- Email: [email protected]
The International Livestock Centre (ILCA) and food production in Africa
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2 (1984) 3--12
3
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., A m s t e r d a m -- Printed in The Netherlands
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LIVESTOCK
CENTRE
(ILCA)
AND
FOOD
PRODUCTION
IN
AFRICA
PETER
J.
Director (ILCA),
BRUMBY General, P.O.Box
the 5689,
International Addis Ababa
Livestock (Ethiopia)
Centre
for
Africa
INTRODUCTION The
~ncrease
last
decade
rates
are
achieved is
now
Saharan
Africa
million
tonnes.
cereal
yields
(Table
I);
due
an
to
of
3%
a year.
37.8
million
Over per
some this.
grain
output
of
of
in
meat was
a modest
animal.
Interestingly,
produced
the
largest The
decline
marked
rise
imports 1980
in in
to 8.6
Meat
tonnes
in
1980,
tonnes
in
1980.
daily
food
remained
at
of
was
which
compared As
around of
0167-5877/84/$03.00
2170
animal
a negligible
change
780
kg/ha occur
continent show
of
the
meat
ar~
a
1,5%
and
food
milk
grain
and per
meat
caput
in
food
eight
show
an
to 26
total
000 meat
in
output
also
has
milk
been
3.2
million of
offset
55
© 1984 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
a
cereal and
in
123
000
domestic 1970 of
increases
g of
the
by
1970
tonnes
the in
that had
yields.
In
production
Production
per
countries
and
African
cattle
production
20%
huge
each
and
more
the
tonnes
these to
little a year
imports.
totalled
(equivalent
of
better
increase
bottom
about
livestock
were
a much
average
importantly,
numbers
and
have
an But
in
calories
was
decade.
in
origin(FAO
in
area.
most
available
sub-
42.4
did
production
to
in
was
that
the
a result
supply
was
milk
imports
it
about
Africa
tonnes
1980
averaged
production
sub-Saharan
there
increase
cereal
production
in
the
cattle
food
both
million
production).
the
in
the growth
production
increases
increases
cereal and
over
and
over
population
in
increase
largest
1970
a year.
and an
Africa
tonnes
eight
3.5%
in
whereas
which
crop in
12.5%
There plus
the
top
about of
changes
numbers
area,
output
a year
In
increase
The
decrease
1%
decade
countries
than
The
unit
expansion
promising.
the
modest
grain
of
was
record
average
food
order
about
the
However,
in
the
in protein,
and 3.1 in
the
million imports
last about
Yearbooks,1979
decade 25% to
1980)
4 1
TABLE
Percentage 1969/71 to
changes 1979/81
in
food
production
in
sub-Saharan
PercentaKe
Average
Upper
change a
Cereal
production
Cereal
yield
change
8
Lower
countries b
12.3
-12.5
8.24
-
6.43
numbers
16.1
31.9
13.6
Meat
production
27.8
34.1
24.5
Milk
production
21.8
29 . i
2S .2
Cattle
aweighted
average
bExcluding p.a.
Low
many
to
increased
is
areas
with
add for
lower
an
overall
and
structure
and
fertilizer
the
efficiency
technical
diverting
a
but
of
of
output
change.
And
ample
evidence
of
food
are
only
effort.
with
inputs of
based
such
improvement
production is
It output the
organizational
source
change
lead they
feasible
production
agricultural
would
savings
increased
technology, key
grain
production.
prices
achieve
countries
inappropriate
development
to
a major
technical
in
48 cereal
potential
these
of
Thus
and
producer
the
improved
availability
vaccines.
to
farmer
costs,
adoption
and
by
decade, tonne
increases higher
burden and
the
million
that
but
a nation
in
currencies
frustrated
likely
production
development
the
is
production
also
better
< 0.5
overvalued
have it
change
producing
prices,
objectives
In
would
percentage
countries
producer
policy
of
8
countries b
$6.5
2.8
(kg/ha)
Africa,
as in
must
be
good
research
on
work. There has
been
studies case
extremely on
for
In In
is
Africa
these
development
this
investment
cost-effective. subject
increasing the
that
An
(Ruttan,
1982)
agricultural immediate
circumstances
the
must
assessed:do
be
is
priority
agricultural
inventory provides
research
problem
in
to of
livestock
in
of an
research
the
developing
increase livestock compete
many
overwhelming countries.
cereal
supplies.
research for
and
scarce
food
production
resources?
total
supplies?
food
CROP-LIVESTOCK An
of
1965
and
between
led
to
figures
population
is
about
200
kg
30
of
meat
in
cereal
and
in
extra
38
have
production.
are
reasons and
~or
the
is
consumed
to
buy
Africa
are
at
or
by
finding this
livestock
increasing
system
The of
is
for
and
crops.
reason
for
providing of
of
need
draught
farm
livestock power
the
for
by
be
land
~or
milk 1981).
The
On
subsistence
protection
a good
inputs.
thus
be
cultivation.
largely
in
and
is
the
are the
determined
Typically
is
funds
bullocks
countries,
the
objective the
association
is
more
initiated
catalyst
development
Working
come
producing The
produce
only
selling
can
crops.
to
credit
In many
by
spiral
produce available
therefore
achieved
initial
all
money
crop
of
products
many
in
output
no
can
more
farmers
in
grain
almost
absence
power.
and
money.
pay
production
in
food
because
output
In
several.
livestock-crop
production
about
production
Yearbook,
these
can
the
draught
kept
the
produce
livestock
and
as
increases rice
in meat
increases
livestock
to
better
numbers of
of
livestock,
in
point
sale
land
well
large
in
to
purchase
upward
needed
increase
second
In
to
crop
increases
consequence, or
income
An
the
to
cattle
pivot
cash
cattle
as
where
of
low
seed,
water.
the
finds
and
in
production
have The
the
elsewhere.
Production
extremely is,
of
production
increases
simple
better
ha
numbers output.
a year,
availability
increased
power
therefore required
or
products.
purchasing the
is
There
grain
situations
by
income home.
irrigation
food
(FAO
the
in
increases
of are
to
milk
countries
large
reported
and
paralleled
also
Asian
a significant
animal 0.25
big
one
other
Africa in
a year.
where
association
relates cash
mechanism about
also
fertilizer
measures
increase
sub-Saharan
livestock
meat
output
milk
occurred,
production
f~rst
farms
to
Changes
in
extra
of
increased,
this
livestock
The
an grain
litres
In
greatly
production
each
with
for
rice
Increases
incremental
for
indicate
increases
associated of
output
that
states,
been
ability
figures
show
observations
has
our
information.
two.
northwestern and
to
the
These
wheat
add
relevant
India's
milk
they
production
significant
production
kg
FAO some
numbers
correlation also
the
provides
livestock
do
ASSOCIATIONS
analysis
since
or
one
role the
type
and
by
their
pair
of
oxen
can
study area same the
to
by e a c h
study
shows
also
changing third
countries
reason
grow
food,
In A f r i c a
cattle
numbers
the
more
also
further
Accepting
grain
meat
reinforcing
there
is an
and
cattle
technical
alternatives
the
demand.
demand
provide
available
with
more
and b e t t e r idea
meat
cattle
for t h i s animal
of
and between
numbers
is that
than
it
is
it is to
animal.
in l i v e s t o c k
association now need
for
livestock
correlation
area-livestock
we
The
As
people's
between
per
role
important
production,
for m o r e
are m o s t
reason
crop
patterns
increased
draught
a vital
crop
increase.
between
than
and milk
of the
numbers
is a h i g h e r
The
ILCA Jn the
of m a r k e t
cattle
production
play
foodgrain
the
there
recent
in c r o p p i n g
and m i l k
and better
productivity
residues
Africa
Meat
A
~ncrease
power.
is that
production.
to p r o d u c e
Crop
change
correlation
generally,
and m i l k
as b u l l o c k
and w e a l t h
and m o r e
a year. a marked
of b u l l o c k
for t h e
and
crops
shows
family
rapidily.
milk.
increase
of
a marked
in s i z e
better
and meat
ha
crop production
escalates
easier
4
availability
increased
food
2
unpublished)
cultivated
The and
cultivate
(Gryseels,
feeding
between
increased
to c o n s i d e r
increasing
in
association.
the
livestock
production.
LIVESTOCK
RESEARCH
Because
of
produce
the
results
is
The
easily
In
on
economic
in
Tsetse
the fly,
the
carries,
all
total
be of
the
area
stock
5%
proportion,
the
where
great
efforts disease.
livestock
Africa. to
ILCA,
This roughly work
already
in being
work
on
budget.
appropriate
ILCA's
of
their
in
of
made this
and
livestock
Africa.
is
Table of
the
common
in
fly,
and
half
of
the
by field
about
disease
what
this
2 region.
it
would
trypanosomiasis
present
be
falls
numerical to
to
research
choice
While the
likely
limited the
must
practical
resources
of
research
are
zones
trypanosomiasis,
At
is
of
of
numbers
present it
and
use
ILCA
are
contribute
ecological
human
to
priorities
must
possible.
about
best
research
ILCA
at
improvements
But
land
small
the
deciding
major
research
transferable
which
vector
reduces
otherwise
quickly
because
land, the
Africa,
livestock,
importance.
~ummarizes
control
in
in
with
selecting
ruminant
improvement
half
are
speed
important
resources.
crisis
which
development. made
food
takes is
a very
circumstances
ILRAD is
and
others
directed
to
to a
better
understanding
lerance
in
induce
this
ted
the
dwarf with
African
breeds
extent of
relative
of
the
and
the
for
of
the
trypanoto-
factors
conclusively
work
these
that
demonstra-
previously
this
demand
of
neglected
has
been
animals
associated
(Trail,
1979).
2 Africa:basic
Zone
land,
Land
human
Tsetse
(million
km 2 )
km 2 )
Arid
8.3
1.0
Semi-arid
4.0
2.0
Subhumid
4.9
3.3
Humid
4.1
3.7
Highlands
1.0
22.3
Source:
In
Jahnke
the
highland
intensively
but of are
limited. More
at
and
animal
45.4
23.1
33.2
32.8
14.1
20.3
50.3
8.8
8.2
11.6
0.2
38.0
29.0
21.4
11.9
10.2
238.2
147.5
103.9
125.3
is
that with
of
Africa,
farming
no
the
48.3
sales.
services,
low
the
income
cost
used
other
of
additional in
changes in impact
in
cash
in
credit
lies
zone
show
cattle,
forage on
turn
and
inputs this
very
growth.
which
spare
results
inputs
is
lateral
for
a dramatic
and
Cash
subsistence
yields,
genetic
a whole.
productivity
provide
improvements
a
as
for
absence
Research
modest have
to
output,
system
labour
increased
In of
fertilizer is
operate
of
of
land
from
inputs.
levels the
and
remaining
systems
on
output
livestock
source
very
use
farm
come
equally
low
pressure
all
must
livestock
health
65.7 59.4
land,
possible
convincingly associated
(millions)
24.8
low,
almost
purchased
increased
Goats f
disappointingly
extremely
There
only
Sheep
37.1
areas
production
require
Cattle
31.5
biological
negligible,
consumption,
resources
(1982)
consequence incomes
livestock
~
(million
TOTAL
and
Humans
area
the
and has
of
breeds in
management
ILCA
productivity
upsurge
Sub-Saharan
is
and
livestock,
Trail
trypanotolerant
a great
TABLE
the
phenomena.
high
but
of
milk
use and
and
in
livestock
sales
initiated
(ILCA,
Low
animal
poor
i000
of
of mm
only
of
1 to
efforts
High
of
tropical fly,
more
factor;
incidence
of
respiratory and
However,
herd
ILCA's
considerable a
better
of
of
for
milk
is
to
Africa.
produce are
in
the in
of
parasite
vaccine
the
is
high.
for
human
stock
in
in
the
a zone
be
and high
very
tropics
from
very
a high
a complex
of
mortality
rates
small
mortality
as
a result.
is
possible
that
vaccination
improved
dry
the
damaging
demonstrates
goat
high
a continually
Additionally,
control,
and
is
would
extremely
and
milk
challenge
mange,
humid
species With
output
The
invariably
sheep
of
and
pasture
young
stock,
dermatophilosis
can
spite
poor.
livestock
particularly
very
a great
mortality
need
trypanosomiasis.
reduction
rinderpest
the
feeding
in
is
constraints.
trypanotolerant and
work
find
the
productivity,
livestock
limit
sizes
combination
culture
be
matter
usual,
feed
to
and
also
parasites,
and
to
of
Dry
There
fertility
animals
survived
diseases
flock
using
among
animals
are
soils.
all
lowlands
even
debilitating if
rates
a result
hectare
made
soil
the
is
primary
common,
of
mortality
tsetse
spiral
pastures.
available,
are
precludes
rainfall,
being
feed
nutrition
per
this
major
problems
the
production
land
reasonable
are
the
amount
subsistence where
highlands
fallow
increasing
identify
limited
the
2 tonnes and
substantial
Parasitic
upward
and
rainfall for
to
the
in
natural
opportunity
and
enable
1982).
production
growth
yields
and
season
with
a
tissue
feed
supplementation. In
the
arid
the
high
dry
months
cooler by
areas
mortality have
wetter
ILCA
a much
scientists area
RESEARCH
PRIORITIES
Two
key
What and to
research technical undertake?
results
on
of
in
of
production young
stock.
higher
death
Figure
I summarizes
seasonal
should
any
is
in
rate
problems
also
centre
on
Animals
born
in
hot
than
mortality
those
recent in
born
the in
the
observations
calves
in
the
WoDaaBe
Niger.
questions
director
Africa
months.
pastoral
the
of found
worth
content:What Priorities a stated
be
research
time
at
the
forefront
institution.
doing?
The
research must span.
be
second is
in The
it
assessed
has
a greater
sensible in
the
first
and
expectation
thinking is
of
economic: scientific
realistic of
useful
% Mortolity per yeor
20 18 16 14 ~2 ~0 8 6 4 2 0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
UUNE
MAY
uLY
~uG
sE~
OCT
NOV
DEC
Month of birth
FIGURE
I.
ILCA
Calf
has
linkages
approached and
production been It
One
of
major
the
crop
residues work extended
available
well
the
basis
next
seasons, below
of
by
and this
of
analyzing of
a result,
area
the
the
major
a strong
agricultural
Niger
data
livestock base
has
practices.
work
that
ILCA
on
which
to
concentrate
has
now its
emphasized
is
the
development
and
decade.
now
pasture
many
pastoral
components
thrusts
half
topics
greatly
dry is
questions
As
and and
grasslands, that
will
two
livestock
the
production
natural
WoDaaBe
of
research
improved
increase of
the
the
this by
major
the
Africa.
African on
over
of
testing
area
on
the
resources
these
of
principally
selected
in
interactions
systems
developed is
to
mortality
as
forage
well
animals improve
legumes.
nutritive
rely
as
value the
upon.
livestock
during maintenance
which
The of
It
is
feed
requirements.
of
expected
quantity
is
large
supplementation
productivity the
objective
Africa's
the
that
now
limited and
quality
10 Research the
on
dairy
highlands,
economically
have
crossbred yields
of
been
traditional
more
than
2000
traditional
farm
has
cash
income
more
have
an
mixed
by
TABLE
cash the
farming
production
200
income
is
the
farming
systems.
cows
In
consequence,
Where
traditional
of
about
of being
sustained
with US$
the
to
and
cash
local
800.
improve
cash
income
farms
have
The
annual now
income,
component
in
overall
food
this
3).
highlands:production farms
Farms
position
with
crossbred
cows
in
improved
Unimproved farms
Yield Milk
(i/lactation)
2~00
250
Teff
(kg/ha)
1200
900
Wheat
(kg/ha)
1000
700
Beans
(kg/ha)
800
600
Livestock
500
50
Crops
200
90
Other
75
50
60
60
130
60
50
I0
350
60
Cash
an
cows
extra
per
3
Ethiopian unimproved
Cash
village breeds
crossbred
livestock
used
milk
under
of
and
of
Annual
from
In
technically
introduction
been
farmers
thrust.
both
through
have
most,
improvement
system, (Table
at
important
successful
litres
tripled.
US$
average
generated
250
management. than
of
litres
with
another
are
obtained
into
compared
is
which
cows
conditions, under
production
results
income
expens.es
(US$/farm~
(U$$./farm.~
Livestock Fertilizer Labour Other
and
seed
and
II Research animals
on are
tural
animal
systems
earlier and
traction
a primary of
Africa.
cultivation,
larger
systems
are
farming
systems.
farmers
ox
traditional Other
Africa
as
well
surveys
AND
activity
in
of
at
workshops
The
of
their
suitability a plough
a
large
pair
in drawn
percentage
required
the
impact
of
livestock
as
with
by
mineral
production
a constraint ground,
ILCA
to
aerial
to
enter
importance
to
on
and
and of
training
in
livestock
and
the
satellite
area
the
training
of
land
continent.
the
provides
research
workers
other of
emphasis
the
on
primary courses,
planners,
development
management.
centre
provides
services
library
concentrating
key
needs
primary scientists
with
While
key
the
African
techniques,
scientists,
information
month
another
has
of
importance.
a comprehensive
service
skills
production key
is
programme
and
address and
documentation -
scientists
research
seminars
Africa
research
knowledge
areas
a.computerized
each
water
crucial
ILCA
the
in
a microfiche
and
enabled
of
administrators
ILCA's
on
forage of
also
research
is
Saharan
the
and
using as
to
research
experience
African
ILCA.
courses
emphasis
role
has
increasing
staff,
compared
preparation,
implements
DOCUMENTATION
livestock
and
the
a topic
training
short
for
innovation
agricul-
facilitates
seedbed
appraised
promising,
ox
affect
expanding
planning,
TRAINING
they as
resource
of
traction
better breeds,
An
include
as
An
aim
one
animal
as
smallholder
implements.
output.
The
being
intensified
many
Different
particularly
only
priorities
deficiencies
use
is
have
been in
planting,
areas.
traditional a single
also power
Improved
cultivation
of
of
timely
cultivated
by
has
source
on
in
throughout
in
livestock
non-conventional
storage
abstracts
unique
the
and
to
the
field, literature
retrieval
tailored
sub-
system
which
individual
needs
Africa.
SUMMARY
ILCA's in
Africa.
income part
overall
essential
the
available. cost
is
Increased
so of
aim
increases
world ILCA's in
to
improve
livestock for
where
human production
increases
in
adequate
credit
approach, livestock
welfare
to
provides
food
increase
production,
and
grain
farm seen
the
supplies cash
production
mechanisms
is
food
are
income as
the
in
a
rarely through
low
most
cost-
]2
effective availability
means in
of
reversing
the
current
decline
in
food
Africa.
REFERENCES ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa) 1982. Annual Report, 1981. ILCA, Addis Ababa. Jahnke, H.E. 1982. Livestock production systems and livestock development in tropical Africa. Kieler Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, Kiel. Ruttan, V. 1982. A~ricultura~ ResearcA PoZicy. University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota. Trail, J.C.M. 1979. Trypanotolerant livestock in West and central Africa. ILCA Monograph No.2. ILCA, Addis Ababa.
3
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., A m s t e r d a m -- Printed in The Netherlands
THE
INTERNATIONAL
LIVESTOCK
CENTRE
(ILCA)
AND
FOOD
PRODUCTION
IN
AFRICA
PETER
J.
Director (ILCA),
BRUMBY General, P.O.Box
the 5689,
International Addis Ababa
Livestock (Ethiopia)
Centre
for
Africa
INTRODUCTION The
~ncrease
last
decade
rates
are
achieved is
now
Saharan
Africa
million
tonnes.
cereal
yields
(Table
I);
due
an
to
of
3%
a year.
37.8
million
Over per
some this.
grain
output
of
of
in
meat was
a modest
animal.
Interestingly,
produced
the
largest The
decline
marked
rise
imports 1980
in in
to 8.6
Meat
tonnes
in
1980,
tonnes
in
1980.
daily
food
remained
at
of
was
which
compared As
around of
0167-5877/84/$03.00
2170
animal
a negligible
change
780
kg/ha occur
continent show
of
the
meat
ar~
a
1,5%
and
food
milk
grain
and per
meat
caput
in
food
eight
show
an
to 26
total
000 meat
in
output
also
has
milk
been
3.2
million of
offset
55
© 1984 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
a
cereal and
in
123
000
domestic 1970 of
increases
g of
the
by
1970
tonnes
the in
that had
yields.
In
production
Production
per
countries
and
African
cattle
production
20%
huge
each
and
more
the
tonnes
these to
little a year
imports.
totalled
(equivalent
of
better
increase
bottom
about
livestock
were
a much
average
importantly,
numbers
and
have
an But
in
calories
was
decade.
in
origin(FAO
in
area.
most
available
sub-
42.4
did
production
to
in
was
that
the
a result
supply
was
milk
imports
it
about
Africa
tonnes
1980
averaged
production
sub-Saharan
there
increase
cereal
production
in
the
cattle
food
both
million
production).
the
in
the growth
production
increases
increases
cereal and
over
and
over
population
in
increase
largest
1970
a year.
and an
Africa
tonnes
eight
3.5%
in
whereas
which
crop in
12.5%
There plus
the
top
about of
changes
numbers
area,
output
a year
In
increase
The
decrease
1%
decade
countries
than
The
unit
expansion
promising.
the
modest
grain
of
was
record
average
food
order
about
the
However,
in
the
in protein,
and 3.1 in
the
million imports
last about
Yearbooks,1979
decade 25% to
1980)
4 1
TABLE
Percentage 1969/71 to
changes 1979/81
in
food
production
in
sub-Saharan
PercentaKe
Average
Upper
change a
Cereal
production
Cereal
yield
change
8
Lower
countries b
12.3
-12.5
8.24
-
6.43
numbers
16.1
31.9
13.6
Meat
production
27.8
34.1
24.5
Milk
production
21.8
29 . i
2S .2
Cattle
aweighted
average
bExcluding p.a.
Low
many
to
increased
is
areas
with
add for
lower
an
overall
and
structure
and
fertilizer
the
efficiency
technical
diverting
a
but
of
of
output
change.
And
ample
evidence
of
food
are
only
effort.
with
inputs of
based
such
improvement
production is
It output the
organizational
source
change
lead they
feasible
production
agricultural
would
savings
increased
technology, key
grain
production.
prices
achieve
countries
inappropriate
development
to
a major
technical
in
48 cereal
potential
these
of
Thus
and
producer
the
improved
availability
vaccines.
to
farmer
costs,
adoption
and
by
decade, tonne
increases higher
burden and
the
million
that
but
a nation
in
currencies
frustrated
likely
production
development
the
is
production
also
better
< 0.5
overvalued
have it
change
producing
prices,
objectives
In
would
percentage
countries
producer
policy
of
8
countries b
$6.5
2.8
(kg/ha)
Africa,
as in
must
be
good
research
on
work. There has
been
studies case
extremely on
for
In In
is
Africa
these
development
this
investment
cost-effective. subject
increasing the
that
An
(Ruttan,
1982)
agricultural immediate
circumstances
the
must
assessed:do
be
is
priority
agricultural
inventory provides
research
problem
in
to of
livestock
in
of an
research
the
developing
increase livestock compete
many
overwhelming countries.
cereal
supplies.
research for
and
scarce
food
production
resources?
total
supplies?
food
CROP-LIVESTOCK An
of
1965
and
between
led
to
figures
population
is
about
200
kg
30
of
meat
in
cereal
and
in
extra
38
have
production.
are
reasons and
~or
the
is
consumed
to
buy
Africa
are
at
or
by
finding this
livestock
increasing
system
The of
is
for
and
crops.
reason
for
providing of
of
need
draught
farm
livestock power
the
for
by
be
land
~or
milk 1981).
The
On
subsistence
protection
a good
inputs.
thus
be
cultivation.
largely
in
and
is
the
are the
determined
Typically
is
funds
bullocks
countries,
the
objective the
association
is
more
initiated
catalyst
development
Working
come
producing The
produce
only
selling
can
crops.
to
credit
In many
by
spiral
produce available
therefore
achieved
initial
all
money
crop
of
products
many
in
output
no
can
more
farmers
in
grain
almost
absence
power.
and
money.
pay
production
in
food
because
output
In
several.
livestock-crop
production
about
production
Yearbook,
these
can
the
draught
kept
the
produce
livestock
and
as
increases rice
in meat
increases
livestock
to
better
numbers of
of
livestock,
in
point
sale
land
well
large
in
to
purchase
upward
needed
increase
second
In
to
crop
increases
consequence, or
income
An
the
to
cattle
pivot
cash
cattle
as
where
of
low
seed,
water.
the
finds
and
in
production
have The
the
elsewhere.
Production
extremely is,
of
production
increases
simple
better
ha
numbers output.
a year,
availability
increased
power
therefore required
or
products.
purchasing the
is
There
grain
situations
by
income home.
irrigation
food
(FAO
the
in
increases
of are
to
milk
countries
large
reported
and
paralleled
also
Asian
a significant
animal 0.25
big
one
other
Africa in
a year.
where
association
relates cash
mechanism about
also
fertilizer
measures
increase
sub-Saharan
livestock
meat
output
milk
occurred,
production
f~rst
farms
to
Changes
in
extra
of
increased,
this
livestock
The
an grain
litres
In
greatly
production
each
with
for
rice
Increases
incremental
for
indicate
increases
associated of
output
that
states,
been
ability
figures
show
observations
has
our
information.
two.
northwestern and
to
the
These
wheat
add
relevant
India's
milk
they
production
significant
production
kg
FAO some
numbers
correlation also
the
provides
livestock
do
ASSOCIATIONS
analysis
since
or
one
role the
type
and
by
their
pair
of
oxen
can
study area same the
to
by e a c h
study
shows
also
changing third
countries
reason
grow
food,
In A f r i c a
cattle
numbers
the
more
also
further
Accepting
grain
meat
reinforcing
there
is an
and
cattle
technical
alternatives
the
demand.
demand
provide
available
with
more
and b e t t e r idea
meat
cattle
for t h i s animal
of
and between
numbers
is that
than
it
is
it is to
animal.
in l i v e s t o c k
association now need
for
livestock
correlation
area-livestock
we
The
As
people's
between
per
role
important
production,
for m o r e
are m o s t
reason
crop
patterns
increased
draught
a vital
crop
increase.
between
than
and milk
of the
numbers
is a h i g h e r
The
ILCA Jn the
of m a r k e t
cattle
production
play
foodgrain
the
there
recent
in c r o p p i n g
and m i l k
and better
productivity
residues
Africa
Meat
A
~ncrease
power.
is that
production.
to p r o d u c e
Crop
change
correlation
generally,
and m i l k
as b u l l o c k
and w e a l t h
and m o r e
a year. a marked
of b u l l o c k
for t h e
and
crops
shows
family
rapidily.
milk.
increase
of
a marked
in s i z e
better
and meat
ha
crop production
escalates
easier
4
availability
increased
food
2
unpublished)
cultivated
The and
cultivate
(Gryseels,
feeding
between
increased
to c o n s i d e r
increasing
in
association.
the
livestock
production.
LIVESTOCK
RESEARCH
Because
of
produce
the
results
is
The
easily
In
on
economic
in
Tsetse
the fly,
the
carries,
all
total
be of
the
area
stock
5%
proportion,
the
where
great
efforts disease.
livestock
Africa. to
ILCA,
This roughly work
already
in being
work
on
budget.
appropriate
ILCA's
of
their
in
of
made this
and
livestock
Africa.
is
Table of
the
common
in
fly,
and
half
of
the
by field
about
disease
what
this
2 region.
it
would
trypanosomiasis
present
be
falls
numerical to
to
research
choice
While the
likely
limited the
must
practical
resources
of
research
are
zones
trypanosomiasis,
At
is
of
of
numbers
present it
and
use
ILCA
are
contribute
ecological
human
to
priorities
must
possible.
about
best
research
ILCA
at
improvements
But
land
small
the
deciding
major
research
transferable
which
vector
reduces
otherwise
quickly
because
land, the
Africa,
livestock,
importance.
~ummarizes
control
in
in
with
selecting
ruminant
improvement
half
are
speed
important
resources.
crisis
which
development. made
food
takes is
a very
circumstances
ILRAD is
and
others
directed
to
to a
better
understanding
lerance
in
induce
this
ted
the
dwarf with
African
breeds
extent of
relative
of
the
and
the
for
of
the
trypanoto-
factors
conclusively
work
these
that
demonstra-
previously
this
demand
of
neglected
has
been
animals
associated
(Trail,
1979).
2 Africa:basic
Zone
land,
Land
human
Tsetse
(million
km 2 )
km 2 )
Arid
8.3
1.0
Semi-arid
4.0
2.0
Subhumid
4.9
3.3
Humid
4.1
3.7
Highlands
1.0
22.3
Source:
In
Jahnke
the
highland
intensively
but of are
limited. More
at
and
animal
45.4
23.1
33.2
32.8
14.1
20.3
50.3
8.8
8.2
11.6
0.2
38.0
29.0
21.4
11.9
10.2
238.2
147.5
103.9
125.3
is
that with
of
Africa,
farming
no
the
48.3
sales.
services,
low
the
income
cost
used
other
of
additional in
changes in impact
in
cash
in
credit
lies
zone
show
cattle,
forage on
turn
and
inputs this
very
growth.
which
spare
results
inputs
is
lateral
for
a dramatic
and
Cash
subsistence
yields,
genetic
a whole.
productivity
provide
improvements
a
as
for
absence
Research
modest have
to
output,
system
labour
increased
In of
fertilizer is
operate
of
of
land
from
inputs.
levels the
and
remaining
systems
on
output
livestock
source
very
use
farm
come
equally
low
pressure
all
must
livestock
health
65.7 59.4
land,
possible
convincingly associated
(millions)
24.8
low,
almost
purchased
increased
Goats f
disappointingly
extremely
There
only
Sheep
37.1
areas
production
require
Cattle
31.5
biological
negligible,
consumption,
resources
(1982)
consequence incomes
livestock
~
(million
TOTAL
and
Humans
area
the
and has
of
breeds in
management
ILCA
productivity
upsurge
Sub-Saharan
is
and
livestock,
Trail
trypanotolerant
a great
TABLE
the
phenomena.
high
but
of
milk
use and
and
in
livestock
sales
initiated
(ILCA,
Low
animal
poor
i000
of
of mm
only
of
1 to
efforts
High
of
tropical fly,
more
factor;
incidence
of
respiratory and
However,
herd
ILCA's
considerable a
better
of
of
for
milk
is
to
Africa.
produce are
in
the in
of
parasite
vaccine
the
is
high.
for
human
stock
in
in
the
a zone
be
and high
very
tropics
from
very
a high
a complex
of
mortality
rates
small
mortality
as
a result.
is
possible
that
vaccination
improved
dry
the
damaging
demonstrates
goat
high
a continually
Additionally,
control,
and
is
would
extremely
and
milk
challenge
mange,
humid
species With
output
The
invariably
sheep
of
and
pasture
young
stock,
dermatophilosis
can
spite
poor.
livestock
particularly
very
a great
mortality
need
trypanosomiasis.
reduction
rinderpest
the
feeding
in
is
constraints.
trypanotolerant and
work
find
the
productivity,
livestock
limit
sizes
combination
culture
be
matter
usual,
feed
to
and
also
parasites,
and
to
of
Dry
There
fertility
animals
survived
diseases
flock
using
among
animals
are
soils.
all
lowlands
even
debilitating if
rates
a result
hectare
made
soil
the
is
primary
common,
of
mortality
tsetse
spiral
pastures.
available,
are
precludes
rainfall,
being
feed
nutrition
per
this
major
problems
the
production
land
reasonable
are
the
amount
subsistence where
highlands
fallow
increasing
identify
limited
the
2 tonnes and
substantial
Parasitic
upward
and
rainfall for
to
the
in
natural
opportunity
and
enable
1982).
production
growth
yields
and
season
with
a
tissue
feed
supplementation. In
the
arid
the
high
dry
months
cooler by
areas
mortality have
wetter
ILCA
a much
scientists area
RESEARCH
PRIORITIES
Two
key
What and to
research technical undertake?
results
on
of
in
of
production young
stock.
higher
death
Figure
I summarizes
seasonal
should
any
is
in
rate
problems
also
centre
on
Animals
born
in
hot
than
mortality
those
recent in
born
the in
the
observations
calves
in
the
WoDaaBe
Niger.
questions
director
Africa
months.
pastoral
the
of found
worth
content:What Priorities a stated
be
research
time
at
the
forefront
institution.
doing?
The
research must span.
be
second is
in The
it
assessed
has
a greater
sensible in
the
first
and
expectation
thinking is
of
economic: scientific
realistic of
useful
% Mortolity per yeor
20 18 16 14 ~2 ~0 8 6 4 2 0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
UUNE
MAY
uLY
~uG
sE~
OCT
NOV
DEC
Month of birth
FIGURE
I.
ILCA
Calf
has
linkages
approached and
production been It
One
of
major
the
crop
residues work extended
available
well
the
basis
next
seasons, below
of
by
and this
of
analyzing of
a result,
area
the
the
major
a strong
agricultural
Niger
data
livestock base
has
practices.
work
that
ILCA
on
which
to
concentrate
has
now its
emphasized
is
the
development
and
decade.
now
pasture
many
pastoral
components
thrusts
half
topics
greatly
dry is
questions
As
and and
grasslands, that
will
two
livestock
the
production
natural
WoDaaBe
of
research
improved
increase of
the
the
this by
major
the
Africa.
African on
over
of
testing
area
on
the
resources
these
of
principally
selected
in
interactions
systems
developed is
to
mortality
as
forage
well
animals improve
legumes.
nutritive
rely
as
value the
upon.
livestock
during maintenance
which
The of
It
is
feed
requirements.
of
expected
quantity
is
large
supplementation
productivity the
objective
Africa's
the
that
now
limited and
quality
10 Research the
on
dairy
highlands,
economically
have
crossbred yields
of
been
traditional
more
than
2000
traditional
farm
has
cash
income
more
have
an
mixed
by
TABLE
cash the
farming
production
200
income
is
the
farming
systems.
cows
In
consequence,
Where
traditional
of
about
of being
sustained
with US$
the
to
and
cash
local
800.
improve
cash
income
farms
have
The
annual now
income,
component
in
overall
food
this
3).
highlands:production farms
Farms
position
with
crossbred
cows
in
improved
Unimproved farms
Yield Milk
(i/lactation)
2~00
250
Teff
(kg/ha)
1200
900
Wheat
(kg/ha)
1000
700
Beans
(kg/ha)
800
600
Livestock
500
50
Crops
200
90
Other
75
50
60
60
130
60
50
I0
350
60
Cash
an
cows
extra
per
3
Ethiopian unimproved
Cash
village breeds
crossbred
livestock
used
milk
under
of
and
of
Annual
from
In
technically
introduction
been
farmers
thrust.
both
through
have
most,
improvement
system, (Table
at
important
successful
litres
tripled.
US$
average
generated
250
management. than
of
litres
with
another
are
obtained
into
compared
is
which
cows
conditions, under
production
results
income
expens.es
(US$/farm~
(U$$./farm.~
Livestock Fertilizer Labour Other
and
seed
and
II Research animals
on are
tural
animal
systems
earlier and
traction
a primary of
Africa.
cultivation,
larger
systems
are
farming
systems.
farmers
ox
traditional Other
Africa
as
well
surveys
AND
activity
in
of
at
workshops
The
of
their
suitability a plough
a
large
pair
in drawn
percentage
required
the
impact
of
livestock
as
with
by
mineral
production
a constraint ground,
ILCA
to
aerial
to
enter
importance
to
on
and
and of
training
in
livestock
and
the
satellite
area
the
training
of
land
continent.
the
provides
research
workers
other of
emphasis
the
on
primary courses,
planners,
development
management.
centre
provides
services
library
concentrating
key
needs
primary scientists
with
While
key
the
African
techniques,
scientists,
information
month
another
has
of
importance.
a comprehensive
service
skills
production key
is
programme
and
address and
documentation -
scientists
research
seminars
Africa
research
knowledge
areas
a.computerized
each
water
crucial
ILCA
the
in
a microfiche
and
enabled
of
administrators
ILCA's
on
forage of
also
research
is
Saharan
the
and
using as
to
research
experience
African
ILCA.
courses
emphasis
role
has
increasing
staff,
compared
preparation,
implements
DOCUMENTATION
livestock
and
the
a topic
training
short
for
innovation
agricul-
facilitates
seedbed
appraised
promising,
ox
affect
expanding
planning,
TRAINING
they as
resource
of
traction
better breeds,
An
include
as
An
aim
one
animal
as
smallholder
implements.
output.
The
being
intensified
many
Different
particularly
only
priorities
deficiencies
use
is
have
been in
planting,
areas.
traditional a single
also power
Improved
cultivation
of
of
timely
cultivated
by
has
source
on
in
throughout
in
livestock
non-conventional
storage
abstracts
unique
the
and
to
the
field, literature
retrieval
tailored
sub-
system
which
individual
needs
Africa.
SUMMARY
ILCA's in
Africa.
income part
overall
essential
the
available. cost
is
Increased
so of
aim
increases
world ILCA's in
to
improve
livestock for
where
human production
increases
in
adequate
credit
approach, livestock
welfare
to
provides
food
increase
production,
and
grain
farm seen
the
supplies cash
production
mechanisms
is
food
are
income as
the
in
a
rarely through
low
most
cost-
]2
effective availability
means in
of
reversing
the
current
decline
in
food
Africa.
REFERENCES ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa) 1982. Annual Report, 1981. ILCA, Addis Ababa. Jahnke, H.E. 1982. Livestock production systems and livestock development in tropical Africa. Kieler Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, Kiel. Ruttan, V. 1982. A~ricultura~ ResearcA PoZicy. University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota. Trail, J.C.M. 1979. Trypanotolerant livestock in West and central Africa. ILCA Monograph No.2. ILCA, Addis Ababa.