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02365 Development of Fe Fischer—Tropsch catalysts for slurry bubble column reactors
02 Liquid fuels (transpon:
properttes of the hydrocarbons m the reservoir and forming a hybrid petroleum system. The formation of a typical oil and gas pool in this petroleum system may be attributed to one or all of three petroleum events which were closely associated with the regional tectonics. The first event occurred in the early Palaeozoic tectonic cycle and the generated oil accumulated in lower Silurian sandstone. The second event occurred in the late Palaeozoic tectonic cycle and formed light oil pools mainly in lower Silurian and Ordovician reservoirs. The third event took place during the Cenozoic tectonic cycle and formed normal crude oils. The oil and gas generated from different sources in different phases may co-exist with one another in a reservoir rock. However, the commercial oil and gas pools are related to the Cenozoic and late Palaeozoic events.
Transport,
refining,
quality,
storage
00/02362 Active Co/SiOz catalysts prepared from mixing precursors for slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Sun, S. er al. Chrm Lerr.. 1999, 4, 343-344. A level of high activity was shown when Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were prepared by mixing impregnation of cobalt (II) nitrate and cobalt (II) acetate. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the main active site on the catalyst was the highly dispersed cobalt metal. The reduced cobalt metal promoted the reduction of Co’+ to metallic state in cobalt acetate by HZ spill-over mechanism during the reduction of the catalyst.
00/02363 Correlation for gas-liquid equilibrium prediction in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Wang, Y.-N. rr ol. Fuel. 1999, 78, (8), 911-917. On the basis of the cubic equation of state, a correlation for the prediction of the solubilities of gaseous solutes in heavy waxes in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was developed. The correlation can be used for the systems with a wide range of solutes, including CO, Ha, COc,, CH,, CzHI and CrH6, and heavy wax solvents from Czo to C6i, and requtres critical temperature and critical pressure together with molecular weight instead of the acentric factor of the corresponding pure compound as input information. By using a single binary interaction factor, it is sufficient for this correlation to represent a binary system over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The correlation can provide good approximations with an overall average absorption deviation <6%, which can meet the demands of the engineermg design of Fischer-Tropsch process.
00102364 Coupling of exothermic and endothermic reactions in oxidative conversion of ethane to ethylene over alkaline earth promoted La,OJ catalysts in presence of limited O2 Choudhary, V. R. Applied Energ,r, 2000, 66, (I), 51-62. Oxidative conversion of ethane to ethylene over alkaline earth metal promoted LazOs (alkaline earth/La = 0.1) in the presence of steam (steam/ CzH6 = 1.0) and limited Oz has been studied at different temperatures (700-85o”C), CaH4/02 ratios (4.0-8.0) m the feed and gas hourly space velocities (5 x 10 -20 x IO4 cm3 g h ‘). Among the catalysts, the Sr promoted La203 (SriLa = 0.1) catalyst showed best performance in the process. High selectivity (1 80%) for C a+ olefins at 5C-70% conversion of ethane could be obtained at 800-850°C and very short contact times (> 10 ms) without coke deposition on the catalyst. When the reaction temperature and/or CzHdOz ratio were increased, the heat produced in the process decreased markedly because of the occurrence of thermal cracking of ethane (which is endothermic), simultaneously with the exothermic oxidative ethane conversion, thus making the process nearly thermoneutral or mildly exothermic/endothermic, depending upon the process conditions (namely temperature and CzHdOz feed ratio).
00102365 Development of Fe Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for slurry bubble column reactors Jothimurugesan, K. er (11. Prep’ --Am. Chem. Sm., Div. Per. Chem., 1999, 44, (I), 111-114. The catalyst attrition resistance of a precipitated 100:5:4.2 iron-copperpotassium Fischer-Tropsch catalyst followed by spray drying was significantly increased by the addition of silica binder, with an optimum content of lo-12 wt%. The activity and selectivity of this catalyst were better than a Ruhrchemie catalyst at 250” and 1.48 MPa. The addition of precipitated silica or kaolin to catalysts containing 10-12 wt% silica binder decreased attrition resistance and increased methane selectivity. Based on these results, a proprietary HPR-43 catalyst was successfully spray dried, and showed a 95% CO, conversion after 125 h testing onstream at 250”, 1.48 MPa, and 1800 h volume hourly space velocity and had ~4% methane selectivity.
00102366 Fischer-Tropsch thermophysical property data: a needs assessment for process design Marano, J. Gus Liy. Prncess. ‘99, lnnrerrech’s Ini. B1r.5.Dev. Con/, 2nd.1999. 13/l-13131.
refining, quality, storage)
‘Ihe subject of this review is the thermophysical property data of FischerTropsch processes. Details of the discussion include a pseudo-component approximation of Fischer-Tropsch fluid components, mixture models for Fischer-Tropsch fluids, thermophysical property correlations and the data requirements for modelling the hehaviour of Fischer-Tropsch fluids.
00102367 Higher alcohol synthesis with Fischer-Tropsch elements Chen, X. Meirm Zhrumhua. 1998. 21. (41. 22--118 [In Chinese) Several types of higher alcoholic synthesis catalysts that contain FischerTropsch elements are reviewed. Ail of the Ftscher-Tropsch catalysts could produce suhstantial amounts of higher alcohols from carbon monoxide hydrogenation at suitable conditions. A homogeneous distribution of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis sites and the sites that adsorb carbon monoxide associatively were vital for the formation of higher alcohols, hence the physical distribution of surface active centres was thought to be of greater importance than other aspects. 00102368 Illuminating the shadows: tomography,, attenuation and pore pressure processing in the South Caspran Sea Lee, S. Jnrtrnal of Perroleum Science and Engineering, 1999, 24. (I), l-12. A new approach was successfully applied to produce better images through seismic shadow zones. These zones are causecl by the existence of shallow low velocity zones and are a problem to interpretation efforts in the South Caspian Sea. A combination of careful wavelet processing with offset domain amplitude compensation and pre-stack tomographic inversion produced significantly Improved images compared to conventional processing. Visco-acoustic modelling was successfully applied to investigate the effects of seismic attenuation in the seismic shadow zones. Forward modelling results with different Q values were compared to the seismic data and the best model tit to the setsmic data determined. The final results indicate that the seismic shadow zones have d low Q in the order of 30 compared to I10 outside the anomaly. Q values of I75 were predicted for deeper zones in the seismic data. A detailed interval velocity model derived from the tomographic inversion analysis was also successfully used to make accurate pore pressure and fracture pressure predictions from the seismic data. After calibration to available well inlhrmation. the pressure predictions were used to construct a mud weight and mud circulation warrung display. The information provides drilling with pressure estimates that allow for better plannmg that can affect both cost and safety in drilling. Knowledge of the difference in pore pressure and rock fracture pressure is useful in designing casing points and deciding on mud weights to use during drilling. Pore pressures m the medium overpressure range which can possibly represent drilling hazard were predicted in this study. 00102369 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis-on titaniasupported cobalt Bartholomew, C. II. ?I (I/. Pwpr --Am. C/rem SW.. Div. Prf. Chem., 1999, 44. (I), 69-72. In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, kinetic data were obtained on a 11.7 wt% Co/TiOZ catalysts in a fixed-bed tubular reactor under differential conditions. The temperature and concentration dependencies were consistent with those observed for cobalt on SiOZ and AlzOs supports. However, the specific activity at 2000’ and otherwise similar conditions was a factor of four lower than previously reported for Co/TiOa at 50% conversion. The activity increased when the catalyst was conditioned at high conversion in an internal-gas-recycle reactor, which was possibly due to the break-up of TiO films on the cobalt surface upon exposure to a higher partial pressure of water in the recycle reactor. This suggests that prior to activation and kinetic tests preconditioning would he desirable for the cobalt catalysts at high conversion. 00102370 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K catalyst. (I). Kinetic model on the basis of mechanism Ma, W. et al. Huclgong Xtrehao. 1999. SO. (2), 159-166. (In Chinese) The carbide mechanism was used as the basis for the derivation of the kinetics model of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the readsorption of olefins was considered. The new model was found to be suitable for interpreting non-ideal Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution on iron-based catalyst. 00102371 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K catalyst. (II). Model discrimination and parameter estimation Ma, W. ?I ol. Huag~ng Xtrehao. 1999, 50, (2). 167-173. (In Chinese) For the kinetics models of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, model discrimination and parameter estimation were performed. This process was also performed for the water gas (WG) shift reaction on the basis of kinetic data measured using a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the best models for fitting the experimental data are the models of FTI, which considers the effect of olefin readsorption on product distribution and the model of WGI, which is derived by assumption of carbon dioxide, desorption step as the rate-determining step. The final models for FTS and WGS meet the requirement of statistic test (F-test) at 95% confidence level. Comparisons were made between the value of kinetic parameters for the final models and the data cited in the literature, there was a strong agreement between the values.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
269
properttes of the hydrocarbons m the reservoir and forming a hybrid petroleum system. The formation of a typical oil and gas pool in this petroleum system may be attributed to one or all of three petroleum events which were closely associated with the regional tectonics. The first event occurred in the early Palaeozoic tectonic cycle and the generated oil accumulated in lower Silurian sandstone. The second event occurred in the late Palaeozoic tectonic cycle and formed light oil pools mainly in lower Silurian and Ordovician reservoirs. The third event took place during the Cenozoic tectonic cycle and formed normal crude oils. The oil and gas generated from different sources in different phases may co-exist with one another in a reservoir rock. However, the commercial oil and gas pools are related to the Cenozoic and late Palaeozoic events.
Transport,
refining,
quality,
storage
00/02362 Active Co/SiOz catalysts prepared from mixing precursors for slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Sun, S. er al. Chrm Lerr.. 1999, 4, 343-344. A level of high activity was shown when Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were prepared by mixing impregnation of cobalt (II) nitrate and cobalt (II) acetate. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the main active site on the catalyst was the highly dispersed cobalt metal. The reduced cobalt metal promoted the reduction of Co’+ to metallic state in cobalt acetate by HZ spill-over mechanism during the reduction of the catalyst.
00/02363 Correlation for gas-liquid equilibrium prediction in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Wang, Y.-N. rr ol. Fuel. 1999, 78, (8), 911-917. On the basis of the cubic equation of state, a correlation for the prediction of the solubilities of gaseous solutes in heavy waxes in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was developed. The correlation can be used for the systems with a wide range of solutes, including CO, Ha, COc,, CH,, CzHI and CrH6, and heavy wax solvents from Czo to C6i, and requtres critical temperature and critical pressure together with molecular weight instead of the acentric factor of the corresponding pure compound as input information. By using a single binary interaction factor, it is sufficient for this correlation to represent a binary system over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The correlation can provide good approximations with an overall average absorption deviation <6%, which can meet the demands of the engineermg design of Fischer-Tropsch process.
00102364 Coupling of exothermic and endothermic reactions in oxidative conversion of ethane to ethylene over alkaline earth promoted La,OJ catalysts in presence of limited O2 Choudhary, V. R. Applied Energ,r, 2000, 66, (I), 51-62. Oxidative conversion of ethane to ethylene over alkaline earth metal promoted LazOs (alkaline earth/La = 0.1) in the presence of steam (steam/ CzH6 = 1.0) and limited Oz has been studied at different temperatures (700-85o”C), CaH4/02 ratios (4.0-8.0) m the feed and gas hourly space velocities (5 x 10 -20 x IO4 cm3 g h ‘). Among the catalysts, the Sr promoted La203 (SriLa = 0.1) catalyst showed best performance in the process. High selectivity (1 80%) for C a+ olefins at 5C-70% conversion of ethane could be obtained at 800-850°C and very short contact times (> 10 ms) without coke deposition on the catalyst. When the reaction temperature and/or CzHdOz ratio were increased, the heat produced in the process decreased markedly because of the occurrence of thermal cracking of ethane (which is endothermic), simultaneously with the exothermic oxidative ethane conversion, thus making the process nearly thermoneutral or mildly exothermic/endothermic, depending upon the process conditions (namely temperature and CzHdOz feed ratio).
00102365 Development of Fe Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for slurry bubble column reactors Jothimurugesan, K. er (11. Prep’ --Am. Chem. Sm., Div. Per. Chem., 1999, 44, (I), 111-114. The catalyst attrition resistance of a precipitated 100:5:4.2 iron-copperpotassium Fischer-Tropsch catalyst followed by spray drying was significantly increased by the addition of silica binder, with an optimum content of lo-12 wt%. The activity and selectivity of this catalyst were better than a Ruhrchemie catalyst at 250” and 1.48 MPa. The addition of precipitated silica or kaolin to catalysts containing 10-12 wt% silica binder decreased attrition resistance and increased methane selectivity. Based on these results, a proprietary HPR-43 catalyst was successfully spray dried, and showed a 95% CO, conversion after 125 h testing onstream at 250”, 1.48 MPa, and 1800 h volume hourly space velocity and had ~4% methane selectivity.
00102366 Fischer-Tropsch thermophysical property data: a needs assessment for process design Marano, J. Gus Liy. Prncess. ‘99, lnnrerrech’s Ini. B1r.5.Dev. Con/, 2nd.1999. 13/l-13131.
refining, quality, storage)
‘Ihe subject of this review is the thermophysical property data of FischerTropsch processes. Details of the discussion include a pseudo-component approximation of Fischer-Tropsch fluid components, mixture models for Fischer-Tropsch fluids, thermophysical property correlations and the data requirements for modelling the hehaviour of Fischer-Tropsch fluids.
00102367 Higher alcohol synthesis with Fischer-Tropsch elements Chen, X. Meirm Zhrumhua. 1998. 21. (41. 22--118 [In Chinese) Several types of higher alcoholic synthesis catalysts that contain FischerTropsch elements are reviewed. Ail of the Ftscher-Tropsch catalysts could produce suhstantial amounts of higher alcohols from carbon monoxide hydrogenation at suitable conditions. A homogeneous distribution of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis sites and the sites that adsorb carbon monoxide associatively were vital for the formation of higher alcohols, hence the physical distribution of surface active centres was thought to be of greater importance than other aspects. 00102368 Illuminating the shadows: tomography,, attenuation and pore pressure processing in the South Caspran Sea Lee, S. Jnrtrnal of Perroleum Science and Engineering, 1999, 24. (I), l-12. A new approach was successfully applied to produce better images through seismic shadow zones. These zones are causecl by the existence of shallow low velocity zones and are a problem to interpretation efforts in the South Caspian Sea. A combination of careful wavelet processing with offset domain amplitude compensation and pre-stack tomographic inversion produced significantly Improved images compared to conventional processing. Visco-acoustic modelling was successfully applied to investigate the effects of seismic attenuation in the seismic shadow zones. Forward modelling results with different Q values were compared to the seismic data and the best model tit to the setsmic data determined. The final results indicate that the seismic shadow zones have d low Q in the order of 30 compared to I10 outside the anomaly. Q values of I75 were predicted for deeper zones in the seismic data. A detailed interval velocity model derived from the tomographic inversion analysis was also successfully used to make accurate pore pressure and fracture pressure predictions from the seismic data. After calibration to available well inlhrmation. the pressure predictions were used to construct a mud weight and mud circulation warrung display. The information provides drilling with pressure estimates that allow for better plannmg that can affect both cost and safety in drilling. Knowledge of the difference in pore pressure and rock fracture pressure is useful in designing casing points and deciding on mud weights to use during drilling. Pore pressures m the medium overpressure range which can possibly represent drilling hazard were predicted in this study. 00102369 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis-on titaniasupported cobalt Bartholomew, C. II. ?I (I/. Pwpr --Am. C/rem SW.. Div. Prf. Chem., 1999, 44. (I), 69-72. In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, kinetic data were obtained on a 11.7 wt% Co/TiOZ catalysts in a fixed-bed tubular reactor under differential conditions. The temperature and concentration dependencies were consistent with those observed for cobalt on SiOZ and AlzOs supports. However, the specific activity at 2000’ and otherwise similar conditions was a factor of four lower than previously reported for Co/TiOa at 50% conversion. The activity increased when the catalyst was conditioned at high conversion in an internal-gas-recycle reactor, which was possibly due to the break-up of TiO films on the cobalt surface upon exposure to a higher partial pressure of water in the recycle reactor. This suggests that prior to activation and kinetic tests preconditioning would he desirable for the cobalt catalysts at high conversion. 00102370 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K catalyst. (I). Kinetic model on the basis of mechanism Ma, W. et al. Huclgong Xtrehao. 1999. SO. (2), 159-166. (In Chinese) The carbide mechanism was used as the basis for the derivation of the kinetics model of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the readsorption of olefins was considered. The new model was found to be suitable for interpreting non-ideal Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution on iron-based catalyst. 00102371 Kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Fe-Cu-K catalyst. (II). Model discrimination and parameter estimation Ma, W. ?I ol. Huag~ng Xtrehao. 1999, 50, (2). 167-173. (In Chinese) For the kinetics models of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, model discrimination and parameter estimation were performed. This process was also performed for the water gas (WG) shift reaction on the basis of kinetic data measured using a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the best models for fitting the experimental data are the models of FTI, which considers the effect of olefin readsorption on product distribution and the model of WGI, which is derived by assumption of carbon dioxide, desorption step as the rate-determining step. The final models for FTS and WGS meet the requirement of statistic test (F-test) at 95% confidence level. Comparisons were made between the value of kinetic parameters for the final models and the data cited in the literature, there was a strong agreement between the values.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
269