VISCOSITY

i.e.

VISCOSITY

TABLE I . C . l a . Viscosities of NaN0 3 and KNO s as Single Salt Melts Range (°K)

Kei.

(a) (b)

η = a + bT + c T 2 + dT 3 η = A exp(E/RT) (cp)

(cp)

Precision (σ)

NaN0 3 610-768

1

(a)

581-691

2

(a)

595-725

3

(a)

598-730

4

615-724

5

(b)

(b)

(b) (a) (b) (a) (b)

-16.8828 + 0.123352T - 2.28340 χ i o - 4 T 2 -f 1.28367 X 10~ 7T S 10.155 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(3898/RT) 38.1771 - 0.130962T + 1.60919 χ 10~ 4T 2 - 6.87646X 1 0 " 8T 3 15.454 x ΙΟ""2 exp(3400/RT) 231.372 - 1.01082T + 1.49401 X 10~ 3T 2 - 7.40815 X 10~ 7T 3 11.057 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(3814/RT) 74.1468 - 0.284133T 4-3.77585 χ 1 0 " 4T 2 - 1.70748 X 1 0 " 7T 3 10.402 x ΙΟ- 2 exp(3886/RT) 35.5290 - 0.103789T + 9.82780 χ 10" 5Τ 2 - 2.73009 X 1 0 " 8T 3 9.214 x ΙΟ" 2 epX ( 4 0 3 6 / R T )

0.0544 0.0483 0.00211 0.00833 0.0515 0.0544 0.0285 0.0282 0.0159 0.0187

KN0 3 620-780

1

(a)

606-685

2

(a)

622-680

3

(a)

621-815

4

(a)

630-715

5

(b)

(b)

(b)

(b) (a) (b)

117.202 - 0.453834T + 6.00700 χ 10~ 4Τ 2 - 2.68348 X 10~ 7T 3 8.189X ΙΟ" 2 epX( 4 3 2 1 / R T )

0.0408 0.0408

47.2596 - 0.165475T + 2.08580 χ 10" 4T 2 - 9.25925 x 10~ 8T 3 10.418 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(4044/RT)

0.00123

2124.65 - 9.71758T + 1.48385 χ 1 0 - 2T 2 - 7.55651 X 1 0 " 6T 3 12.029X ΙΟ" 2 exp(3812/RT)

0.00920

50.1676 - 0.164572T + 1.86335 χ 10" 4T 2 - 7.12497 x 10~ 8T 3 8.384 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(430l/RT)

0.0234

17.2990 - 1.68023 Χ 10~ 2τ - 3.57887 Χ 10~ 5Τ 2 + 4.02941 X 1 0 " 8T 3 8.205 x ΙΟ- 2 epX( 4 3 1 6 / R T )

52

0.0127

0.00513

0.0278 0.00386 0.00676

I.C.

Viscosity

53 TABLE I . C . l a . (cont.)

Range (°K)

Ref R e' f

)

(b)

= a + bT + c T 2 + d T 3 (cp) η = A exp(E/RT) (cp)

( aη

Precision (0)

KN0 3 (cont.) 618-702

6

(a) (b)

632-764

7

(a) (b)

10.9292 + 7.94931 X 10~4T - 4.66083 X 1 0 " 5T 2 + 3.84539 x 10~ 8T 3 10.222 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(4023/RT)

0.00746

48.5897 - 0.160165T + 1.83381 X 10~ 4T 2 - 7.14030 X 10~ 8T 3 7.977 x ΙΟ" 2 exp(4369/RT)

0.0000

0.0104

0.00430

aA l l equations calculated from original data in references by P. Lorenz, Renssalaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, New York, (1966), with double precision least squares computer program. Units of Ε are cal/mole.

REFERENCES 1.

Η. Μ. Goodwin and R. D. Mailey, Phys. Rev. 23. 22 (1906); ibid. 25, 469 (1907); ibid. 26, 28 (1908); (7 d a k pts., NaN0 3T? data pts., KN03)7~

2.

R . Lorenz and T. Kalmus, Z . Physik. Chem. 58, 425 (1907); (12 data p t s . , NaN0 3; 9 data p t s . , KN0 3).

3.

C. E. Fawsitt, J . Chem. S o c , p. 93 (1908); (9 data pts., NaNO s; 5 data p t s . , KNO s).

4.

R. S. Dantuma, Z . Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 175, 1 (1928); (33 data p t s . , NaN0 3; 35 data p t s . , KN0 3).

5.

I. G. Murgulescu and S. Zuca, Z . Physik. Chem. 218, 379 (1961); (7 data p t s . , NaNO s; 6 data p t s . , KN0 3).

6.

K. Ogawa, J . Japan Inst. Metals 14B, 49 (1950). In Japanese; (7 data p t s . , KNO a).

7.

G. J . Janz and F. Saegusa, J . Electrochem. S o c 110, 452 (1963); (4 data pts., KNO s).

5075

309.8

AgCl

0.02476

ZnCl 2

24, 843

6762

4693

56.19

378.8

PbCL,

578.8

0.221

0.0091

HgCLj

5935513

Bromides

-2738650

-17.5011 -691.223

1536.82

2296.10

6.44636

-0.447411

72.9309

-4341.63

-11.4379

6.91305

-14.0175

-17924.0

50.4565

76773.2

-154.489 -155.719

619.541 677.104

421217.0

105.882

1.39742

-404.387

-0.870654

-0.0649368

1.37677

1394.96

12.0516

12.9259

5.80712

-1.07104

0.999580

14.2786

1.64202

c(10 4)

-2159360

-547.138

-3.59013

2372.69

3.57878

0.541584

-4.66667

-3618.84

-31.3281

-36.1856

-18.0727

3.79670

-2620.35

-3.70073

-5.07737

d(K) 8)

181.3

0.1592

0.0096

0.0080

0.0102

0.0033

0.0012

0.0899

0.0750

0.0738

0.1424

0.0058

0.0132

0.0057

0.0094

S.D.

2 1060- 1240

2,5

600- 670

540- 610

780- 970

560- 580

1

3

6,7

14

4,5

7, 22

730- 970 870- 960

5

1,2

2 780- 970

1270- 1310

1160- 1260

2

1010- 1220 940- 1170

8,10, 17

10,13, 20

1090- 1240 1060-•1200

5,10, 11

Ref.b

910- 1080

Range (°K)

I.

BICI3

0.0075

0.0195

3912

3624

240.5

65.85

0.0059

0.0115

0.065

0.0706

CdC^

2915

20, 029

1.643

104.2

BaClg

CuCl

20, 655

10.88

0.4401

CaC^

SrCL,

0.087

223.960

11,997

9.09724 -62.3034

-19.7657

0.0312

0.0264

11,442

9819

6.630

-12.7847

55.5632

0.0167

7.579

6586

49.84

KCl

-18.5538

-17.9904

Chlorides

b(10 2)

81.9007

67.5978

a

a

η = a + bT + c T 2 + d T 3 (cp)

Viscosity - Single Salt Melts

0.0109

CsCl

9308

18.60

NaCl

0.0092

S.D.

RbCl

7007

33.06

Εη

LiCl

Formula

A(10 3)

η = A exp(E/RT) (cp)

TABLE I . C . l b . 54 Physical Properties

82.68

27.0982 38.8776

-344.322 -496.107

1464.54 2117.23

0.0112

0.0207

26, 260

2 9 ,4 8 7

0.0383

0.0116

NajCOg

-5259.12

0.1057

16893

1.406

1480.91

-138.581

Carbonates

L i 2C O s

10.1199

134-514

Hgl,

-11.0721 -55.2269

3.30383

-33.3640 -62.9538

116.161

0.0367

4531

40.00

0.0831

5259

148.1

-2.98741

1.02512

-11.9506

Agl

0.0086

-3.99172

1.30328

-14.4406

55.2389

0.00851

5343

98.36

KI

48.3150

0.00847

5673

71.71

Nal

530-550 700-820

29 29 22 14

980-1160 880-1100 550-630

0.0577 0.0346

9 9.

1160-1240 1190-1250

0.0114 0.0272

-71.3260 -101.829

_9 0.1022 431.294

1050-1120

0.0090

950-1100

29 5

910-1120

930-1120

29

13,16 6,7

860-940

673

7, 22 4

720-870

730-920 0.0095

-0.00134806

0.154596

-3.14251

17.1272

0.0078

4423

115.1

Lil

0.0163

0.849570

-10.1156

41.8211

0.0168

5706

77.96

Csl

0.0037

-8.85769

35.1934

0.00418

5165

85.14 -2.42543

0.0284

-2.34005

c

-69.9256

0.779282

Iodides

16.8549

Rbl

ZnBr 2

PbBr 2

0.0364

5857

-136.937

0.0078

5040 378.119

0.0102

4556

18.01

HgBr 2

189.3

CdBr 2

-4.84560 0.0072

0.0067

40.9042

18.7613

-3.25971

0.980868

-10.0768

37.1747

AgBr

8

960-1130

0.0046

-3.39298

1.14887

-13.1564

51.9396

0.0076

4863

-110.000

380.6

RbBr

5,8, 10

1030-1180

0.0056

-8.66540

2.94450

-33.4905

128.399

0.0139

5132

5161

0.0040

-3.34241

0.0105

115.8

KBr

5,8 8,10

870-1040 1060-1210

0.0198

-0.451486

1.23215

-15.2525

0.0127

0.217960

-3.27860

16.5192 64.3240

0.0180

5355

3088

110.9

90.83

NaBr

68.68

LiBr I.C. Viscosity 55

6879

6454

83.84

115.9

112.6

49.35

80.51

8.580

98.60

164.5

72.11

22.95

KNOg

AgNOg

TlNOg

NaCNS

Κ £ Γ 20 7

KCNS

NaN0 2

KN0 2

NaOH

KOH

0.2283

0.0201

52.7561

164.771

18 18 19 19

690-720

-16.6134

-61.4833

1.80314

7.80340

-6.66494

-33.3334

630-820 680-870

0.0359 0.0120

0.0055

-236.530

560-580 0.0085

-266.247 50.6274

-361.760

216.788 48.7657

-298.133

-1117.76

6,18 21 450-520 0.0899

-1408.26

670-780

21

1935.08

0.0881

18 480-520

0.0084

0.1792

864.798

12, 23, 24

530-590 0.0054

4.25741

-0.112662

-11.0600

79.5667

0.00767

6,10, 12, 13, 20 630-810

0.0234

580-630

0.1537

610.946

12,13 25, 26 590-730

0.0565

12,13

540-700

Ref.b

0.0284

Range (°K)

0.1143

S.D.

0.0128

-1047.12

-23.2448

-7.12497

-211.546

3424

6177

10.6106 -17.0748

39.6856

0.0209

4937

161.231

4.80289

1.86335

Miscellaneous

-829.100

-33.6741

-16.4572

3.77585

-1.31061

d(10«)

-249.292

1427.01

81.7743

50.1676

-28.4133

1.34189

Nitrates

c ( 1 0 4)

526.399

0.0223

0.0646

0.0054

0.0278

74.1468

20.4645

a

η = a + bT + c T 2 + d T 3 (cp) b(K) 2)

I.

3842

4636

3391

3620

4301

0.0282

5103

104.0

3886

56.63

LiN0 3

S.D.

Έη

NaNOg

Formula

A ( 1 0 3)

V = A exp(E/RT) (cp)

TABLE I . C . l b . (cont.) 56 Physical Properties

I. C. Viscosity

57 Footnotes to TABLE I . C . lb

a G . J. Janz. A. T. Ward, and R. D. Reeves, Molten salt data: conduc­ tance, density, and viscosity. Tech. Bull. Ser., Renssalaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, New York (1954); data in Table I . C . lb revised by P. Lorenz and G. J . Janz. 1966. Units of Ε are c a l / m o l e . " The underscored references contain data which were weighted in this a s ­ sessment of the viscosities of single salt melts. c F o r Cul, see Ref. 27. d

For viscosity of melts within fritted glass discs, see Ref. 28.

REFERENCES 1. 2.

V. T. Slavyanskii, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 58, 1077 (1947). G. J. Janz and R. D. Reeves, Advan. Electrochem. Electrochem. Eng. 5 (1967).

3.

A . H. W. Aten, Z. Physik. Chem. 66, 641 (1909).

4.

H. Bloom, B. S. Harrap, and E. Heymann, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A194, 237 (1948).

5.

S. Karpachev and A. Stromberg, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 11, 852 (1938).

6.

R . Lorenz and T. Kalmus, Z . Physik. Chem. 59, 244 (1907).

7.

B. S. Harrap and E. Heymann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 51, 259 (1955).

8.

I. G. Murgulescu and S. Zuca, Z . Physik. Chem. (Leipzig) 218, 379 (1961).

9.

G. J . Janz and F. Saegusa, J . Electrochem. Soc. 110, 452 (1963).

10.

C. E. Fawsitt, J . Chem. S o c , p. 93 (1908).

11.

S. Karpachev, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 6, 1079 (1935).

12.

Η. M. Goodwin a n d R . D. Mailey, Phys. Rev. 23, 22 (1906); ibid. 25, 469 (1907); ibid. 26, 28 (1908).

13.

R. S. Dantuma, Z . Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 175, 1 (1938).

14.

G. J . Janz and J . D. E. Mclntyre, J. Electrochem. S o c 109, 842 (1962).

15.

K. Beck. Z. Physik. Chem. 58, 425 (1907).

16.

G. Jander and K. Broderson, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 264, 57 (1951).

17.

S. Karpachev, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 5, 625 (1935).

18.

J . P. Frame, E. Rhodes, and A. R. Ubbelohde, Trans. Faraday Soc. 55, 2039 (1959).

19.

K. Arndt and G. Ploetz, Z. Physik. Chem. 121, 439 (1926).

20.

K. Ogawa, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 14B, 49 (1950).

21.

D. W. Plester, S. E. Rogers, and A. R . Ubbelohde, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 469 (1956).

22.

R. Lorenz and A. Hochberg, Z . Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 94, 288 (1916).

23.

F. M. Jaeger, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 101, 1 (1917).

24.

F. A. Pugsley and F. E. W. Wetmore, Can. J . Chem. 32, 839 (1954).

25.

R . Lorenz and Η. T. Kalmus, Z. Physik. Chem. 59, 17 (1907).

I.

58

Physical Properties

26.

C. E. Fawsitt, P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) A80, 290 (1908).

27.

V . M. Glazov and S. N. Chrzhevskaya, Zh. Neorgan. Khim. 9, 759 (1964).

28.

B. R. Sundheim and A . Berlin, J . Phys. Chem. 68, 1266 (1964).

29.

I. G. Murgulescu and S. Zuca, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 10, 123 (1965). TABLE I. C. 2. System

Melt Viscosities - Binary Systems Ref.

System

Ref.

LiF-BeF2

1

KBr-AlBr 3

13,24

LiCl-KCl

2

KBr-PbBr 2

62

LiN0 3-RbN0 3

3

KBr-AgBr

22

NaF-BeF 2

1

KBr-ZnS0 4

3

NaF-AlF 3

4

KBr-HgBr 2

14

NaF-ZrF4

1

KN0 3-Ca(N0 3) 2

3

NaCl-NaN0 3

5

KNO s-AgN0 3

3,25

NaCl-KCl

2, 6, 62

KjSCVZnSC^

3

NaCl-KN0 3

7

R b N 0 3- A g N 0 3

3

NaCl-MgCL,

8

CsBr-ZnS04

3

NaCl-CaCla

3, 5, 6, 9

NI^Br-AlBrg

26

NaCl-BaCLj

3, 5,6

NH4Br-2AlBr 3

15

NaCl-AlCl 3

10,11

NK^Br-ZnBr,;

15

NaCl-CdCLj

12

MgCl 2-CaCl2

27

NaCl-PbCLj

6

A l B r 3- Z n B r 2

24

NaBr-AlBr 3

13

AlBr 3-HgBr 2

26

NaBr-HgBr 2

14

AgCl-AgBr

22

NaBr-2AlBr 3

15

AgCl-PbClji

22

NaOH-Na3As04

16

AgBr-HgBr 2

14

NaOH-Na 3Sb0 4

16

AgI-AgNO s

3,11, 28

NaNO s-KN0 3

17-19, 48

Agl-HgL,

23

KF-BeF 2

20

AgN0 3-HgBr 2

14

KCl-MgCl 2

8,11, 21

AgNOg-HgL,

3,29

KCl-AgCl

22

A g N 0 3- T l N 0 3

30

KCl-CdCLj

12

CdCl2-CdBr 2

31

KCl-PbCLj

12

CdC^-PbCLj

12

KCl-SbCl 3

23

HgBr 2-HgI 2

32

KCl-2AlBr 3

15

HgBr 2-TlBr

14

KBr-KCl

62

PbCl2-PbBr 2

22, 33

I . C . Viscosity

59 TABLE I . C . 2 . (cont.)

System

Ref.

System

Ref.

PbF 2-PbO

34

SbCl 3-SbCl 5

56

G e 0 2 With oxides of (Li, Na, K, Rb, B)

35, 67

Binary alkali earth borates

38

S i 0 2 With oxides of (Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb, Al, B, Fe, Ti, Mn)

36, 37 44-47, 51, 57, 58, 67

B 20 3- N a P 0 3

39

59

B 20 3- N a 2B 40 7

40, 45, 50, 59

B 2O a With carbonates of (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)

Alkyl ammonium picrates

41

B 2O s-NaF

59

NaB0 2-NaP0 3

42, 43

SnCl 4-TiCl 4

60

B 20 3- K 2 B 40 7

45, 50

GaBr 3-POBr 3

61

A s F 3- S b F 3

49

PbO-Ge0 2

63

B 2O s-Na 3AlF 6 B 2O s-NaCl

59 59

A s B r 3- A l B r 3

52

CaO-Al 2O s

64

NaOH-Hp

53

Ba(N0 2) 2-NaN0 3; (KN0 3)

65, 66

LiClCVILp

54

LiC10 3-LiN0 3

68

(Amyl) 4NCNS-C 6H 6

55

(Li,Na),(Na, K), (Li, K)CQ 3 69

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J . A. Lane, H. G. MacPherson, and F. Maslan, "Fluid Fuel R e a c t o r s . " Addison-Wesley, Reading, M a s s . , 1958.

2.

S. Karpachev, A. Stromberg, and V. N. Podchainova, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 5, 1517 (1935).

3.

N. P. Luzhnaya, Ν. N. Evseeva, and I. P. Vereschetina, Zh. Neorgan. Khim. 1, 1490 (1956).

4.

A. Vajna, Alluminio 19, 133 (1950).

5.

L P . Vereschetina and Ν. P. Luzhnaya, Izv. Sektora Fiz. Khim. Analiza Inst. Obshch. Neorgan. Khim. Akad. Nauk SSSR 25, 188 (1954).

6.

v. P. Barzakovskii, Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS Classe Sci. Chim., p. 825 (1940).

7.

K. Ogawa, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 14B, 49 (1950).

8.

V. M. Berenblit, Khim. Referat. Zh. 1, 16 (1938).

9.

V. P. Barzakovskii, Zh. Prikl. Khim. 13, 1117 (1940).

10.

A. I. Kryagova, Zh. Obshch. Khim. j ) , 1759 (1939).

11.

N. A. Trifonov, Akad. Nauk SSSR Otd. Tekh. Nauk Inst. Mashinoved. Soveshch. Vyazkosti Zhidkost. Kolloid. Rastvorov 2, 76 (1944).

12.

B. S. Harrap and E. Heymann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 51, 268 (1955).

60

I.

Physical Properties

13.

E. Ya. Gorenbein and Ε. E. Kriss, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 19, 1978 (1949).

14.

G. Jander and K. Broderson, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 264, 57 (1951).

15.

E. Ya. Gorenbein, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 18, 1427 (1948).

16.

G. G. Urazov, V. S. Lovchikov, and Β. M. Lipshits, Zh. Neorgan. Khim.i, 1857 (1956).

17.

C. E. Fawsitt, J. Chem. Soc. 93, 1299 (1908).

18.

Η. M. Goodwin andR. D. Mailey, Phys. Rev. 26, 28 (1908).

19.

V. D. Polyakov, Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS Classe Sci. Chim., p. 609(1941).

20.

S. I. Cohen and Τ. N. Jones, ORNL Rept. CF-55-11-28 (1955).

21.

S. Karpachev and A. Stromberg, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 222, 78 (1935).

22.

B. S. Harrap and E. Heymann, Trans. Faraday Soc. 51. 259 (1955).

23.

A. Stromberg, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 13, 436 (1939).

24.

E. Ya. Gorenbein, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 15, 729 (1945).

25.

V. D. Polyakov, Izv. Sektora Fiz. Khim. Analiza Inst. Obshch. Neorgan. Khim. Akad. Nauk SSSR 26, 147 (1955).

26.

E. Ya. Gorenbein, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 17, 873 (1947).

27.

Kh. L. Strelets, V. N. Zhludneva, and I. L. Reznikov, Zh. Prikl. Khim. 28, 643 (1955).

28.

I. M. Bokhovkin, Zh. Obshch. Khim. 20, 397 (1950).

29.

V. D. Polyakove, Izv. Sektora Fiz. Khim. Analiza Inst. Obshch. Neorgan. Khim. Akad. Nauk SSSR 26, 191 (1955).

30.

A. J. Rabinowitsch, Z . Physik, Chem. 99, 417 (1921).

31.

H. Bloom, B. S. Harrap, and E. Heymann, P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) 194A, 237 (1948).

32.

K. Beck, Z. Physik. Chem. 58, 425 (1907).

33.

T. Ishikawa, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 25, 38 (1952).

34.

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61

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63.

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64.

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65.

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66.

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67.

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62

I. TABLE I . C . 3. System

AlBr3 - SbBr3- A s B r

Melt Viscosities - Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures Ref.

3

Physical Properties

1

System

Ref.

N a F - Z r F 4- U F 4

6,11, 12

L^COg-Na^Og-^CO,,

2

LiF-NaF-BeF 2-UF 4

6

AlBr 3-SbBr 3-SnBr 4

3

NaCl-KCl-MgCl 2-CaCl 2

13

AlBr 3-AsBr 3-SnBr 4

3

NaF-KF-BeF 2

7

Na 20-PbO-Si0 2

4

NaOH-NaCl-Na 2CO s

14

NaCl-NaOH-Na3As0 4

5

KF-HF-LiF

15

LiF-NaF-KF

6

GeOj-NajP-ALjOg

16

LiF-NaF-BeF 2

6-8

G e 0 2- N a 20 - S i 0 2

17

L i F - B e F 2- U F 4

6,9

M g O - A l 20 3- S i 0 2

18

NaF-BeF 2-UF 4

6,10

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