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The inhibitory effect of follicular hormone on the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
542
AMERICAF:
JOURNAL
OF
OBSTETRICS
AND
GYNECOLOW
Nortimer, Wright, and Collip: The Effect of Oestrogenic Hormones on the Nasal Mucosa; Their R6le in the Naso-Sexual Relationship; and Their Significance in Clinical Rhinology, Canad. M. A. J. 35: 615, 1936. A review of tile literature on the behavior of the eon&al mucosa in relation to the sex cycle is given. A comparison of thenasal cavities of the human and monkey is made and individual variations are indicated., A careful control in the series of 28 monkeys, which were studied, is described. A rhinologist examined the nasal cavity weekly without individual identification or knowledge of the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle of monkeys was recorded by others. It was ascertained that the estrogenic hormones exert definite influence upon the eonchal membrane. Crystalline estrone and estriol and emmenin produce redness and swelling similar to the changes in other sex-skin areas. This is obtained also in castrated animals and in males. Studies next were begun in women. It is apparent that the hormones of the ovary exercise a specific physiologic influence upon the mucous membrane of the conehae. Thus it is evident why the rhinologist should bear in mind the possible alteration of the mucosa from factors other than primary rhinitjs, such as pregnancy and various stages of the menstrual cycle. Finally, estrogenic hormone substances may be employed in certain cases of atrophic rhinitis and are thus of particular interest to the rhinologist. H. CLOSE HESSELTINE.
Friedgood, H. B., and Pincus, ogy 19: ‘710, 1935.
G.:
Nervous
Control
of the Hypophysis,
Endoerinol-
Thirty-two adult female rabbits were isolated in separate cages for a period Faradie of three to four weeks before being used in the present investigation. stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves was carried out in 6 of these animals, while 3 of them (controls) were subjected to the same operative procedures up to The remaining but not including the stimulation of their cervical sympathetic% None of 23 rabbits (also controls) were sacrificed after their period of isolation. the controls showed either ovulation or microscopic evidence of ovum maturation; whereas each of the 6 rabbits which had their cervical sympathetics stimulated revealed extensive maturation of their ova: and ovulation occurred in 3 of them. It is concluded from these results that the rate of secretion of the gonadotropic principle can be experimentally increased by faradic stimulation of the sympathetic These experiments also indicate that fibers which innervate the anterior hypophysis. the cervical sympathetic nerves may be at least partially responsible during coitus for stimulating the anterior hypophysis to release its gonadotropic secretions in increased amounts. J. THOKNWELL WITIIERSPOON.
Zondek, Bernhard: The Inhibitory Effect of Follicullar Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, Lancet I.: 10, 1936.
Hormone
on the Anterior
This report indicates that the follicular hormone inhibits the harmonic function of the anterior pituitary. Infantile rats were used and controls carefully made. The preparation was given subcutaneously twice a week as a-hormone in aqueous or oily solution, or the benzoie ester of dihydrofollieular hormone (Dimenformon). The control animals received injections of normal saline or olive oiI. When 100 M.U. were given no effects on bo,dy growth resulted, but when 1,000 M.U. twice a week were given definite inhibition of growth occurre8d. The prolonged application of the hormone induces a continuous estrus. The Abundant corvagina and uterus enlarge and the lining membranes proliferate. animals but they are absent in the treated pora lutea are found in the control
543
ABSTRACTS
ones. The ovaries are retarded in their development. The male genital organs are The larger the amount of completely arrested in their development by folliculin. hormone the greater the inhibition of growth. (‘Follicular hormone paralyzes the gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary-and seemingly the luteinizing hormone, prolan B, in particular-thus hindering them from exerting their normal influences on the ovaries. ” H. CLOSE HESSELTINE. Zondek,
Bernhard: Lancet
Hormone,
Impairment 2: 842,
of Anterior
Pituitary
Functions
by Follicular
1936.
The- ovarian function depends upon the gonadotropic hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Small doses of estrin stimulate the function of the anterior lobe while large ones depress it. In the animal (rat and chicken) small amounts produce proliferation of the uterine mucosa, but large amounts cause cystic hyperplasia and ultimately destruction, necrosis and aseptic suppuration. Because the growth hormone balance is affected later, the cells producing gonadotropic hormone are the more sensitive. The growth is altered by action upon the bone growth. The follicular hormone does not inhibit the mechanism of production but only the mechanism of secretion. Hence the anterior pituitary functions are not equally and simultaneously affected. Growth is not resumed after several months of estrin treatment unless Evans’s pituitary growth hormone is administered, which proves that the dwarfing was of pituitary origin. Moreover, the follicular hormone does not inhibit the production of the gonadotropic hormones in the anterior lobe cells but only prevents them from entering the blood stream. The experimental animal differs significantly from the hypophysectomized one. H.
CLOSE
HESSEL.TINE.
Jones, M. S., and MacGregor, T. N.: Inhibitory Effect of Follicular the Anterior Pituitary in Humans, Lancet 2: 974, 1936.
Hormone
on
The authors attempted to inhibit the gonadotropie and the diabetogenic principle of the anterior pituitary by giving large doses of estrin. The ten experimental subjects were all chronic psychotic patients between the ages of fifty-two and eighty-three (average 62.6). Metabolic and endocrine fluctuations due to emotional causes were improbable. The amount of gonadotropic hormone in the urine and a sugar tolerance curve were established before administering 500,000 to l,OOO,OOO M.U. estrin (Dimenformon) in a period of twenty days. Seven of the ten women had bleeding from the uterus. The psychopathic state remained unaltered. This procedure caused the excretion of the gonadotropic hormone, which had exceeded 50 M.U. per liter, to be abolished. No consistent effect on the glucose t.olerance test resulted. II. CLOSE HESSELPINE.
Zondek, Bernhard: Lancet
1: 776,
Tumour
of the Pituitary
Induced
With
Follicular
Hormone,
1936.
Under administration of follicular hormone to animals the gonads underwent complete atrophy while the pituitary enlarged in all cases of males, but macroseopically remained unaltered in the females. The funtional inhibition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary appeared equally in males and females. The growth of the pituitary is not responsible for this change. The author produced dwarfed animals with hypoplastic genitals by prolonged administration of follicular hormone. H. CLOSE HESSELTINE.
AMERICAF:
JOURNAL
OF
OBSTETRICS
AND
GYNECOLOW
Nortimer, Wright, and Collip: The Effect of Oestrogenic Hormones on the Nasal Mucosa; Their R6le in the Naso-Sexual Relationship; and Their Significance in Clinical Rhinology, Canad. M. A. J. 35: 615, 1936. A review of tile literature on the behavior of the eon&al mucosa in relation to the sex cycle is given. A comparison of thenasal cavities of the human and monkey is made and individual variations are indicated., A careful control in the series of 28 monkeys, which were studied, is described. A rhinologist examined the nasal cavity weekly without individual identification or knowledge of the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle of monkeys was recorded by others. It was ascertained that the estrogenic hormones exert definite influence upon the eonchal membrane. Crystalline estrone and estriol and emmenin produce redness and swelling similar to the changes in other sex-skin areas. This is obtained also in castrated animals and in males. Studies next were begun in women. It is apparent that the hormones of the ovary exercise a specific physiologic influence upon the mucous membrane of the conehae. Thus it is evident why the rhinologist should bear in mind the possible alteration of the mucosa from factors other than primary rhinitjs, such as pregnancy and various stages of the menstrual cycle. Finally, estrogenic hormone substances may be employed in certain cases of atrophic rhinitis and are thus of particular interest to the rhinologist. H. CLOSE HESSELTINE.
Friedgood, H. B., and Pincus, ogy 19: ‘710, 1935.
G.:
Nervous
Control
of the Hypophysis,
Endoerinol-
Thirty-two adult female rabbits were isolated in separate cages for a period Faradie of three to four weeks before being used in the present investigation. stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves was carried out in 6 of these animals, while 3 of them (controls) were subjected to the same operative procedures up to The remaining but not including the stimulation of their cervical sympathetic% None of 23 rabbits (also controls) were sacrificed after their period of isolation. the controls showed either ovulation or microscopic evidence of ovum maturation; whereas each of the 6 rabbits which had their cervical sympathetics stimulated revealed extensive maturation of their ova: and ovulation occurred in 3 of them. It is concluded from these results that the rate of secretion of the gonadotropic principle can be experimentally increased by faradic stimulation of the sympathetic These experiments also indicate that fibers which innervate the anterior hypophysis. the cervical sympathetic nerves may be at least partially responsible during coitus for stimulating the anterior hypophysis to release its gonadotropic secretions in increased amounts. J. THOKNWELL WITIIERSPOON.
Zondek, Bernhard: The Inhibitory Effect of Follicullar Lobe of the Pituitary Gland, Lancet I.: 10, 1936.
Hormone
on the Anterior
This report indicates that the follicular hormone inhibits the harmonic function of the anterior pituitary. Infantile rats were used and controls carefully made. The preparation was given subcutaneously twice a week as a-hormone in aqueous or oily solution, or the benzoie ester of dihydrofollieular hormone (Dimenformon). The control animals received injections of normal saline or olive oiI. When 100 M.U. were given no effects on bo,dy growth resulted, but when 1,000 M.U. twice a week were given definite inhibition of growth occurre8d. The prolonged application of the hormone induces a continuous estrus. The Abundant corvagina and uterus enlarge and the lining membranes proliferate. animals but they are absent in the treated pora lutea are found in the control
543
ABSTRACTS
ones. The ovaries are retarded in their development. The male genital organs are The larger the amount of completely arrested in their development by folliculin. hormone the greater the inhibition of growth. (‘Follicular hormone paralyzes the gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary-and seemingly the luteinizing hormone, prolan B, in particular-thus hindering them from exerting their normal influences on the ovaries. ” H. CLOSE HESSELTINE. Zondek,
Bernhard: Lancet
Hormone,
Impairment 2: 842,
of Anterior
Pituitary
Functions
by Follicular
1936.
The- ovarian function depends upon the gonadotropic hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Small doses of estrin stimulate the function of the anterior lobe while large ones depress it. In the animal (rat and chicken) small amounts produce proliferation of the uterine mucosa, but large amounts cause cystic hyperplasia and ultimately destruction, necrosis and aseptic suppuration. Because the growth hormone balance is affected later, the cells producing gonadotropic hormone are the more sensitive. The growth is altered by action upon the bone growth. The follicular hormone does not inhibit the mechanism of production but only the mechanism of secretion. Hence the anterior pituitary functions are not equally and simultaneously affected. Growth is not resumed after several months of estrin treatment unless Evans’s pituitary growth hormone is administered, which proves that the dwarfing was of pituitary origin. Moreover, the follicular hormone does not inhibit the production of the gonadotropic hormones in the anterior lobe cells but only prevents them from entering the blood stream. The experimental animal differs significantly from the hypophysectomized one. H.
CLOSE
HESSEL.TINE.
Jones, M. S., and MacGregor, T. N.: Inhibitory Effect of Follicular the Anterior Pituitary in Humans, Lancet 2: 974, 1936.
Hormone
on
The authors attempted to inhibit the gonadotropie and the diabetogenic principle of the anterior pituitary by giving large doses of estrin. The ten experimental subjects were all chronic psychotic patients between the ages of fifty-two and eighty-three (average 62.6). Metabolic and endocrine fluctuations due to emotional causes were improbable. The amount of gonadotropic hormone in the urine and a sugar tolerance curve were established before administering 500,000 to l,OOO,OOO M.U. estrin (Dimenformon) in a period of twenty days. Seven of the ten women had bleeding from the uterus. The psychopathic state remained unaltered. This procedure caused the excretion of the gonadotropic hormone, which had exceeded 50 M.U. per liter, to be abolished. No consistent effect on the glucose t.olerance test resulted. II. CLOSE HESSELPINE.
Zondek, Bernhard: Lancet
1: 776,
Tumour
of the Pituitary
Induced
With
Follicular
Hormone,
1936.
Under administration of follicular hormone to animals the gonads underwent complete atrophy while the pituitary enlarged in all cases of males, but macroseopically remained unaltered in the females. The funtional inhibition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary appeared equally in males and females. The growth of the pituitary is not responsible for this change. The author produced dwarfed animals with hypoplastic genitals by prolonged administration of follicular hormone. H. CLOSE HESSELTINE.