- Email: [email protected]
The nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens
.-1wm7/ Fe& Sontee a1tn Tec/Ichno/og~. 37 ( I992 ) 99- IO9 Elsevier Science Publisher; B.V.. Amsterdam
99
The nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens
ABSTRACT Namhi. J.. Mhugua. P.N. and Mitaru. B.N.. 1992. The nutritive evahlation ofdried poultry excreta as a feed ingreaiettt for broiler chickens. .~wm FEedSo Trchnol.. 37: 99-109. In the first of two experiments, the effect of graded levels of oven or solar dried poultry cxcreta (DPE) on broiler pcrformancc. carcass yield. abdomlrnzl fat pad weight and thigh meat composirlon was examined. Excreta were collected wiry 3 days from laying hens and immediately dried in an oven at 6O’C or in a so&r drier at 50-7O’C and milled. The DPE was included in broiler diets at lewdly of0. 5. IO. I5 and 20%. The diets wcrc made both isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The type and level of DPE had no signiticant efrrft on growth rate. Inclusion of DPE affected (P
INTRODUCTION
Feed costs account for about 75% of the total cost of poultry production (Kekeocha, 1984). Insufficiency of feed frequently restricts development ot animal production in many developing countries. There is therefore a need to find alternative feed resources for animals in order to meet the high demand for animal protein by the increasing human population. .4t present,
-Correspondwce to: J. Nambi, t~evclopment Finance Group. Uganda Commercial Bank, P.O. Box 973, Kampala, Uganda.
0 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved 037 7-8401/92/$05.00
J. NAMEIt ET AL.
100
much emphasis is being laid on research in?o the use of agro-industrial byproducts and animal wastes which are not suitable as food for man. Poultry excreta contain nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, and energy which can be utilized when the material is recycled through feeding (Naiiona! Research Council, 1983). These nutrients arise from undigested feed, metabolic excretory products, and residues of microbial synthesis. Dried poultry excreta are low in metabolizable energy which can be overcome by the addition of fat to diets. The first experiment reported herein was designed to determine the effects of graded levels of oven or solar dried poultry excreta (DPE) on broiler performance, carcass yield, abdominal fat pad weight, and thigh meat composition. The second experiment was designed to identify the most efftciently utilized diet among diets containing 10% oven or solar dried poultry excreta and various levels of energy and protein. MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
Source and processing ofpoultry excreta
Poultry excreta were obtained by placing trays underneath cages of laying hens. The excreta were collected every 3 days, spread in layers 2 cm thick and processed by either: (a) oven drying at 60°C; (b) sun drying followed by autoclaving at 1.05 kg cm-’ and 12 1“C for 15 mitt; (c) solar drying in a simple box-type solar drier at 50-70°C. The hens from which the excretn were collected were fed on layer mash from the same feed company, so as to miniTABLE Chemical
I composition
Dry mailer (%) Ash (%) Crude orotein (%\ True piotein (40, nitrcgcn Crude !;brr (“b)
Nm-~10rctn
and gross protein
(%)
True melabolizsble en&y (MJ kg-’ DM! True protein digestibility (%) Gross protein value (%)
value ofdried
poultry
exereta
(DM basis)
Oven dried
Sun dried and autoclaved
Solar dried
92.2 28.8 21.8 9.8 12.0 16.0 2.9 22.8
92.4 29.0 17.6 10.9
93.1 26.7 22.6 Il.1
6.7 15.3 3.9 26.7
15.6 3.1 25.1
4.8
2.6
2.1
16.I
62.6 38.8
51.1 28.2
56.9
Il.5
ORlED POULTRY
EXCRETA
AS
A
FEED lNCRE”,ENT
101
FOR CHtCKENS
TABLE 2 Compositior! 3f broiler staner dir:: :scd in Enpe~irnem
I
Level of DPE (%) Oven dried poultry excreta
Solar dried poultry excreta
0
5
IO
15
20
5
IO
15
20
64.05
58.55 1.65 17.35 5.00 2.00 7.00 8.45
51.55 3.75 19.25 10.00 1.00 6.00 8.45
44.55 5.90 21.10 15.00 5.00 8.45
36.10 8.45 23.00 2O.JO
SO.43 4.97 19.15 10.00 2.00 6.00 8.45
42.85 7.70 21.00 IS.043 5.00 8.45
33.70 10.95 22.90 2o.rHl
4.00 8.45
57.90 2.30 17.35 5.00 2.00 7.00 8.45
90.07 24.02 7.12 7.71
90.45 24.46 7.62 9.15
91.30 23.99 8.1 I 10.66
90.88 23.?0 9.18 11.15
90.02 24.42 6.85 6.97
8.70 IS.23
10.26 15.23
10.06 13.75
8.16 14.97
90.07 24.20 7.83 IO.87 9.95 I5.S
90.62 24.11 8.43 12.82
6.45 IS.i9
90.07 23.98 7.73 8.82 9.22 IS.13
-_ _
Cnntrol
Constitwnls
(Oh)
Maize meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat bran Meat and bone meal Others’
16.00 4.00 7.50 8.45
Anul.vxd con~pos;tion (96 DM) Dry matter (%) 89.72 Crude protein 24.52 Ash 6.5 I Ether extract 6.43 Crude fiber 5.88 TME (MJ kg-l DM)
15.74
4.00 8.45
IO.lI 16.06
I
‘All the diets also contained (I): tish meal. 8.00; salt, 0.30: vitamin/mineral premix. 0. 5. The vitamin/mineral premix provided the following (kg-’ diet): vitamin A. IO 500 IU; vitamin 4.2250 NJ; vitamin E, 1.5 IU; vitamin K, 3 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; pantothenic acid, 7.5 mg; nicotinic arid. 12 mg; choline chloride, 150 mg; vitamin 312, 0.045 mg; iron, 25.5 mg: manganese, 60 mg: copper. 2.4 mg; cobalt, 0.3 mg; zinc. 49.5 mg; iodine, 1.2 mg; hutylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 112.5 mg.
mize the variation of the excreta. Extraneous materials such as feathers and spilled feed were carefully removed from the DPE, which were then ground through a Wiley mill fitted with a 1 mm screen sieve and incorporated into the experimental diets. Data collected in a preliminary study, on the proximate composition, gross protein value, true protein digestibility, and amino acid composition of DPE are shown in Table 1. In the current study, oven dried and solar dried excreta were used because the oven dried cxcreta were better nutritionally than the other types, and because solar drying is a simple and inexpensive method of dehydrating poultry excreta for use in the tropics. Experiment
I
Nine isonitrogenous, isoenergetic broiler starter and finisher diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, I5 and 20% oven dried or solar dried excreta. The starter and finisher diets are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The diets were analyzed for chemical composition according to standard pro-
102 TABLE
1. NAMRl
ET 4L.
3
Composnion
of broiler
finisher
I
diets used in Experiment
-
Level of DPE (o/o) Oven dried Control 0 co~~siifulvlls (%) Maize meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat bran Meat and bone meal Others’
&de pro& Ash Ether extract Crude TME
iibcr (MJ kg-‘DM)
69.35 15.50 5.70 5.00 4.45
20.63 5.1 5.15 8.29 15.56
I
poultry
waste
Solar dried
poultry
waste -
5
IO
I5
20
5
IO
I5
20
63.45 I .80 lb.60 5.00 4.00 4.50 4.45
57.20 3.70 18.75 10.00 2.40 3.50 4.45
50.80 5.65 20.70 15.00 0.90 2.50 4.45
44.06 7.70 22.35 20.00
62.80 2.45 16.80 5.00 4.00 4.50 4.45
56.15 4.90 18.70 10.00 2.30 3.50 4.45
49.20 7.45 20.60 15.00 0.80 2.50 4.45
4!.70 IO.lS 22.80 20.00 I.50 4.45
90.08 20.45 6.26 5.97
90.90 21.03 7.47 7.13
90.85 20.47 8.14 10.18
89.64 20.94 6.42 7.54
90.87 19.89 6.42 9.7 1
91.02 20.18 7.10 10.82
91.54 20.66 7.68 13.03
8.24 15.84
9.54 15.55
10.57 15.39
90.44 20.27 6.17 12.17 8.53 14.97
8.53 14.97
9.11 15.34
9.57 14.94
10.09 14.93
1.50 4.45
‘All the diets also contained (%): fish meal, 4.00: salt, 0.30; vilamin/mineral premix, 0.15. The vitamin/mineral premix provided the fame levels of minerals and vitamins as given in Table 2 footnote.
cedures (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1984). True metabolizable energy (TME) was determined according to the method of Sibbald (1976). Two hundred and sixteen Shaver “Starbro” broiler chicks aged 4 days were weighed and randomly allocated to the nice dietary treatments. Each diet was given to four groups of six chicks. The chicks were placed in electrically heated floor pens, and fed on starter diets up to 28 days of age and on the finisher diets until 53 days of age. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Weekly records of body weight and feed consumption per treatment replicate were kept up to 53 days of age. Mortality was also recorded. At 53 days of age, one broiler of the same sex was randomly selected from each treatment replicate, weighed, and slaughtered. Dressed weights of the slaughtered broilers were recorded. The abdominal fat pad from each of the slaughtered broilers was carefully removed and weighed. Thigh meat was analyzed for fat, water and protein by standard procedures (Association of Oflicial Analytical Chemists, 1984). Data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance, and means compared using the least significant difference (LSD).
DRIED POULTRY EXCRET4 AS A FEED ,NORED,ENT
Experiment
FOR
CHKKENS
103
2
The two types of DPE described for Experiment 1 were also used in thi4 experiment. However, the s?arter diets were formulated to contain only 10% DPE, and 1I .51 MJ apparent metabolizable energy (AME) kg- ‘, 11.97 MJ AME kg-’ and 12.43 MJ I-ME kg-’ and 20.8%, 21.7%, and 22.5% crude protein, respectively. Finisher diets were formulated to contain the same energy levels but with crude protein contents of 18.20/o,19.2% and 20.00/o,respectively. These protein and energy levels were designed to meet the requirements of broiler chickens (Scott et al., 1976). The compositions of the starter and finisher diets are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. One hundred and forty-four l-day-old Shaver ‘Starbro’ broiler chicks were weighed and divided into 24 groups of six chicks each. Four groups were allocated to each of the six dietary treatments. The management of the chicks was as described for Experiment 1. Starter diets were given for the first 28 TABLE 4 Composition of starter diets used in Experiment 2 Levels of energy and pmtein Oven dried poultry waste
Solar dried wx~llry waste
LOW
Medium
High
LOW
Medium
High
56.50 0.70 0.20 16.20 10.00 2.80 13.60
50.40 2.05 2.95 18.20 10.00 2.80 13.60
44.50 3.40 5.70 20.00 10.00 2.80 1360
59.00
52.90 2.35 3.05 18.10 IO.00
47.00 3.70 SO 19.90 IO.00
13.60
i3.60
.4nalJwd cornpositron (96Uhf) Dry matter (%) 92.24 Crude protein 22.91 Ash 7.43 Ether extract 7.59 Crude fiber 7.14 15.17 TME (MI kg-’ DM)
92.52 23.50 7.61 9.78 7.53 t 5.49
92.74 23.73 7.69 12.28 7.68 16.0
91.83 22.96 7.47
92.34 23.32 7.46 10.18 7.51 15.4
92.58 23.88 7.51 12.84 7.79 15.68
Consrlruenrs (5%) Maize meal Maize gluten meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry waste Wheat bran Other’
I.oo 0.30 16.10 10.00 13.60
9.04 7.44 14.93
‘All the diets also contained V/o): fish meal, 8.00. meat and bone meal, 5.00; salt, 0.30; vitamin/ mineral premix, 0.30. The premix provided the following (kg-’ diet ): vitamin A, 12 COOIU; vitamin D,, 2400 IU; vitamin E, 9.6 IU; vitamin K, 2.4 mg; vitamin B1, 7.2 mg; vitamin B,,, 0.012 mg; folic acid, I.2 mg; copper, 16.8 mg; nicotinic acid, 36 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; cobalt. 1.2 mg; iodine. 2.4 mg; iron, 28.8 mg; manganese, 80.4 mg; zinc. 80.4 mg; selenium, 0.12 mg; iodine, 2.4 mg; iron, 28.8 mg; manganese, 80.4 mg; zinc, 80.4 mg; seleniun:, 0. I2 mg; butylated hydmxytoluene (BHT). I44 mg; choline chloride, 0.70 g.
104 TAX?
J. NAMB, ET AL. 5
Composition
of tinishcr
diets used in Experiment Level of energy
2
and proteir.
Oven dried poultry waste
Cru& fiber TME IMJ ks-’
._.
poultry waste
LOW
Medium
High
LOW
Medium
High
59.20 1.90 0.20 16..5!‘ IO 31) 4.34 7.86
53.65 2.70 2.95 18.50 10.00 4.34 7.86
48.10 3.70 5.70 20.50 10.00 4.14 7.86
h1.70 2.00 0.30 16.40 10.00 .I4 7.86
56.15 2.80 3.05 18.40 10.00 1.74 7.86
50.60 3.80 5.80 20.40 10.00 1.54 7.86
(% DM) 89.94 20.47 6.45 6.FS
90.29 21.59 6.49 10.69
90.59 22.14 6.59 12.89
90.>3 19.93 5.99 6.51
90.49 21.83 6.38 10.34
90.96 21.83 6.23 12.82
8.38 14.94
8.64 15.43
9.32 15.92
8.68 14.62
9.03 .5.14
8.84 15.78
Constituents (96) Maize meal Maize&ten meal Lard Sunflowrr seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat Others’ Anat.vxd composition Dry matter (%a) Crude protein Ash Ether extract
Solar dried
DM)
‘All the diets also contained mineral premix, 0.30. The mins as given in Table 4.
(96): fish meal,
4.00; meat and bcne
I
meal,
3.00; salt. 0.30;
vitamin/mineral premix provided the same levels of minerals
ii*=nin/ and vita-
days, and finisher diets for the next 26 days. Weekly body weights, feed consumption, and mortality per replicate were recorded. At the end of the experiment at 54 days of age, one broiler of the same sex was randomly selected from each treatment replicate and weighed. The selected broilers were slaughtered and their dressed weights were recorded. Thigh meat from each bird was analyzed for water, fat and protein as in Experiment I. Data were analyzed statistically as for Experiment 1. RESULTS
Experiment
I
The effect of type and level of DPE on weight gain, feed intake, feed efftciency, carcass dressed weight, abdominal fat pad weight and thigh meat composition is shown in Table 6. The type and level of DPE had no significant effect on weight gain. Birds given diets containing oven or solar dried poultry excreta had a significantly higher (P
72.4b.C ,7.2* 5.P
superscripts
--‘Standard error of mean. ‘Least sign&ml ddfereoce. h4cans withm a row with different
(“0)
1499’ 4078’ 2.84b.C 76.6” 2.4a.b
0
Thigh meat cowposition Water Crude protein Crude fat
Weight gain (8 per bird) Feed intake (g per bird) Feed eff?iencr (feed: gain) wan dressed yield (%) Abdominal fat pad wright (g)
of DPE
73.0b 17.30 6.46
1485’ 4107r 2.75b.C 7O.tV’ 2.2b
IO
are s~gnificanlly diffcrenl
71.9’ 17.3’ s.2”d
14571 4137’ 2.77”,’ 72.7b 2.3b
5
Oven dried poultry excreta
Levd -
Effecis of type and level of dried pouluy excrete on broiler performance,
TABLE 6
(I’- 0.05).
72.9’ 16.P 6.4’
1x2* 4299b 2.7P 7l.P 2.3b
IS
75.5’ 16.Vb 5.2l,d
1429’ 4292b 3.0” 68.9’ 2.0b
20
ofthigh
mea1 ar 53 days of age
71.1’.6 16.P 8.0”
1497” 4266b’ 2.85” 7 I .6b’ 2.6”
5
720 :6.@ 6.6<
1493” 417P’ Mob, 73.P 2.3’
IO
71.9= l6.4’= 5.6’
1496” 4461’ 2.9Pb 6g.q’ 2.3b
1405= 417lb’ 2.98’ 70.9’,’ 2.4’,b
71.7( 16.7” 6.8
20
15
Solar dried poulfty cxcrela
carcass yield and composition
i
0.24 0. 5 0.30
97.1 52.5 0.04 1.20 0.09
SE’
0.70 0.45 0.87
283 152 0.11 3.55 0.25
I SD”
-
,’ tG ! E 0 2 8 f 7 % 0 5 c, E ,z
g z 1
,” 0 c r; z
7
of dietary
per bird) per bird) (fced:gain) (% )
‘Standard error of mean. ‘Least significant difference. Means within a row with different
(%)
superscripts
71.4” 18.1” 7.8’
are signiiicanlly different
72.5” 18.Y 8.0’
71.Y 18.4” 7.9
1624” 4638b 2.9” 72.6a.b
LOW
73.P 17.3” 7.6”
1698’ 4196” 2.9* 75.6”
71.6’ 17.5’ 7.6’
High
17443 4816n,b 2.8’ 72.0’,b
and carcass
Medium
poultry waste
on broiler performance
Solar dried
excreta
U’cO.OS).
1668” 4764a,b 2.9” 72.9” b
174il” 495Pb 2.8 71.6b
73.2’ 18.0’ 7.5”
High
Medium
1682= 4627b 2.8’ 71.lb
IO% dried poultry
Low
Oven dried poultry
waste
in diets conta;ning
Level of ME and CP
energy levels and protein
Thigh mm composition Water Crude protein Crude fat
Weight gain (g Feed intake (g Feed efficiency Dressed weight
Effect
TABLE
I
0.89 0.46 0.82
60.1 120.2 0.1 1.66
SE’
2.42
1.37
0.63
178 356 0.3 4.9
LSD2
yield at 54 days of age
take. For both types of DPE, feed intake increased with increase in level of DPE. Neither inclusion nor the level of DPE had a significant effect on feed efficiency. Inclusion of DPE had no significant effect on abdominal fat pad size. However, diets containing oven dried poultry excreta gave significantly bigger (P
From Experiment 1, it was shown that weight gain was similar with the various dietary treatments, which indicates that with proper adjustment for energy, dried potiitry excreta can be included in poultry diets to a level of 20%. Birds on diets containing DPE had a higher feed intake than those on the control diet. This could be attributed to the relatively lower energy con-
108
J. NAMB,
ET AL.
tent in these diets. Diets containing DPE were higher in fiber than the control. High fiber diets have been reported to increase feed intake and reduce weight gain (Moran and Evans, 1977; Bayer et al., 1978). The poor feed efficiency of broilers fed on diets containing 20% dried poultry excreta could be the result of uric acid present in the excreta. El Boushy and Vink ( 1977) suggested that uric acid could be toxic at levels in the diet of more than 1.07%, while Bare et al. ( 1964) proposed that uric acid depresses growth by acting as an irritant and thus interfering with the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract. Abdominal fat pad size varied with the various diets. The diets were intended to have the same energy:protein ratio, but this was not achieved. The variation in abdominal fat size can therefore be attributed to the energy :protein ratio as reported by other workers (Bartov et al., 1974; Grifftths et al., 1977). In addition, the difference in abdominal pad size could be explained by difference in intake of non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Combs et al. ( 198 1) reported that NPN intake reduces carcass fat. Thigh meat fat content varied in the same manner as abdominal fat pad size, while thigh meat water content decreased with an increase in the amount of fat. It has been established that carcass water is inversely proportional to carcass fat. Variation observed in carcass composition between the dietary treatments could largely be attributed to the energy: protein ratio rather than to the feeding of dried poultry excreta. Indeed, Rhee ei al. ( 1974) and Bhargava and O’Neil ( 1975) stated that inclusion of dried poultry waste in properly balanced diets had no significant effect on carcass yield and composition. The non-significant differences in growth rate, feed intake, and feed efticiency of broilers fed on diets containing 10% oven or solar dried poultry waste and various dietary levels of energy and protein are in agreement with the observations made by Vondell and Ringrose ( 1958), Bartov et al. ( 1974) and Pesti ( 1982) that broiler performance will not vary with different energy concentrations provided that the energy:protein ratio is kept constant. The remarkable similarities in carcass yield and meat composition of broilers in Experiment 2 showed that the dietary energy and protein levels had little influence on carcass yield and composition of edible meat. Similar observations were made by Summers et al. ( 1985). CONCLUSION
This study showed that oven or solar dried poultry excreta can be safely included in broiler starter and finisher diets up to a level of 20%. However, under the conditions of this study, the 10% level appeared to be the most economical.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD, the University of Nairobi, and the National Animal Husbandry Research Station, Naivasha, Kenya for financial support.
REFERENCES Association of Off?ial Analytical Chemists, 1984. OffZal Methods ofAnalysis, 14th edn. AOAC, Washington, DC, pp. I52- 174. Bare, L.N., Wiseman, R.F. and Abbot, O.J., 1964. Effects of dietary antibiotics and uric acid on the growth tif chicks. J. Nutr., 83: 27-33. Bartov, I., Bornstein, S. and Lipstein, B., 1974. Effect of calorie to protein ratio on the degree of fatness of broilers fed on practical diets. Br. Poult. Sci., 15: 107-I 17. Bayer, R.C., Hoover, W.H. and Muir. F.V., 1978. Dietary fibre apd meal feeding influence on broiler growth and crop fermentation. P&It. Sci., 57: 1436-1459. Bhargava, K.K. and O’Neil, J.B., 1975. Evaluation of dehydrated poultry waste from cage reared broilers as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci., 54: 1506-l 5 I 1. Combs, Jr., G.F., Baker, R.C. and El-Begearm, M.M., 1981. Influences of diet on ihe body composition of chicks. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, Cornell University, Agricultural Experimental Station. pp. 103-108. El Boushy, A.R. and Vink, F.W.A., 1977. The value of dried poultry waste as a feed ingredient in broiler diets. Feedstuffs, 49: 24-26. Grifflths, L.S., Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D., 1977. Fat deposition in broilers: effect ofdietary energy to protein balance and early life caloric restriction on productive performance and abdominal fat pad size. Poultry Sci., 56: 638-646. Kekeocha, C.C., 1984. Poultry Production Handbook. Pfizer Corporation, Nairobi, and Macmillan, London. Moran, Jr., E.T. and Evans, E., 1977. Performance and nutrient utilization by laying hens fed practical rations having extremes in tibre content. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 433-438. National Research Council, 1983. Animal wastes. In: Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board of Agriculture, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 12 l-l 77. Pesti, G.M., 1982. Characterisation of the response of male broiler chickens to diets of various protein and energy contents. Br. Poult. Sci., 23: 527-537. Rhee, Y.C.. Kim, C.I. and Hong, B.J., 1974. Study on the nutritive value ofdehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 16: 336-343. Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. acd Young, R.J., 1976. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York. Sibbald, J.R., 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feeding stuffs. Poult. Sci., 55: 305-308. Summers, J.D.. Leeson, S., Bedford, M. and Spratt, D., 1985. Composition of poultry meat as affected by nutritional factors. Poult. Sci., 5& 536-542. Vondell, R.M. and Ringroae, R.C., 1958. The effect of protein and fat levels and calorie to protein ratio upon performance ofbroilers. Poult. Sci., 37: 147-151.
99
The nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens
ABSTRACT Namhi. J.. Mhugua. P.N. and Mitaru. B.N.. 1992. The nutritive evahlation ofdried poultry excreta as a feed ingreaiettt for broiler chickens. .~wm FEedSo Trchnol.. 37: 99-109. In the first of two experiments, the effect of graded levels of oven or solar dried poultry cxcreta (DPE) on broiler pcrformancc. carcass yield. abdomlrnzl fat pad weight and thigh meat composirlon was examined. Excreta were collected wiry 3 days from laying hens and immediately dried in an oven at 6O’C or in a so&r drier at 50-7O’C and milled. The DPE was included in broiler diets at lewdly of0. 5. IO. I5 and 20%. The diets wcrc made both isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The type and level of DPE had no signiticant efrrft on growth rate. Inclusion of DPE affected (P
INTRODUCTION
Feed costs account for about 75% of the total cost of poultry production (Kekeocha, 1984). Insufficiency of feed frequently restricts development ot animal production in many developing countries. There is therefore a need to find alternative feed resources for animals in order to meet the high demand for animal protein by the increasing human population. .4t present,
-Correspondwce to: J. Nambi, t~evclopment Finance Group. Uganda Commercial Bank, P.O. Box 973, Kampala, Uganda.
0 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved 037 7-8401/92/$05.00
J. NAMEIt ET AL.
100
much emphasis is being laid on research in?o the use of agro-industrial byproducts and animal wastes which are not suitable as food for man. Poultry excreta contain nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, and energy which can be utilized when the material is recycled through feeding (Naiiona! Research Council, 1983). These nutrients arise from undigested feed, metabolic excretory products, and residues of microbial synthesis. Dried poultry excreta are low in metabolizable energy which can be overcome by the addition of fat to diets. The first experiment reported herein was designed to determine the effects of graded levels of oven or solar dried poultry excreta (DPE) on broiler performance, carcass yield, abdominal fat pad weight, and thigh meat composition. The second experiment was designed to identify the most efftciently utilized diet among diets containing 10% oven or solar dried poultry excreta and various levels of energy and protein. MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
Source and processing ofpoultry excreta
Poultry excreta were obtained by placing trays underneath cages of laying hens. The excreta were collected every 3 days, spread in layers 2 cm thick and processed by either: (a) oven drying at 60°C; (b) sun drying followed by autoclaving at 1.05 kg cm-’ and 12 1“C for 15 mitt; (c) solar drying in a simple box-type solar drier at 50-70°C. The hens from which the excretn were collected were fed on layer mash from the same feed company, so as to miniTABLE Chemical
I composition
Dry mailer (%) Ash (%) Crude orotein (%\ True piotein (40, nitrcgcn Crude !;brr (“b)
Nm-~10rctn
and gross protein
(%)
True melabolizsble en&y (MJ kg-’ DM! True protein digestibility (%) Gross protein value (%)
value ofdried
poultry
exereta
(DM basis)
Oven dried
Sun dried and autoclaved
Solar dried
92.2 28.8 21.8 9.8 12.0 16.0 2.9 22.8
92.4 29.0 17.6 10.9
93.1 26.7 22.6 Il.1
6.7 15.3 3.9 26.7
15.6 3.1 25.1
4.8
2.6
2.1
16.I
62.6 38.8
51.1 28.2
56.9
Il.5
ORlED POULTRY
EXCRETA
AS
A
FEED lNCRE”,ENT
101
FOR CHtCKENS
TABLE 2 Compositior! 3f broiler staner dir:: :scd in Enpe~irnem
I
Level of DPE (%) Oven dried poultry excreta
Solar dried poultry excreta
0
5
IO
15
20
5
IO
15
20
64.05
58.55 1.65 17.35 5.00 2.00 7.00 8.45
51.55 3.75 19.25 10.00 1.00 6.00 8.45
44.55 5.90 21.10 15.00 5.00 8.45
36.10 8.45 23.00 2O.JO
SO.43 4.97 19.15 10.00 2.00 6.00 8.45
42.85 7.70 21.00 IS.043 5.00 8.45
33.70 10.95 22.90 2o.rHl
4.00 8.45
57.90 2.30 17.35 5.00 2.00 7.00 8.45
90.07 24.02 7.12 7.71
90.45 24.46 7.62 9.15
91.30 23.99 8.1 I 10.66
90.88 23.?0 9.18 11.15
90.02 24.42 6.85 6.97
8.70 IS.23
10.26 15.23
10.06 13.75
8.16 14.97
90.07 24.20 7.83 IO.87 9.95 I5.S
90.62 24.11 8.43 12.82
6.45 IS.i9
90.07 23.98 7.73 8.82 9.22 IS.13
-_ _
Cnntrol
Constitwnls
(Oh)
Maize meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat bran Meat and bone meal Others’
16.00 4.00 7.50 8.45
Anul.vxd con~pos;tion (96 DM) Dry matter (%) 89.72 Crude protein 24.52 Ash 6.5 I Ether extract 6.43 Crude fiber 5.88 TME (MJ kg-l DM)
15.74
4.00 8.45
IO.lI 16.06
I
‘All the diets also contained (I): tish meal. 8.00; salt, 0.30: vitamin/mineral premix. 0. 5. The vitamin/mineral premix provided the following (kg-’ diet): vitamin A. IO 500 IU; vitamin 4.2250 NJ; vitamin E, 1.5 IU; vitamin K, 3 mg; riboflavin, 6 mg; pantothenic acid, 7.5 mg; nicotinic arid. 12 mg; choline chloride, 150 mg; vitamin 312, 0.045 mg; iron, 25.5 mg: manganese, 60 mg: copper. 2.4 mg; cobalt, 0.3 mg; zinc. 49.5 mg; iodine, 1.2 mg; hutylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 112.5 mg.
mize the variation of the excreta. Extraneous materials such as feathers and spilled feed were carefully removed from the DPE, which were then ground through a Wiley mill fitted with a 1 mm screen sieve and incorporated into the experimental diets. Data collected in a preliminary study, on the proximate composition, gross protein value, true protein digestibility, and amino acid composition of DPE are shown in Table 1. In the current study, oven dried and solar dried excreta were used because the oven dried cxcreta were better nutritionally than the other types, and because solar drying is a simple and inexpensive method of dehydrating poultry excreta for use in the tropics. Experiment
I
Nine isonitrogenous, isoenergetic broiler starter and finisher diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, I5 and 20% oven dried or solar dried excreta. The starter and finisher diets are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The diets were analyzed for chemical composition according to standard pro-
102 TABLE
1. NAMRl
ET 4L.
3
Composnion
of broiler
finisher
I
diets used in Experiment
-
Level of DPE (o/o) Oven dried Control 0 co~~siifulvlls (%) Maize meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat bran Meat and bone meal Others’
&de pro& Ash Ether extract Crude TME
iibcr (MJ kg-‘DM)
69.35 15.50 5.70 5.00 4.45
20.63 5.1 5.15 8.29 15.56
I
poultry
waste
Solar dried
poultry
waste -
5
IO
I5
20
5
IO
I5
20
63.45 I .80 lb.60 5.00 4.00 4.50 4.45
57.20 3.70 18.75 10.00 2.40 3.50 4.45
50.80 5.65 20.70 15.00 0.90 2.50 4.45
44.06 7.70 22.35 20.00
62.80 2.45 16.80 5.00 4.00 4.50 4.45
56.15 4.90 18.70 10.00 2.30 3.50 4.45
49.20 7.45 20.60 15.00 0.80 2.50 4.45
4!.70 IO.lS 22.80 20.00 I.50 4.45
90.08 20.45 6.26 5.97
90.90 21.03 7.47 7.13
90.85 20.47 8.14 10.18
89.64 20.94 6.42 7.54
90.87 19.89 6.42 9.7 1
91.02 20.18 7.10 10.82
91.54 20.66 7.68 13.03
8.24 15.84
9.54 15.55
10.57 15.39
90.44 20.27 6.17 12.17 8.53 14.97
8.53 14.97
9.11 15.34
9.57 14.94
10.09 14.93
1.50 4.45
‘All the diets also contained (%): fish meal, 4.00: salt, 0.30; vilamin/mineral premix, 0.15. The vitamin/mineral premix provided the fame levels of minerals and vitamins as given in Table 2 footnote.
cedures (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1984). True metabolizable energy (TME) was determined according to the method of Sibbald (1976). Two hundred and sixteen Shaver “Starbro” broiler chicks aged 4 days were weighed and randomly allocated to the nice dietary treatments. Each diet was given to four groups of six chicks. The chicks were placed in electrically heated floor pens, and fed on starter diets up to 28 days of age and on the finisher diets until 53 days of age. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Weekly records of body weight and feed consumption per treatment replicate were kept up to 53 days of age. Mortality was also recorded. At 53 days of age, one broiler of the same sex was randomly selected from each treatment replicate, weighed, and slaughtered. Dressed weights of the slaughtered broilers were recorded. The abdominal fat pad from each of the slaughtered broilers was carefully removed and weighed. Thigh meat was analyzed for fat, water and protein by standard procedures (Association of Oflicial Analytical Chemists, 1984). Data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance, and means compared using the least significant difference (LSD).
DRIED POULTRY EXCRET4 AS A FEED ,NORED,ENT
Experiment
FOR
CHKKENS
103
2
The two types of DPE described for Experiment 1 were also used in thi4 experiment. However, the s?arter diets were formulated to contain only 10% DPE, and 1I .51 MJ apparent metabolizable energy (AME) kg- ‘, 11.97 MJ AME kg-’ and 12.43 MJ I-ME kg-’ and 20.8%, 21.7%, and 22.5% crude protein, respectively. Finisher diets were formulated to contain the same energy levels but with crude protein contents of 18.20/o,19.2% and 20.00/o,respectively. These protein and energy levels were designed to meet the requirements of broiler chickens (Scott et al., 1976). The compositions of the starter and finisher diets are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. One hundred and forty-four l-day-old Shaver ‘Starbro’ broiler chicks were weighed and divided into 24 groups of six chicks each. Four groups were allocated to each of the six dietary treatments. The management of the chicks was as described for Experiment 1. Starter diets were given for the first 28 TABLE 4 Composition of starter diets used in Experiment 2 Levels of energy and pmtein Oven dried poultry waste
Solar dried wx~llry waste
LOW
Medium
High
LOW
Medium
High
56.50 0.70 0.20 16.20 10.00 2.80 13.60
50.40 2.05 2.95 18.20 10.00 2.80 13.60
44.50 3.40 5.70 20.00 10.00 2.80 1360
59.00
52.90 2.35 3.05 18.10 IO.00
47.00 3.70 SO 19.90 IO.00
13.60
i3.60
.4nalJwd cornpositron (96Uhf) Dry matter (%) 92.24 Crude protein 22.91 Ash 7.43 Ether extract 7.59 Crude fiber 7.14 15.17 TME (MI kg-’ DM)
92.52 23.50 7.61 9.78 7.53 t 5.49
92.74 23.73 7.69 12.28 7.68 16.0
91.83 22.96 7.47
92.34 23.32 7.46 10.18 7.51 15.4
92.58 23.88 7.51 12.84 7.79 15.68
Consrlruenrs (5%) Maize meal Maize gluten meal Lard Sunflower seed meal Dried poultry waste Wheat bran Other’
I.oo 0.30 16.10 10.00 13.60
9.04 7.44 14.93
‘All the diets also contained V/o): fish meal, 8.00. meat and bone meal, 5.00; salt, 0.30; vitamin/ mineral premix, 0.30. The premix provided the following (kg-’ diet ): vitamin A, 12 COOIU; vitamin D,, 2400 IU; vitamin E, 9.6 IU; vitamin K, 2.4 mg; vitamin B1, 7.2 mg; vitamin B,,, 0.012 mg; folic acid, I.2 mg; copper, 16.8 mg; nicotinic acid, 36 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; cobalt. 1.2 mg; iodine. 2.4 mg; iron, 28.8 mg; manganese, 80.4 mg; zinc. 80.4 mg; selenium, 0.12 mg; iodine, 2.4 mg; iron, 28.8 mg; manganese, 80.4 mg; zinc, 80.4 mg; seleniun:, 0. I2 mg; butylated hydmxytoluene (BHT). I44 mg; choline chloride, 0.70 g.
104 TAX?
J. NAMB, ET AL. 5
Composition
of tinishcr
diets used in Experiment Level of energy
2
and proteir.
Oven dried poultry waste
Cru& fiber TME IMJ ks-’
._.
poultry waste
LOW
Medium
High
LOW
Medium
High
59.20 1.90 0.20 16..5!‘ IO 31) 4.34 7.86
53.65 2.70 2.95 18.50 10.00 4.34 7.86
48.10 3.70 5.70 20.50 10.00 4.14 7.86
h1.70 2.00 0.30 16.40 10.00 .I4 7.86
56.15 2.80 3.05 18.40 10.00 1.74 7.86
50.60 3.80 5.80 20.40 10.00 1.54 7.86
(% DM) 89.94 20.47 6.45 6.FS
90.29 21.59 6.49 10.69
90.59 22.14 6.59 12.89
90.>3 19.93 5.99 6.51
90.49 21.83 6.38 10.34
90.96 21.83 6.23 12.82
8.38 14.94
8.64 15.43
9.32 15.92
8.68 14.62
9.03 .5.14
8.84 15.78
Constituents (96) Maize meal Maize&ten meal Lard Sunflowrr seed meal Dried poultry excreta Wheat Others’ Anat.vxd composition Dry matter (%a) Crude protein Ash Ether extract
Solar dried
DM)
‘All the diets also contained mineral premix, 0.30. The mins as given in Table 4.
(96): fish meal,
4.00; meat and bcne
I
meal,
3.00; salt. 0.30;
vitamin/mineral premix provided the same levels of minerals
ii*=nin/ and vita-
days, and finisher diets for the next 26 days. Weekly body weights, feed consumption, and mortality per replicate were recorded. At the end of the experiment at 54 days of age, one broiler of the same sex was randomly selected from each treatment replicate and weighed. The selected broilers were slaughtered and their dressed weights were recorded. Thigh meat from each bird was analyzed for water, fat and protein as in Experiment I. Data were analyzed statistically as for Experiment 1. RESULTS
Experiment
I
The effect of type and level of DPE on weight gain, feed intake, feed efftciency, carcass dressed weight, abdominal fat pad weight and thigh meat composition is shown in Table 6. The type and level of DPE had no significant effect on weight gain. Birds given diets containing oven or solar dried poultry excreta had a significantly higher (P
72.4b.C ,7.2* 5.P
superscripts
--‘Standard error of mean. ‘Least sign&ml ddfereoce. h4cans withm a row with different
(“0)
1499’ 4078’ 2.84b.C 76.6” 2.4a.b
0
Thigh meat cowposition Water Crude protein Crude fat
Weight gain (8 per bird) Feed intake (g per bird) Feed eff?iencr (feed: gain) wan dressed yield (%) Abdominal fat pad wright (g)
of DPE
73.0b 17.30 6.46
1485’ 4107r 2.75b.C 7O.tV’ 2.2b
IO
are s~gnificanlly diffcrenl
71.9’ 17.3’ s.2”d
14571 4137’ 2.77”,’ 72.7b 2.3b
5
Oven dried poultry excreta
Levd -
Effecis of type and level of dried pouluy excrete on broiler performance,
TABLE 6
(I’- 0.05).
72.9’ 16.P 6.4’
1x2* 4299b 2.7P 7l.P 2.3b
IS
75.5’ 16.Vb 5.2l,d
1429’ 4292b 3.0” 68.9’ 2.0b
20
ofthigh
mea1 ar 53 days of age
71.1’.6 16.P 8.0”
1497” 4266b’ 2.85” 7 I .6b’ 2.6”
5
720 :6.@ 6.6<
1493” 417P’ Mob, 73.P 2.3’
IO
71.9= l6.4’= 5.6’
1496” 4461’ 2.9Pb 6g.q’ 2.3b
1405= 417lb’ 2.98’ 70.9’,’ 2.4’,b
71.7( 16.7” 6.8
20
15
Solar dried poulfty cxcrela
carcass yield and composition
i
0.24 0. 5 0.30
97.1 52.5 0.04 1.20 0.09
SE’
0.70 0.45 0.87
283 152 0.11 3.55 0.25
I SD”
-
,’ tG ! E 0 2 8 f 7 % 0 5 c, E ,z
g z 1
,” 0 c r; z
7
of dietary
per bird) per bird) (fced:gain) (% )
‘Standard error of mean. ‘Least significant difference. Means within a row with different
(%)
superscripts
71.4” 18.1” 7.8’
are signiiicanlly different
72.5” 18.Y 8.0’
71.Y 18.4” 7.9
1624” 4638b 2.9” 72.6a.b
LOW
73.P 17.3” 7.6”
1698’ 4196” 2.9* 75.6”
71.6’ 17.5’ 7.6’
High
17443 4816n,b 2.8’ 72.0’,b
and carcass
Medium
poultry waste
on broiler performance
Solar dried
excreta
U’cO.OS).
1668” 4764a,b 2.9” 72.9” b
174il” 495Pb 2.8 71.6b
73.2’ 18.0’ 7.5”
High
Medium
1682= 4627b 2.8’ 71.lb
IO% dried poultry
Low
Oven dried poultry
waste
in diets conta;ning
Level of ME and CP
energy levels and protein
Thigh mm composition Water Crude protein Crude fat
Weight gain (g Feed intake (g Feed efficiency Dressed weight
Effect
TABLE
I
0.89 0.46 0.82
60.1 120.2 0.1 1.66
SE’
2.42
1.37
0.63
178 356 0.3 4.9
LSD2
yield at 54 days of age
take. For both types of DPE, feed intake increased with increase in level of DPE. Neither inclusion nor the level of DPE had a significant effect on feed efficiency. Inclusion of DPE had no significant effect on abdominal fat pad size. However, diets containing oven dried poultry excreta gave significantly bigger (P
From Experiment 1, it was shown that weight gain was similar with the various dietary treatments, which indicates that with proper adjustment for energy, dried potiitry excreta can be included in poultry diets to a level of 20%. Birds on diets containing DPE had a higher feed intake than those on the control diet. This could be attributed to the relatively lower energy con-
108
J. NAMB,
ET AL.
tent in these diets. Diets containing DPE were higher in fiber than the control. High fiber diets have been reported to increase feed intake and reduce weight gain (Moran and Evans, 1977; Bayer et al., 1978). The poor feed efficiency of broilers fed on diets containing 20% dried poultry excreta could be the result of uric acid present in the excreta. El Boushy and Vink ( 1977) suggested that uric acid could be toxic at levels in the diet of more than 1.07%, while Bare et al. ( 1964) proposed that uric acid depresses growth by acting as an irritant and thus interfering with the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract. Abdominal fat pad size varied with the various diets. The diets were intended to have the same energy:protein ratio, but this was not achieved. The variation in abdominal fat size can therefore be attributed to the energy :protein ratio as reported by other workers (Bartov et al., 1974; Grifftths et al., 1977). In addition, the difference in abdominal pad size could be explained by difference in intake of non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Combs et al. ( 198 1) reported that NPN intake reduces carcass fat. Thigh meat fat content varied in the same manner as abdominal fat pad size, while thigh meat water content decreased with an increase in the amount of fat. It has been established that carcass water is inversely proportional to carcass fat. Variation observed in carcass composition between the dietary treatments could largely be attributed to the energy: protein ratio rather than to the feeding of dried poultry excreta. Indeed, Rhee ei al. ( 1974) and Bhargava and O’Neil ( 1975) stated that inclusion of dried poultry waste in properly balanced diets had no significant effect on carcass yield and composition. The non-significant differences in growth rate, feed intake, and feed efticiency of broilers fed on diets containing 10% oven or solar dried poultry waste and various dietary levels of energy and protein are in agreement with the observations made by Vondell and Ringrose ( 1958), Bartov et al. ( 1974) and Pesti ( 1982) that broiler performance will not vary with different energy concentrations provided that the energy:protein ratio is kept constant. The remarkable similarities in carcass yield and meat composition of broilers in Experiment 2 showed that the dietary energy and protein levels had little influence on carcass yield and composition of edible meat. Similar observations were made by Summers et al. ( 1985). CONCLUSION
This study showed that oven or solar dried poultry excreta can be safely included in broiler starter and finisher diets up to a level of 20%. However, under the conditions of this study, the 10% level appeared to be the most economical.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD, the University of Nairobi, and the National Animal Husbandry Research Station, Naivasha, Kenya for financial support.
REFERENCES Association of Off?ial Analytical Chemists, 1984. OffZal Methods ofAnalysis, 14th edn. AOAC, Washington, DC, pp. I52- 174. Bare, L.N., Wiseman, R.F. and Abbot, O.J., 1964. Effects of dietary antibiotics and uric acid on the growth tif chicks. J. Nutr., 83: 27-33. Bartov, I., Bornstein, S. and Lipstein, B., 1974. Effect of calorie to protein ratio on the degree of fatness of broilers fed on practical diets. Br. Poult. Sci., 15: 107-I 17. Bayer, R.C., Hoover, W.H. and Muir. F.V., 1978. Dietary fibre apd meal feeding influence on broiler growth and crop fermentation. P&It. Sci., 57: 1436-1459. Bhargava, K.K. and O’Neil, J.B., 1975. Evaluation of dehydrated poultry waste from cage reared broilers as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poult. Sci., 54: 1506-l 5 I 1. Combs, Jr., G.F., Baker, R.C. and El-Begearm, M.M., 1981. Influences of diet on ihe body composition of chicks. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, Cornell University, Agricultural Experimental Station. pp. 103-108. El Boushy, A.R. and Vink, F.W.A., 1977. The value of dried poultry waste as a feed ingredient in broiler diets. Feedstuffs, 49: 24-26. Grifflths, L.S., Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D., 1977. Fat deposition in broilers: effect ofdietary energy to protein balance and early life caloric restriction on productive performance and abdominal fat pad size. Poultry Sci., 56: 638-646. Kekeocha, C.C., 1984. Poultry Production Handbook. Pfizer Corporation, Nairobi, and Macmillan, London. Moran, Jr., E.T. and Evans, E., 1977. Performance and nutrient utilization by laying hens fed practical rations having extremes in tibre content. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 433-438. National Research Council, 1983. Animal wastes. In: Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board of Agriculture, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 12 l-l 77. Pesti, G.M., 1982. Characterisation of the response of male broiler chickens to diets of various protein and energy contents. Br. Poult. Sci., 23: 527-537. Rhee, Y.C.. Kim, C.I. and Hong, B.J., 1974. Study on the nutritive value ofdehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 16: 336-343. Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. acd Young, R.J., 1976. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York. Sibbald, J.R., 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feeding stuffs. Poult. Sci., 55: 305-308. Summers, J.D.. Leeson, S., Bedford, M. and Spratt, D., 1985. Composition of poultry meat as affected by nutritional factors. Poult. Sci., 5& 536-542. Vondell, R.M. and Ringroae, R.C., 1958. The effect of protein and fat levels and calorie to protein ratio upon performance ofbroilers. Poult. Sci., 37: 147-151.