Accepted Manuscript Title: Template-Free Synthesis Of Comoo4 Rods And Their Characterisation ´ Author: J.L. Rico M. Avalos-Borja A. Barrera J.S.J. Hargreaves PII: DOI: Reference:
S0025-5408(13)00595-3 http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.07.007 MRB 6890
To appear in:
MRB
Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:
10-11-2012 29-6-2013 7-7-2013
Please cite this article as: J.L. Rico, A. Barrera, J.S.J. Hargreaves, TEMPLATE-FREE SYNTHESIS OF CoMoO4 RODS AND THEIR CHARACTERISATION, Materials Research Bulletin (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.07.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
TEMPLATE‐FREE SYNTHESIS OF CoMoO4 RODS AND THEIR CHARACTERISATION J.L. Rico1*, Ávalos‐Borja M.2, A. Barrera3, J.S.J. Hargreaves4
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Laboratorio de Catálisis, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Michoacana de
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San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia Mich., Edificio V1, CU, Morelia Mich, C.P. 58060 México. 2
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Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, UNAM, Ensenada, B.C., México. On leave at
IPICyT, División de Materiales Avanzados, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México. 3
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Laboratorio de Nanomateriales, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCI, Ocotlán, Jal.
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México. 4
WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow,
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Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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*Corresponding author tel/fax: +52 443 3273584, E‐mail address:
[email protected]
Keywords: synthesis, metal oxides, cobalt, molybdenum.
Abstract
The effect of pressure and temperature on the synthesis of cobalt‐molybdenum oxides and their characterisation is herein reported. The synthesis was performed under hydrothermal conditions without any template. It was found that the experimental conditions affect the physical properties of the CoMoO4. SEM images demonstrate that the synthesised powder is made up of rods, and the width of the structures is about
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100 nm but the length varies from about 5 μm to less than 1 μm. Low temperature and pressure favour the formation of longer rods.
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Introduction Due to their promising application in various fields, the synthesis of nanostructures
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such as spheres, fibers, rods, tubes and other forms has been the subject of intense
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research in the last few decades. Among these materials, molybdates are of interest in various applications, for instance as catalysts [1], as precursors of catalysts [2], as
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optical and electrode materials [3, 4] and as supercapacitors [5]. In the latter respect, Mai et al. have recently reported the synthesis of hierarchical MnMoO4/CoMoO4
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heterostructured nanowires [5]. Using MnMoO4 as a backbone material, the incorporation of CoMoO4 was achieved by a simple refluxing method yielding an
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interesting material which shows enhanced supercapacitor performance. Sen and
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Pramanik [6] reported the synthesis of nanocrystalline metal molybdates, A MoO4 (A=
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CaII, CoII, CuII, NiII, ZnII) from the complete evaporation of polymer‐based metal‐ complex solutions. These aqueous solutions contained the respective metal ions through complexation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in the presence of diethanolamine and other polymeric reagents. Vie et al. [7] reported a simple processing method that leads to nanoparticles of mixed cobalt‐nickel molybdates, Co1‐x Nix MoO4, based on the use of precursors resulting from the freeze‐drying of metal aqueous solutions. In another report, Rodriguez et al. [8] studied the stability of cobalt and nickel molybdates by X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). Livage at al. [9] reported the synthesis of CoMoO4 at high pressure and found that their procedure leads to single crystals of cobalt molybdate.
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The preparation of rods of CoMoO4 was reported by Kong et al. [10] using two solutions containing cobalt nitrate (or sodium molybdate), cyclohexane, n‐butanol, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and water.
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Bimetallic molybdenum precursors can be used for preparation of interesting catalysts for different applications, i.e. Fischer‐Tropsch reaction [11], hydrodenitrogenation and
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hydrodesulphurization [12] and ammonia synthesis [13]. In the latter study, Aika and
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Kojima reported that cesium‐promoted Co3Mo3N was found to give higher productivity of ammonia than a doubly promoted iron catalyst. As a precursor, hydrated CoMoO4
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can also be used for the preparation of Co3Mo3N [14], a very interesting material which can lose 50% of its nitrogen under a feed of Ar/H2 and certain experimental
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conditions [14,15], and the original structure can then be restored by switching the feed to H2/N2 [15] or N2 [16]. The development of the present work is motivated by
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Experimental
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these facts, and is focused on the synthesis of the CoMoO4.
In this study, the synthesis of cobalt molybdenum oxides was performed by a hydrothermal method. For this purpose, the required quantities of Na2MoO4.2H2O and Co(NO3)2.6H2O (both A.C.S. from Sigma‐Aldrich) were used as precursors. The molybdenum and cobalt salts were separately dissolved in 40 ml of deionised water. The latter was poured into the former at room temperature under 800 rpm during 5 min. The slurry was then transferred into a Teflon lined reactor and kept at various temperatures for 15 h. The effect of temperature was investigated at 40, 70, 110, 160 and 200 oC. The precipitated solid was then washed several times with deionised water and subsequently with ethanol and dried overnight at 110 oC. The powder was further
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calcined in air at 500 oC during 5 h, cooled down slowly to room temperature and labeled in subsequent sections of this manuscript as CoMoH followed by the temperature of synthesis. The samples were then ready for characterisation.
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Characterisation
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The XRD powder diffraction patterns of the samples were acquired at room
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temperature using a STOE & Cie GambH diffractometer. The operating conditions were Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm), 35 kV, 30 mA. The diffraction intensity as a
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function of the angle 2θ was measured between 5o and 85o, in step‐scan mode with a step size of 0.030o2θ and a counting rate of 1 second per step. Identification of the
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diffraction peaks from the XRD patterns was carried out by matching to the JCPDS database.The surface areas were determined by N2 physisorption at 77 K applying the
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BET method and using a Micromeritics Gemini instrument. Furthermore, in order to
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study the morphological features images were acquired by using a JEOL JSM‐6400
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scanning electron microscope (SEM) provided with a Bruker XFlash‐4010 detector and a FEI Helios high resolution FEG‐SEM microscope. Electron diffraction measurements were taken using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), FEI, TECNAI F30. Some samples were also characterised using a UV‐Vis CARY 300 SCAN spectrophotometer from Agilent Technologies. For these measurements the reflectance spectra of materials were recorded with a scan rate of 600 nm min‐1, data collection intervals of 1 nm, an average time of 0.1 nm, and a change of the light source at a wavelength of 350 nm. Results and discussion
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The effect of temperature and pressure of the synthesis of the cobalt‐molybdenum oxides is presented in Table 1. This table displays some physical parameters as function of the synthesis conditions. It is worth noticing that the synthesis at 40 and 70 oC is
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performed at atmospheric pressure, whereas the pressure in the Teflon‐lined reactor was 0.14, 0.62 and 1.55 MPa when the synthesis temperature was 110, 160 and 200 C, respectively. The values of the surface areas are relatively small, in the same range
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and no trend is observed.
Kong et al. [10] have reported the synthesis of nanorods/nanowhiskers under mild
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hydrothermal conditions. In this reference a microemulsion containing cyclohexane, n‐
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butanol, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and water was used. In addition the product after washing and drying at room temperature was comprised of black
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crystalline nanorods of cobalt molybdate. On the other hand, our calcined powder in
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all cases is purple and it is made up of rods of width of about 100 nm and different lengths in the range of 1 to 5 μm, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows SEM
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micrographs images of rods synthesized at 40 and 200 oC and Figure 2 those obtained at 160 oC. The same magnification was used for every set of images, allowing good comparison. It is found that longer rods are favoured at low synthesis temperature and pressure, as observed in Figure 1. We therefore present a facile method for the synthesis of rods of CoMoO4 without any template. It is known that cobalt molybdate oxides can be present as α‐CoMoO4, β‐CoMoO4, hydrate form of CoMoO4 and CoMoO4‐II. The latter is obtained by applying high pressure (50 000 bars) on pre‐synthesised α‐CoMoO4 at 600 oC [17, 18]. The XRD results for the CoMoO4 powder synthesised at 160 and 200 oC are presented in Figure
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3. It is worth noticing that all characterization was performed on calcined samples and it is therefore expected that the hydrate obtained from the synthesis was already transformed to the β−CoMoO4 phase during calcination at 500 oC. This transformation
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occurs at about 327 oC [19]. The XRD patterns in Figure 3 match well to that for β‐ CoMoO4 (PDF reference No. 021‐0868). The strongest peak for this compound
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corresponds to the (002) reflection occurring at a d spacing of 3.36 Å or at 26.51 o2θ.
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According to this reference CoMoO4 species are monoclinic, belong to the c2/m group and the unit cell parameters are a=10.210 Å, b =9.268 Å, c = 7.022 Å and α=γ=90 and
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β=106.9o. On the other hand, the XRD patterns for samples synthesised at temperatures of 40 and 110 oC are shown in Figure 4. In addition to the peaks for β‐
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CoMoO4 the patterns show an additional signal at about 14 o2θ, an increase in the
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intensity of the peak at 28.4 o2θ and a change in the relative intensities for other
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peaks. Such variations could be related to α‐CoMoO4 (PDF No. 25‐1434) phase whose reference pattern is also inserted in Figure 4. Since the cooling of the powder to room
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temperature after calcination was slow and similar for all samples it is therefore concluded that for synthesis below 160 oC and after calcination a mixture of α‐CoMoO4 and β‐CoMoO4 phases is probably obtained. However at temperatures of synthesis ≥ 160 oC the formation of β‐CoMoO4 is favored. According to Rodriguez et al [20] Co atoms are in octahedral sites, while the coordination of Mo varies from octahedral in the α‐phase to tetrahedral in the β‐phase. The reversible transition of our rods between the two phases, α‐CoMoO4 and β‐CoMoO4, was also investigated. By grinding the purple powder of β‐CoMoO4 in a mortar the α‐CoMoO4 phase is obtained, as has been reported by Brito and Barbosa [21]. The first observation is a change in colour from purple to olive‐green, which was further characterised by UV‐visible
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spectroscopy. Figure 5 shows the Kubelka‐Munk function, F(R), versus wavelength. The spectrum in black for the calcined CoMoO4 rods presents a signal at about 450 nm assigned to purple colouration, whereas the spectrum in red obtained after grinding
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shows two signals at about 504 and 540 nm which are attributed the olive‐green
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colour.
The XRD measurements illustrated in Figure 6, indicate that the change in colour
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resulted from the transformation of β‐CoMoO4 to α‐CoMoO4 phase as expected and this is supported by the electron diffraction measurements presented in Figure 7 and
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8, although in the latter respect it has to be borne in mind that a much lower fraction
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of the material is being sampled with respect to the former. It has been reported that the transformation of α‐CoMoO4 to β‐CoMoO4 phase occurs between 330 to 410 oC
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[17]. To further study this reversible transformation of phases, another experiment
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was performed. The olive‐green α‐CoMoO4 powder was placed in a furnace, heated up in air from room temperature to 400 oC at 10 oC/min, kept for 2 h at these conditions,
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prior to being sequentially increased to 450 and 500 oC, with a 2 h dwell time at each temperature. The change in colour from olive‐green to purple was only observed 35 min after the system reached 500 oC. Conclusions
Hydrothermal conditions were successfully applied to synthesize rods of CoMoO4 in absence of any template. The temperature and pressure of synthesis affects the physical properties of the oxides. SEM micrographs show that the width of the rods is about 100 nm but the length varies from about 5 μm to less than 1 μm according to the experimental synthesis conditions. Low temperature and pressure favour the
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formation of longer rods. The XRD patterns of the calcined samples which were synthesised bellow 160 oC, indicate that a mixture of α‐CoMoO4 to β‐CoMoO4 is likely obtained whereas β‐CoMoO4 is favoured on the calcined specimens prepared at
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temperatures ≥ 160 oC.
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References
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[19] K. Eda, Y. Uno, N. Nagai, N. Sotani, M. S. Whittingham, J. Solid State Chem. 178 (2005) 2791–2797. [20]. J. A. Rodriguez, S. Chaturvedi, J. C. Hanson, A. Albornoz and J.L. Brito, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 1347‐1355.
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[21]. J. L. Brito and A. L. Barbosa, J. Catal. 171 (1997) 467–475.
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Tabla 1. Physical properties of calcined CoMo oxides synthesized at different temperatures and pressures.
Area, m2/g Pressure, MPa
CoMoH‐70
CoMoH‐110 CoMoH‐160 CoMoH‐200
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11
9
7
10
atmospheric
Atmospheric
0.14
0.62
1.55
<4
<2
<2
<2
<1
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Rod length, μm
CoMoH‐40
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Figure caption Figure 1. SEM micrographs of CoMoO4 synthesised at (A) 40 oC and (B) 200 oC. Figure 2. SEM micrographs of CoMoO4 synthesised at 160 oC.
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Figure 3. XRD patterns of the calcined CoMo samples synthesised at 160 and 200 oC. Figure 4. XRD patterns of the calcined CoMo samples synthesised at 40 and 110 oC.
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Figure 5. UV‐VIS spectrum of the calcined and ground CoMoO4 samples.
Figure 6. XRD patterns of CoMoH‐160. (a) calcined sample and (b) ground sample.
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Figure 7. Theoretical and experimental electron diffraction measurements obtained by TEM of the β‐CoMoO4 phase from CoMoH‐160 sample.
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Figure 8. Theoretical and experimental electron diffraction measurements acquired by TEM of the α‐CoMoO4 phase obtained by grinding the CoMoH‐160 sample.
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
10
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30
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Intensity (a.u.)
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160 oC 200 oC
40
50
β-CoMoO4 60
70
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Degrees two theta
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Figure 4
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Intensity (a.u.)
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40 oC 110 oC
10
20
30
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α- CoMoO4
40
50
β- CoMoO4 60
70
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Degrees two theta
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Figure 5
0.40
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calcined CoMoO4 grinded CoMoO4
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0.35
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F(R)
0.30
0.25
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0.20
0.10 200
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0.15
300
400
500
600
700
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Wavelength, nm
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Figure 6
Intensity (a.u.)
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a b
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20
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α- CoMoO4
40
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β- CoMoO4 60
70
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Degrees two theta
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Figure 7
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Figure 8
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Graphical abstract
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Highlights
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• Template‐free synthesis of rods of CoMoO4 was achieved under hydrothermal conditions. • The width of the rods is about 100 nm and the length varies from 1 to 5 μm. • Low temperature and pressure of synthesis favour the formation of longer rods.
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