Water in Synthetic Fuel Production

96

(3) should any problems arise they would be dealt with on an adminis~ trative rather than a technological basis -the power industry would be “required” to perserve all environmental values pertaining ..to water quantity and quality; and finally (4) if new technology should be necessary, Federal R, D, T & E assistance will not be required; if it- were required, it would not involve desalting ty@e technology; and if it did, it would not be administered by a. desalting agency such as the Office of Saline Water. These attitudes are fortunately fading, and -if this book is read, it wiJ.lhelp lay them to permanent rest. Recognizing both the reality of the energy shortage and _the necessity for environmental protection, the authors have..w&ten a guide to the, role water. plays in synthetic fuel production,. including the basic _concepts underlying water usage, treatment, and recycling in this eontext. The book describes the various methods of synthesizing fuels, as well..as the technologies and costs involved in not using water. The text demonstrates how to caIculate water consumption and resi&ml solid .wastes in various parts of the country for a given level of fuel production. The scope of the book can be seen from Chapter titles given below:.

contents I

Introduction and Summsry Synthetic Fuels and Water Summary and Conclusions n

z

General Considerations Hydrogenation and Other Process Water Cooling Mining, FueI Reparation, and Residuals Disposal Coal and Shale Deposits Water Availability and Constraints 3 Coal and Shale Conversion Fundamentals Properties of Coal and Shale

Pyrolysis

Gasification of Coal Hydrogenation of Coal and Pyrolysis Oils Gas Purification Flue Gas DesuIfurization 4 Cooling Fundamentals Evaporative Cooling Towers Dry and Wet/Dry Cooling sy.stems

Cooline Ponds and the Cost of Water Cooling Process Streams and Gas Purifiers Cooling Turbine Condensers and Gas Compressors A Summary of, Cooling_ Requirements 5 Gas Roduckon Gasification Technologies Hydrogen Balance and the Synthane Process Hydrogen Balances for @her Processes Cooling Water Quality of Effluent Process Water Streams A Summary of Water,Stream Quantities

. . “. -Lrqnrd and So&nel. Reduction Liquefaction and Glean Coal Technologies Hydroliquefacti.on --. Solvent Extraction of Coal Shde Pyioly+ Technologie$

;.

97

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6 Integrated Oil Shale Plants cod Pyrolysis I&id Hydrokrbon Synthkii A Sumniary of Water Stream &u&it&

-.

8 Water Treatment Water Treatment Plants Boiler Feed Water Procesi Condensate Cooling Water A Summary .of Requirements

-.

9 7

Disposal, and Other Water uses Mining and Fuel Reparation : Ash Disposal, Flue Gas Scrubbing, and Reclamation Spent Shale Disposal and l&vegetation Other Mine-Plant Water Needs A Summary of Water Stream Quantities;

Mining,

Fksouries and Water Requirements CoaKand Oil male Western Water Resources Eastern and Cent&l Water &sotices Water Consumption and Residual Totals. Water Requirements for Synthetic Fuel Production Appendix A. Conversion Factors Appendix B. Properties of Selected Elements Index

SIDNEY JOtiNSON Office of Water Research Department Wahington.

of the Interior D-C_ 20240

and Technology