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01028 Development of charging regime and use of coke fines in a large blast furnace
11
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry}
00/01033
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications
OOlO1026
Communication
formation
in Industry
system using photovoltaic
power
Mukerjee, A. K. and Gupta, V. Energy Convers. & Manage., 2000, 41, (6), 55 I-557. An alternative photovoltaic powered communication system is proposed to replace the conventional system of loading and unloading signals on 400 kV transmission lines using expensive current transformers. A hattery charge discharge controller from photovoltaic sources is described which operates from a 12 V array to power VHF or optical fibre repeaters. The system given here can also operate as a stand alone unit.
Computational simulations of industrial furnaces 00/01027 Bockelie. M. J. et al. PVP (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1998, 377, (Computational Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Structural/Chemical Systems with Industrial Applications, Vol. 2). 117-124. Results are presented of computer simulations for three different industrial furnaces; a gas fired ethylene process heater, a coal fired cyclone precombustor barrel for a power utility boiler and a cyclone copper smelter. The systems were modelled using a CFD-based two phase, reacting flow model. Since the modelled systems are highly complex, model ‘validation’ is typically in the form of agreement with qualified, historical knowledge from plant personnel. Where available, comparisons with quantified field data are included. Overall, the models are shown to have good agreement with qualified trends and acceptable agreement with quantified data. Development of charging 00101028 fines in a large blast furnace
regime and use of coke
Dobroskok, V. A. et al. Stal’ , 1998, (8), 7-13. (In Russian) Recycled coke breeze from long term low-grade dumps is used as charge in an ironmaking blast furnace. The replacement coefficient of 0.895 kg/kg of standard quality coke by wet coke breeze could be achieved without affecting the operation parameters of the iron smelting. In relation to coke fines, consumption of coke breeze having particle size ~25 mm was 4-8s.
Effects of oxy-coal injection on blast furnace 00101029 raceway temperature Chung, J.-K. and Park, P.-W. Hwahak Konghak, 1998, 36, (5), 743-750. (In Korean) Based on coke sampling experiments through the tuyere of blast furnace as well as measurements by R-type thermocouple and two-colour pyrometer, oxy-coal injection effects on blast furnace raceway temperature were analysed. To help understand the reason for the increase of coal combustion ratio by oxy-coal injection, the oxygen concentration was measured in the experimental oxy-coal burner. In order to simulate the combustion characteristics, such as gas temperature and composition in the raceway, a one-dimensional mathematical model considering the kinetics of coal and coke combustion was developed. The calculated peak temperature of gas correlated well with the measured temperature according to oxygen enrichment through the oxy-coal burner.
00/01030
Environmental
challenges
Evans, L. World Gem., 1998, 29, (ll), 45-48, 50-51, 54, 57. The environmental performance challenges for the cement industry is discussed in this paper. The areas of discussion include, issues; processes; fuels; and emissions (dust [kiln/raw mill exhaust, cooler exhaust, cement mill exhaust], NO,, SOz, CO and total hydrocarbons, furans and dioxins, heavy metals, waste disposal, COz, water issues).
00/01031 Lu, Q. et al.
Hot simulation of COREX gasifier Gangtie, 1998, 33, (8), 13-16. (In Chinese)
Influence of pulverized coal fineness on the of NO, in rotary kilns in the cement industry
Gajewaki, S. and Hoenig, V. ZKG ht., 1999. 52. (l), 44-53. (In English/ German) Several German cement works used the SNCR method for NO, abatement In addition to primary measures, although the operational optimization of the clinker hurning process is still important for the minimization of emissions. In order to investigate the influence of the method of pulverized coal preparation on the formation of NO, in the rotary kiln flame, experiments were carried out on several kiln systems. It was demonstrated that the abatement potential of this procedure depended on the adjustment and type of the burner, as well as on the coal fineness used. A precondition was that the pulverized coal was hurnt in an internally staged flame with a well defined internal recirculation zone that could he realized hy modern rotary kiln burners. The results indicated that the optimization of the coal storage. homogenization and dosage systems provided an opportunity for smoothing the combustion conditions and reducing NO, emission.
Iron-ore concentrates agglomerated with carbon for direct reduction in a furnace Rinker, F. G. et al. U.S. US 5.873.925 (Cl. 75-436; C2lB13/08), 2.7 Feh
00/01034
1999, US Appl. 746.203, 6 Nov 1996, 9 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 746,203. In this method, iron-ore concentrates and/or fines are premixed with carbonaceous powder (mainly coal) and an optional binder. The mixture is briquetted, and the briquettes are heated in a furnace with a reducing atmosphere for the direct reduction of the oxide ore to iron sponge product containing excess carbon. The coal which is most suitable contains 20-30% volatiles, and it is preheated to 150-450°F for drying and activation. The green briquettes are heated in a furnace for S-25 min at 2100-250O’F. pressure of -1 atm and CO/COz ratio of 1.5-2.5 for direct reduction near the discharge zone. The resulting hot iron sponge contains 2-10s residual carbon to prevent reoxidation during unloading from the furnace, and is preferably compacted into hriquettea for a steelmaking feed charge. The optimal performance of 97% metalization of the briquettes was for- I:! min at 2350’F and a CO/CO2 ratio of 1.5-2.5, compared to the nominal ratio of >S in conventional direct reduction.
Mechanisms for puffing inhibition of coal tar based needle coke with disodium hydrogen phosphate (DHP) and boric acid Kawano, Y. et al. Carborr, 1999, 37, (11). 1725-1730.
00101035
Puffing inhibition of coal tar based needle coke was effectively achieved regardless of the repeated impregnating and heating rate hy the graphitization by impregnation with disodium hydrogen phosphate (DHP) and boric acid into the needle coke. fnhibitors were found dispersed into pores of the coke by impregnating and heat-treating the inhibitors on the coke. Such inhibitors in the pore prohibited the hinder and impregnation pitches to penetrate into the pore at the kneading, haking and repeated impregnation. Such inhibitors vaporized or reacted with carbon in the pore at the early graphitization to leave some space between needle coke wall and binder pitch carbon. through which puffing causing species such as nitrogen and sulfur can liberate from the coke without expansion. The dispersion of inhibitors was observed in the pore of the coke by a computeraided microanalyser (CMA). Complete decomposition of DHP at the early graphitization may emphasize its inhibition activity compared to the activity of boric acid which is converted to boron carbide in the pore.
00101036
Method for manufacture
of reduced
iron
Kawaguchi, T. et 01. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 1 I 50,l 19 199 SO.1 191. (Cl. C21B13/10), 23 Feh 1999, Appl. Y7/203,024, 2Y Jul 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A manufacture method of reduced iron is presented. The method involves mixing a powdered iron source, such as dust, sludge or scale, with a solid reducing agent. The mixture is briquetted and the briquettes are charged with a powdered mixture of coal and lime in a horizontally moving hearth, and they undergo calcination. pulverization and screening. The product has a low sulfur content and a high degree of metalization.
00101037 Method for optimization of gypsum quality during a wet boiler gas desulfurization of steam boilers heated with raw brown coal Hajdamowicz, S. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19,736,154 (Cl. BOlD53180). 18
A hot simulation of a COREX gasifier has been carried out relationships between metalization rate of DRI, coal type, temperature and fluidization of coal, slag, heat balance were Reasonable parameters are obtained for COREX gasifier.
and the preheat studied.
Feb 1999, Appl. 19,736,154, 14 Aug 1997, 4 pp. (in German) By careful control of the pH so that it remains between 5.4 and 5.5. good quality gypsum can be produced from flue gas desulfurization. This gypsum is suitable for all uses. The method presented in this paper also optimizes limestone use, resulting in a more cost-effective process.
Industrial applications of recommendations 00101032 grinding of fuel for iron ore sintering
for
00101038 sintering
, 1998, (7), 7-12. (In Russian) Mirko, V. A. et al. Stal’ Data related to the optimization of grinding coke or coal for iron ore sintering are presented. Topics included are; selection of particle size of fuel in a narrow distribution area, avoidance of overgrinding and the content of particles CO.5 mm.
114
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
Method for pretreatment of raw material in manufacture of sintered iron ore
for
Nakano, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 50,159 [99 50,159], (Cl. C22B1/16), 23 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/219,048, 31 Jul 1997, 4pp. (In Japanese) Scale and/or anthracite is heated at >SOO”. Also, a mixture of coal and coke is heated to remove volatiles, and is then pulverized and screened. These pretreated raw materials are then added to an iron source in quantities adjusted according to the concentration of hydrocarbon of the exhaust gas.
Process heating, power and incineration
(energy applications in industry}
00/01033
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy Applications
OOlO1026
Communication
formation
in Industry
system using photovoltaic
power
Mukerjee, A. K. and Gupta, V. Energy Convers. & Manage., 2000, 41, (6), 55 I-557. An alternative photovoltaic powered communication system is proposed to replace the conventional system of loading and unloading signals on 400 kV transmission lines using expensive current transformers. A hattery charge discharge controller from photovoltaic sources is described which operates from a 12 V array to power VHF or optical fibre repeaters. The system given here can also operate as a stand alone unit.
Computational simulations of industrial furnaces 00/01027 Bockelie. M. J. et al. PVP (Am. Sot. Mech. Eng.), 1998, 377, (Computational Technologies for Fluid/Thermal/Structural/Chemical Systems with Industrial Applications, Vol. 2). 117-124. Results are presented of computer simulations for three different industrial furnaces; a gas fired ethylene process heater, a coal fired cyclone precombustor barrel for a power utility boiler and a cyclone copper smelter. The systems were modelled using a CFD-based two phase, reacting flow model. Since the modelled systems are highly complex, model ‘validation’ is typically in the form of agreement with qualified, historical knowledge from plant personnel. Where available, comparisons with quantified field data are included. Overall, the models are shown to have good agreement with qualified trends and acceptable agreement with quantified data. Development of charging 00101028 fines in a large blast furnace
regime and use of coke
Dobroskok, V. A. et al. Stal’ , 1998, (8), 7-13. (In Russian) Recycled coke breeze from long term low-grade dumps is used as charge in an ironmaking blast furnace. The replacement coefficient of 0.895 kg/kg of standard quality coke by wet coke breeze could be achieved without affecting the operation parameters of the iron smelting. In relation to coke fines, consumption of coke breeze having particle size ~25 mm was 4-8s.
Effects of oxy-coal injection on blast furnace 00101029 raceway temperature Chung, J.-K. and Park, P.-W. Hwahak Konghak, 1998, 36, (5), 743-750. (In Korean) Based on coke sampling experiments through the tuyere of blast furnace as well as measurements by R-type thermocouple and two-colour pyrometer, oxy-coal injection effects on blast furnace raceway temperature were analysed. To help understand the reason for the increase of coal combustion ratio by oxy-coal injection, the oxygen concentration was measured in the experimental oxy-coal burner. In order to simulate the combustion characteristics, such as gas temperature and composition in the raceway, a one-dimensional mathematical model considering the kinetics of coal and coke combustion was developed. The calculated peak temperature of gas correlated well with the measured temperature according to oxygen enrichment through the oxy-coal burner.
00/01030
Environmental
challenges
Evans, L. World Gem., 1998, 29, (ll), 45-48, 50-51, 54, 57. The environmental performance challenges for the cement industry is discussed in this paper. The areas of discussion include, issues; processes; fuels; and emissions (dust [kiln/raw mill exhaust, cooler exhaust, cement mill exhaust], NO,, SOz, CO and total hydrocarbons, furans and dioxins, heavy metals, waste disposal, COz, water issues).
00/01031 Lu, Q. et al.
Hot simulation of COREX gasifier Gangtie, 1998, 33, (8), 13-16. (In Chinese)
Influence of pulverized coal fineness on the of NO, in rotary kilns in the cement industry
Gajewaki, S. and Hoenig, V. ZKG ht., 1999. 52. (l), 44-53. (In English/ German) Several German cement works used the SNCR method for NO, abatement In addition to primary measures, although the operational optimization of the clinker hurning process is still important for the minimization of emissions. In order to investigate the influence of the method of pulverized coal preparation on the formation of NO, in the rotary kiln flame, experiments were carried out on several kiln systems. It was demonstrated that the abatement potential of this procedure depended on the adjustment and type of the burner, as well as on the coal fineness used. A precondition was that the pulverized coal was hurnt in an internally staged flame with a well defined internal recirculation zone that could he realized hy modern rotary kiln burners. The results indicated that the optimization of the coal storage. homogenization and dosage systems provided an opportunity for smoothing the combustion conditions and reducing NO, emission.
Iron-ore concentrates agglomerated with carbon for direct reduction in a furnace Rinker, F. G. et al. U.S. US 5.873.925 (Cl. 75-436; C2lB13/08), 2.7 Feh
00/01034
1999, US Appl. 746.203, 6 Nov 1996, 9 pp., Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 746,203. In this method, iron-ore concentrates and/or fines are premixed with carbonaceous powder (mainly coal) and an optional binder. The mixture is briquetted, and the briquettes are heated in a furnace with a reducing atmosphere for the direct reduction of the oxide ore to iron sponge product containing excess carbon. The coal which is most suitable contains 20-30% volatiles, and it is preheated to 150-450°F for drying and activation. The green briquettes are heated in a furnace for S-25 min at 2100-250O’F. pressure of -1 atm and CO/COz ratio of 1.5-2.5 for direct reduction near the discharge zone. The resulting hot iron sponge contains 2-10s residual carbon to prevent reoxidation during unloading from the furnace, and is preferably compacted into hriquettea for a steelmaking feed charge. The optimal performance of 97% metalization of the briquettes was for- I:! min at 2350’F and a CO/CO2 ratio of 1.5-2.5, compared to the nominal ratio of >S in conventional direct reduction.
Mechanisms for puffing inhibition of coal tar based needle coke with disodium hydrogen phosphate (DHP) and boric acid Kawano, Y. et al. Carborr, 1999, 37, (11). 1725-1730.
00101035
Puffing inhibition of coal tar based needle coke was effectively achieved regardless of the repeated impregnating and heating rate hy the graphitization by impregnation with disodium hydrogen phosphate (DHP) and boric acid into the needle coke. fnhibitors were found dispersed into pores of the coke by impregnating and heat-treating the inhibitors on the coke. Such inhibitors in the pore prohibited the hinder and impregnation pitches to penetrate into the pore at the kneading, haking and repeated impregnation. Such inhibitors vaporized or reacted with carbon in the pore at the early graphitization to leave some space between needle coke wall and binder pitch carbon. through which puffing causing species such as nitrogen and sulfur can liberate from the coke without expansion. The dispersion of inhibitors was observed in the pore of the coke by a computeraided microanalyser (CMA). Complete decomposition of DHP at the early graphitization may emphasize its inhibition activity compared to the activity of boric acid which is converted to boron carbide in the pore.
00101036
Method for manufacture
of reduced
iron
Kawaguchi, T. et 01. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 1 I 50,l 19 199 SO.1 191. (Cl. C21B13/10), 23 Feh 1999, Appl. Y7/203,024, 2Y Jul 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) A manufacture method of reduced iron is presented. The method involves mixing a powdered iron source, such as dust, sludge or scale, with a solid reducing agent. The mixture is briquetted and the briquettes are charged with a powdered mixture of coal and lime in a horizontally moving hearth, and they undergo calcination. pulverization and screening. The product has a low sulfur content and a high degree of metalization.
00101037 Method for optimization of gypsum quality during a wet boiler gas desulfurization of steam boilers heated with raw brown coal Hajdamowicz, S. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19,736,154 (Cl. BOlD53180). 18
A hot simulation of a COREX gasifier has been carried out relationships between metalization rate of DRI, coal type, temperature and fluidization of coal, slag, heat balance were Reasonable parameters are obtained for COREX gasifier.
and the preheat studied.
Feb 1999, Appl. 19,736,154, 14 Aug 1997, 4 pp. (in German) By careful control of the pH so that it remains between 5.4 and 5.5. good quality gypsum can be produced from flue gas desulfurization. This gypsum is suitable for all uses. The method presented in this paper also optimizes limestone use, resulting in a more cost-effective process.
Industrial applications of recommendations 00101032 grinding of fuel for iron ore sintering
for
00101038 sintering
, 1998, (7), 7-12. (In Russian) Mirko, V. A. et al. Stal’ Data related to the optimization of grinding coke or coal for iron ore sintering are presented. Topics included are; selection of particle size of fuel in a narrow distribution area, avoidance of overgrinding and the content of particles CO.5 mm.
114
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2000
Method for pretreatment of raw material in manufacture of sintered iron ore
for
Nakano, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 50,159 [99 50,159], (Cl. C22B1/16), 23 Feb 1999, Appl. 97/219,048, 31 Jul 1997, 4pp. (In Japanese) Scale and/or anthracite is heated at >SOO”. Also, a mixture of coal and coke is heated to remove volatiles, and is then pulverized and screened. These pretreated raw materials are then added to an iron source in quantities adjusted according to the concentration of hydrocarbon of the exhaust gas.