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The Utilization of Food Elements by Growing Chicks
The Utilization of Food Elements by Growing Chicks 15. T H E SUBSTITUTION OF KOREAN LESPEDEZA SEED FOR SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS* C. W. ACKERSON AND F . E. MuSSEHL Departments of Biochemistry and Nutrition and Poultry Husbandry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Received for publication March 6, 1954)
T
* Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 648, Journal Series, Nebraska AgriculturalExperiment Station.
The chicks were each fed 900 g. in the manner described in an earlier report by Ackerson, Borchers and Mussehl (1951). Sixteen Rhode Island Red chicks were
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Irwin and Kempster (1943) stated that whole lespedeza seed is a satisfactory substitute for soybean oil meal when fed at levels not in excess of 15%. They noted sticky droppings resulted at levels above 15% so they recommended only 13% of lespedeza in chick rations. They called attention to the amount of protein which would be made available in Missouri if more lespedeza were harvested for seed. The protein produced per acre is comparable to that of wheat, for the high protein content of the seed offsets the low yield.
While the amount of seed produced in Nebraska is not of consequence now, lespedeza will be of interest as a source of protein when other high protein meals are in short supply. In a continuation of experiments concerned with the utilization of food elements by growing chicks it was decided to compare ground lespedeza seed with soybean oil meal. This was done by substituting raw ground Korean lespedeza seed for soybean oil meal in a good growing ration. The ground lespedeza carried 42 percent of crude protein so no adjustment was necessary in order to compare it with soybean meal at a level of 20 percent in the ration. In addition, half the soybean oil meal was replaced with lespedeza in another lot to note the effect on growth of chicks. The rations were mixed as follows: Ground yellow corn 52, corn gluten meal 10, meat scraps 5, alfalfa leaf meal 5, soybean oil meal 22, fish solubles 2, D-3 premix, 667 IU per lb. 1, CaC0 3 2, NaCl 1. In ration B, 10 parts of ground lespedeza seed were substituted for an equal amount of soybean oil meal. In ration C, 20 parts of ground lespedeza seed were substituted for 20 parts of soybean meal. After the rations were mixed they were pelleted in a chick size for convenience in feeding without loss. The crude protein of these rations was 23.5%.
HIS Station has been concerned with the growth inhibitor in soybeans for several years, beginning with the work of Ham and Sandstedt (1944). As the work progressed, inquiry into the distribution of a growth inhibitor in the seeds of other legumes was made by Borchers and Ackerson (1950). In the latter test, partridge pea and lespedeza seed produced good growth with rats but vetch did not do as well. These legumes are of interest to the Soil Conservation Service in erosion control work since seed can be collected without decreasing the value of the plant in holding soil. Of the three, lespedeza has the highest protein content and merits investigation for that reason. Partridge pea seed has not been collected in appreciable amounts except experimentally due to harvesting difficulties. Vetch seed can be harvested without difficulty.
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NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 1.—Summary of growth data A
^ Weight, males, g. Weight, females, g. Gain per g. fed, g.
B
C
soybean °i'""*l
10% "*£>>• lespSza
, J°% 'eSPedeZa
451(9)' 455(7) 0.46
457(11) 452(5) 0.46
451(11) 439(5) 0.45
7av
1 Numbers in parentheses indicate number of each sex in each lot.
Perhaps the untreated lespedeza meal is at a slight disadvantage in comparison with a heat treated soybean oil meal, for it is generally accepted that the latter is improved by heating, especially in chick diets. We were unable to note any differ-
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Three lots of day-old chicks were fed 0, 10 and 20% of ground lespedeza seed as a replacement for soybean oil meal in the diet. At the end of 5 weeks of feeding there were no differences in the average weights of the chicks on the 3 diets. It appears that ground lespedeza may replace soybean oil meal up to 20% of the diet. REFERENCES Ackerson, C. W., R. L. Borchers and F. E. Mussehl, 1951. Utilization of food elements by growing chicks. XIII. The effect of additions of dehydrated alfalfa meal to high corn chick rations. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 168. Borchers, R. L., and C. W. Ackerson, 1950. The nutritive value of legume seeds. X. Effect of autoclaving and the trypsin inhibitor test for 17 species. J. Nutrition, 41: 339-345. Ham, W. E., and R. M. Sandstedt, 1944. A proteolytic inhibiting substance in the extract from unheated soybean meal. J. Biol. Chem. 154: 505506. Irwin, M. R., and H. L. Kempster, 1943. Korean lespedeza seed as a protein supplement in chick rations. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 462.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1198) Harry C. Whelden, Jr., formerly assistant extension poultryman at the University of Vermont, is now poultry specialist at the University of Connecticut. He is also taking work leading toward a master of science degree. Russell L. Pattengell of the class of 1954 is now working on the Max Brender Leghorn farm, Ferndale, Long Island, N. Y.
Ray E. Gleason is working on the E. N. Larrabee poultry farm, Peterboro, N. H. George E. Wood is a graduate assistant in the Poultry Department at the University of New Hampshire. RUTGERS NOTES Dr. Hans Fisher has been appointed to the poul-
(Continued on page 1255)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 24, 2015
fed in each of the three lots. Lots A and B ate their feed in an average of 37 days, while lot C required but 36 days, so the chicks were just over 5 weeks old when the experiment was closed. The average weights for males and females are given by lots in Table 1. It is evident from these weights that substituting ground lespedeza seed for all or half the soybean oil meal in a ration for growing chicks did not affect their growth rate up to five weeks of age. None of the chicks in the two lespedeza lots developed the sticky droppings noted by Irwin and Kempster (1943). The rations fed here had been pelleted and some heat is developed in the process. It is not known if this slight heat treatment prevented the formation of sticky droppings or not.
ence in the average gain by chicks up to 5 weeks between lots fed 20% each. The difference in weight between the females of lots A and C, shown in Table 1, indicate a trend in favor of the soybean meal lot, which however, lacked statistical significance.
T
* Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 648, Journal Series, Nebraska AgriculturalExperiment Station.
The chicks were each fed 900 g. in the manner described in an earlier report by Ackerson, Borchers and Mussehl (1951). Sixteen Rhode Island Red chicks were
1228
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 24, 2015
Irwin and Kempster (1943) stated that whole lespedeza seed is a satisfactory substitute for soybean oil meal when fed at levels not in excess of 15%. They noted sticky droppings resulted at levels above 15% so they recommended only 13% of lespedeza in chick rations. They called attention to the amount of protein which would be made available in Missouri if more lespedeza were harvested for seed. The protein produced per acre is comparable to that of wheat, for the high protein content of the seed offsets the low yield.
While the amount of seed produced in Nebraska is not of consequence now, lespedeza will be of interest as a source of protein when other high protein meals are in short supply. In a continuation of experiments concerned with the utilization of food elements by growing chicks it was decided to compare ground lespedeza seed with soybean oil meal. This was done by substituting raw ground Korean lespedeza seed for soybean oil meal in a good growing ration. The ground lespedeza carried 42 percent of crude protein so no adjustment was necessary in order to compare it with soybean meal at a level of 20 percent in the ration. In addition, half the soybean oil meal was replaced with lespedeza in another lot to note the effect on growth of chicks. The rations were mixed as follows: Ground yellow corn 52, corn gluten meal 10, meat scraps 5, alfalfa leaf meal 5, soybean oil meal 22, fish solubles 2, D-3 premix, 667 IU per lb. 1, CaC0 3 2, NaCl 1. In ration B, 10 parts of ground lespedeza seed were substituted for an equal amount of soybean oil meal. In ration C, 20 parts of ground lespedeza seed were substituted for 20 parts of soybean meal. After the rations were mixed they were pelleted in a chick size for convenience in feeding without loss. The crude protein of these rations was 23.5%.
HIS Station has been concerned with the growth inhibitor in soybeans for several years, beginning with the work of Ham and Sandstedt (1944). As the work progressed, inquiry into the distribution of a growth inhibitor in the seeds of other legumes was made by Borchers and Ackerson (1950). In the latter test, partridge pea and lespedeza seed produced good growth with rats but vetch did not do as well. These legumes are of interest to the Soil Conservation Service in erosion control work since seed can be collected without decreasing the value of the plant in holding soil. Of the three, lespedeza has the highest protein content and merits investigation for that reason. Partridge pea seed has not been collected in appreciable amounts except experimentally due to harvesting difficulties. Vetch seed can be harvested without difficulty.
1229
NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 1.—Summary of growth data A
^ Weight, males, g. Weight, females, g. Gain per g. fed, g.
B
C
soybean °i'""*l
10% "*£>>• lespSza
, J°% 'eSPedeZa
451(9)' 455(7) 0.46
457(11) 452(5) 0.46
451(11) 439(5) 0.45
7av
1 Numbers in parentheses indicate number of each sex in each lot.
Perhaps the untreated lespedeza meal is at a slight disadvantage in comparison with a heat treated soybean oil meal, for it is generally accepted that the latter is improved by heating, especially in chick diets. We were unable to note any differ-
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Three lots of day-old chicks were fed 0, 10 and 20% of ground lespedeza seed as a replacement for soybean oil meal in the diet. At the end of 5 weeks of feeding there were no differences in the average weights of the chicks on the 3 diets. It appears that ground lespedeza may replace soybean oil meal up to 20% of the diet. REFERENCES Ackerson, C. W., R. L. Borchers and F. E. Mussehl, 1951. Utilization of food elements by growing chicks. XIII. The effect of additions of dehydrated alfalfa meal to high corn chick rations. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 168. Borchers, R. L., and C. W. Ackerson, 1950. The nutritive value of legume seeds. X. Effect of autoclaving and the trypsin inhibitor test for 17 species. J. Nutrition, 41: 339-345. Ham, W. E., and R. M. Sandstedt, 1944. A proteolytic inhibiting substance in the extract from unheated soybean meal. J. Biol. Chem. 154: 505506. Irwin, M. R., and H. L. Kempster, 1943. Korean lespedeza seed as a protein supplement in chick rations. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 462.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1198) Harry C. Whelden, Jr., formerly assistant extension poultryman at the University of Vermont, is now poultry specialist at the University of Connecticut. He is also taking work leading toward a master of science degree. Russell L. Pattengell of the class of 1954 is now working on the Max Brender Leghorn farm, Ferndale, Long Island, N. Y.
Ray E. Gleason is working on the E. N. Larrabee poultry farm, Peterboro, N. H. George E. Wood is a graduate assistant in the Poultry Department at the University of New Hampshire. RUTGERS NOTES Dr. Hans Fisher has been appointed to the poul-
(Continued on page 1255)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 24, 2015
fed in each of the three lots. Lots A and B ate their feed in an average of 37 days, while lot C required but 36 days, so the chicks were just over 5 weeks old when the experiment was closed. The average weights for males and females are given by lots in Table 1. It is evident from these weights that substituting ground lespedeza seed for all or half the soybean oil meal in a ration for growing chicks did not affect their growth rate up to five weeks of age. None of the chicks in the two lespedeza lots developed the sticky droppings noted by Irwin and Kempster (1943). The rations fed here had been pelleted and some heat is developed in the process. It is not known if this slight heat treatment prevented the formation of sticky droppings or not.
ence in the average gain by chicks up to 5 weeks between lots fed 20% each. The difference in weight between the females of lots A and C, shown in Table 1, indicate a trend in favor of the soybean meal lot, which however, lacked statistical significance.