-236. An analysis of the data of rapid, catastrophic landslides shc~s that a correlation exists between the logarithm of the volume V of such landslides and the logarithm of the coefficient of friction f which governs their course. This correlation can be used to predict the reach smzl the velocity of an in~uinent lamdslide, if the volume can be estimated beforeharzT; Auth;
Earth retaining structures 612 ~,EL UNIV. CALIF. B E I ~ ~Y, USA ADAMS, BD FUGRO US INC.LDNG BEACH, USA VAGNERON, JJ ECOLE P O L Y T E C H . M O N I ~ , CDN Reinforced earth retalni~ walls. 10F,1T, 29R. J. SOIL MECH. FOUND .DIV .V99, SMIO, 1973, P745-764. The results of a r ~ i c a l stud laboratory studies on small reinforced earth retaining walls are described; Experimental data were compared to analytical solutions fc~ wall failure either by pullout or breaking of the reinforcing elements and fourzl to be in reasormble sgreement.
Base courses and pavements of roads, railways and airfields
613 K~, DJ C~ATION, BOMBAY, IND Performance of a deep cut in layered soft rocks. Proc. Symposi~ on Rock Mech. Dhambad, Irzlla, July 1972 • 2F, 2T, 2R. THE INSTN.OF ENGRS.CALCUTTA, INDIA,1973,P159. In July 1968 a slide occurred during the final phase a a ms4or cutting on the Antri-S~ndalpur section of the Central Railway, near Gwalic~. An investigation of reasons of the slide followed; The subsurface profile at the cut consisted of alternating l%yers of hard sandstone and soft to medium claystones or shales; No grotu~water was observed except in the cutting itself; The field observations indicated a skew angle 70 to 75d; between the axis of the cutti~ and the line of action of the foldir~ thrust; As a result of the excavation, the exposed surface seemed to have suffered a loss of lateral support; The unbalanced folding force might have caused a further fracturstion of the beds. In s~Ition the force acted as a dcwnthrust on the stone blocks. The width amd depth of cracks created under the action of this downthrust increased as a function of time and surface water peretrated into clay blocks softenln the clay layers amd acting as a hydrostatic force pushing the blocks apart; The following relief measures are considered: flattening the side slopes of the cutting, installation of a retaining wall and tie-back anchors and construction of a tunnel. 614 PARSONS, AW TRANSP. ROAD RES. LAB. CROWTHORNE, GB Research in earthwork specification and construction; 20F,1T, 16R. GROUND ENGNG.V6,N6,1973,P42-50. This article describes some of the research projects carried out at the Transport amd R o d Research Laboratory over the last 15 years on aspects of specification ard control of cc~paction in mass earthworks and on methods of earth-movirg. Auth;
615 INDLES, 0G METCALF, JB Soil atabilisatiOn; Textbook; Figs,Tabls,Refs; BUI'fERWORTH,1972, 374P • The book opens with a brief account of the g e ~ a l principles of the identification of major soil types and of stabilisation; Further chapters deal with mechanical cement lime ~ bituminous stabilisatiq mostly as applied to the c o n s h r ~ i o n of roads and pavements; One of the chapters is devoted to special methods which include a number of chemdcal additives stud membrane, foams and plastic meshes. A wide range of soll stabilisation techniques is desribed, including grouting and injection processes, ground anchors, osmosis, sand drains and reinforced earth.